Kanatlı Hayvanların Beslenmesinde Bağırsak Mikroflorasının Sağlık ve Beslenme Üzerine Etkileri
Özet
Kanatlı hayvanların beslenmesinde bağırsak mikroflorasının önemi kanatlı sektöründe kullanılan yüksek verimli hatların performansı ve sağlıkları açısından büyük önem arz etmektedir. Kanatlı hayvanların beslenmesinde yapılmakta olan çalışmalar ile geliştirilmekte olan yeni besleme stratejileri hayvanlarda canlı ağırlık kazancının artması ve yemden yararlanmanın iyileşmesi üzerine geliştirilmektedir. Ancak bu çalışmalar esnasında çoğunlukla kanatlı bağırsak mikroflorası göz ardı edilmektedir. Kanatlı rasyonlarında yem bileşenleri ve hayvanların sağlıkları arasında sıkı bir ilişki vardır. Çünkü kanatlı sindirim kanalı içerisinde bağırsaklar, fizyolojik fonksiyonları etkileyen trilyonlarca mikroorganizmanın yaşam alanıdır. Bu karmaşık mikrobiyal topluluk hayvanların performanslarını ve bağışıklık sistemlerini etkilemektedir. Kanatlı endüstrisinin zaman zaman karşı karşıya olduğu metabolik bozukluklardan, zayıf bağışıklıktan ve patojen direnci gibi sorunların çözümü, ideal bir mikroflorayı hangi mikroorganizmaların oluşturduğunun doğru bir şekilde anlaşılabilmesi ile mümkün olacaktır. Bu bölümde kanatlı hayvanlar üzerinde yapılan farklı çalışmalardan elde edilen sonuçlar incelenerek bağırsak sağlığı ve besleme arasındaki ilişki incelenmiştir.
Referanslar
Roto S.M., Rubinelli P.M. and Ricke S.C. (2015). An introduction to the avian gut microbiota and the effects of yeast-based prebiotic-type compounds as potential feed additives. Front. Vet. Sci. 2:28. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2015.00028
Damaskos, D. and Kolios, G. (2008). Probiotics and prebiotics in inflammatory bowel disease: microflora ‘on the scope’. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 65: 453-467.
Guarner, F., Casellas, F., Borruel, N., Antolin, M., Videla, S., Vilaseca, J. and Malagelada, J.R. (2002). Role of microecology in chronic inflammatory bowel diseases. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 56(4): 34-38.
Delcenserie V, Martel D, Lamoureux M, Amiot j, Boutin Y, Roy D. (2008). İmmünomodulatory effects of probiotics in the intestinal tract. Curr issues Mol Biol. 10:37-54.
Kim GB, Seo YM, Kim CH, Paik K. (2011). Effect of dietary prebiotic supplementation on the performance, intestinal microflora, and immüne response of broilers. Poult Sci. 90:75- 82.
Markowiak P, Slizewska K. (2018). The role of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics in animal nutrition. Gut Pathogens, 10-21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13099-018-0250-0
Murphy L. Y. Wan, K. H. Ling, Hani El-Nezami and M. F. Wang (2019). Influence of functional food components on gut health, Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 59:12, 1927-1936, doi:10.1080/10408398.2018.1433629
Choct, M. (2009). Managing gut health through nutrition, British Poultry Science,50:(1), 9-15.
Lan, Y., Verstegen, M.W.A., Tamminga, S. and Williams, B.A. (2005). The role of the commensal gut microbial community in broiler chickens. World's Poultry Science Journal, 61 (1), 95-104.
Nir, I. and Şenköylü N. (2000). Kanatlılar için sindirimi destekleyen yem katkı maddeleri. 208 s., Türkiye
Farner, D.S. (1942). The hydrogen ion concentration in avian digestive tracts. Poultry Science, 2, 445-450.
Apajalahti, J.H.A., Kettunen, A. and Graham, H. (2004). Characteristics of the gastrointestinal microbial communities with special reference to the chicken. World's Poultry Science Journal, 60, 223-232.
Lu, J., Idris, U., Harmon, B., Hofacre, C., Maurer, J.J. and Lee, M.D. (2003). Diversity and succession of the intestinal bacterial community of the maturing broiler chicken. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 69 (11), 6816-6824.
Barnes, E.M., Impey, C.S. and Cooper, D.M. (1980). Manipulation of the crop and intestinal flora of the newly hatched chick. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 33, 2426-2433.
Sklan, D. and Tucker, L. (2004). The importance of early gut development in broilers. Poultry International, 43(10), 18-22.
Bach Knudsen, K.E. (1997). Carbohydrate and lignin contents of plant material used in animal feeding. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 67: 319-338.
Hartini, S., Choct, M., Hinch, G., Kocher, A. and Nolan, J.V. (2002). Effects of light intensity during rearing, beak trimming and dietary fibre sources on mortality, egg production and performance of ISA brown laying hens. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 11: 104-110.
Hetland, H., Svihus, B. and Krogdahl, A. (2003). Effects of oat hulls and wood shavings on digestion in broilers and layers fed diets based on whole or ground wheat. British Poultry Science, 44: 275-282.
Hetland, H., Svihus, B. and Choct, M. (2004a). Role of insoluble fibre on gizzard activity in layers. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 14: 38-46.
Hetland, H., Svihus, B. and Choct, M. (2004b). Role of insoluble non-starch polysaccharides in poultry nutrition. World’s Poultry Science Journal, 60: 415-422.
Van Barneveld, R.J., Dove, H., Cadogan, D.J., Ru, Y.J., Edwards, A.C. and Choct, M. (2003). Diet composition of growing pigs housed in a deep litter (rice hulls) system, in: PATERSON, J.E. (Ed.) Manipulation Pig Production in Australia IX, p. 122 (Perth, Australia, Brown Prior Anderson Pty Ltd).
Mathew, A.G. (2001). Nutritional influence on gut microbiology and enteric diseases, in: lyons, t.p. & jacques, k.a. (Eds) Science and Technology in the Feed Industry: Proceedings of Alltech’s 17th Annual Symposium, pp. 49-63.
Hetland, H. and Svihus, B. (2001). Effect of oat hulls on performance, gut capacity and feed passage time in broiler chickens. British Poultry Science, 42: 354-361.
Mead, G.C. (1989). Microbes of the avian cecum: types present and substrates utilized. Journal of Experimental Zoology, Supplement, 3: 48-54.
Freter, R. (1956). Experimental enteric shigella and vibrio infection in mice and guinea pigs. Journal of Experimental Medicine, 104: 411-418.
Dubos, R.J. (1963). Staphylococci and infection immunity. American Journal of Diseases of Children, 105: 643-645.
Van Der Waaij, D., Berghuis De Vries, J.M. and Lekkerkerk Van Der Weess, J.E.C. (1971). Colonisation resistance of the digestive tract in conventional and antibiotic-treated mice. Journal of Hygiene, 69: 405-411.
Lloyd, A.B., Cummings, R.B. and Kent, R.D. (1977). Prevention of Salmonella typhimurium infection in poultry by pretreatment of chicks and poults with intestinal extracts. Australian Veterinary Journal, 53: 82-87.
Hentges, D.J. (1980). Gut flora and disease resistance, in: Fuller, R. (Ed.) Probiotics-The Scientific Basis, pp. 87-110 (London, Chapman & Hall).
Bienenstock, J. and Befus, A.D. (1980). Mucosal immunity. Immunology, 42: 249-270.
Crabbe, P.A., Nash, D.R., Bazin, H., Eyssen, H. and Heremans, J.F. (1970). Immunohistological observations on lymphoid tissues from conventional and germfree mice. Laboratory Investigation, 22: 448-457.
Morland, B. and Midtvedt, T. (1984). Phagocytosis, peritoneal influx and enzyme activities in peritoneal macrophages from germfree, conventional and ex-germfree mice. Infectious Immunology, 44: 750-752.
Perdigon, G., Alvarez, S., Nader De Macias, M.E., Roux, M.E. and Pesce De Ruiz Holgado, A. (1990). The oral administration of lactic acid bacteria increase the mucosal intestinal immunity in response to enteropathogens. Journal of Food Protection, 53: 404-410.
Havenaar, R. and Spanhaak, S. (1994). Probiotics from an immunological point of view. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 5: 320-325.
Pollman, D.S., Danielson, D.M., Wren, W.B., Peo, E.R.I. and Shahani, K.M. (1980). Influence of Lactobacillus acidophilus inoculum on gnotobiotic and conventional pigs. Journal of Animal Science, 51: 629-637.
Fuller, R. (1989). Probiotics in man and animals. Journal of Applied Bacteriology, 66: 365-378.
Perdigon, G., Nader De Macias, M.E., Alvarez, S., Oliver, G. and Pesce De Ruiz Holgado, A. (1987). Enhancement of immune response in mice fed with Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus adidophilus. Journal of Dairy Science, 70: 919-929.
Fubara, E. and Freter, R. (1973. Protection against bacterial infection by secretory IgA antibodies. Journal of Immunology, 111: 395-403.
Choct, M., Hughes, R.J., Wang, J., Bedford, M.R., Morgan, A.J. and Annison, G. (1996). Increased small intestinal fermentation is partly responsible for the antinutritive activity of non-starch polysaccharides in chickens. British Poultry Science, 37: 609–621.
Langhout, D.J., Schutte, J.B., Van Leeuwe, P., Wiebenga, J. And Tamminga, S. (1999). Effect of dietary high- and lowmethylated citrus pectin on the activity of the ileal microflora and morphology of the small intestinal wall of broiler chicks. British Poultry Science, 40: 340-347.
Langhout, D.J., Schutte, J.B., De Jong, J., Sloetjes, H., Verstegen, M.W. and Tamminga, S. (2000). Effect of viscosity on digestion of nutrients in conventional and germ-free chicks. British Journal of Nutrition, 83: 533-540.
Dawson, K.A. (2001). Development of an appropriate microflora in the gut. Proceedings of Poultry Beyond 2005-The 2nd International Broiler Nutritionists’ Conference, Rotorua, New Zealand, pp. 89-105.
Referanslar
Roto S.M., Rubinelli P.M. and Ricke S.C. (2015). An introduction to the avian gut microbiota and the effects of yeast-based prebiotic-type compounds as potential feed additives. Front. Vet. Sci. 2:28. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2015.00028
Damaskos, D. and Kolios, G. (2008). Probiotics and prebiotics in inflammatory bowel disease: microflora ‘on the scope’. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 65: 453-467.
Guarner, F., Casellas, F., Borruel, N., Antolin, M., Videla, S., Vilaseca, J. and Malagelada, J.R. (2002). Role of microecology in chronic inflammatory bowel diseases. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 56(4): 34-38.
Delcenserie V, Martel D, Lamoureux M, Amiot j, Boutin Y, Roy D. (2008). İmmünomodulatory effects of probiotics in the intestinal tract. Curr issues Mol Biol. 10:37-54.
Kim GB, Seo YM, Kim CH, Paik K. (2011). Effect of dietary prebiotic supplementation on the performance, intestinal microflora, and immüne response of broilers. Poult Sci. 90:75- 82.
Markowiak P, Slizewska K. (2018). The role of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics in animal nutrition. Gut Pathogens, 10-21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13099-018-0250-0
Murphy L. Y. Wan, K. H. Ling, Hani El-Nezami and M. F. Wang (2019). Influence of functional food components on gut health, Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 59:12, 1927-1936, doi:10.1080/10408398.2018.1433629
Choct, M. (2009). Managing gut health through nutrition, British Poultry Science,50:(1), 9-15.
Lan, Y., Verstegen, M.W.A., Tamminga, S. and Williams, B.A. (2005). The role of the commensal gut microbial community in broiler chickens. World's Poultry Science Journal, 61 (1), 95-104.
Nir, I. and Şenköylü N. (2000). Kanatlılar için sindirimi destekleyen yem katkı maddeleri. 208 s., Türkiye
Farner, D.S. (1942). The hydrogen ion concentration in avian digestive tracts. Poultry Science, 2, 445-450.
Apajalahti, J.H.A., Kettunen, A. and Graham, H. (2004). Characteristics of the gastrointestinal microbial communities with special reference to the chicken. World's Poultry Science Journal, 60, 223-232.
Lu, J., Idris, U., Harmon, B., Hofacre, C., Maurer, J.J. and Lee, M.D. (2003). Diversity and succession of the intestinal bacterial community of the maturing broiler chicken. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 69 (11), 6816-6824.
Barnes, E.M., Impey, C.S. and Cooper, D.M. (1980). Manipulation of the crop and intestinal flora of the newly hatched chick. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 33, 2426-2433.
Sklan, D. and Tucker, L. (2004). The importance of early gut development in broilers. Poultry International, 43(10), 18-22.
Bach Knudsen, K.E. (1997). Carbohydrate and lignin contents of plant material used in animal feeding. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 67: 319-338.
Hartini, S., Choct, M., Hinch, G., Kocher, A. and Nolan, J.V. (2002). Effects of light intensity during rearing, beak trimming and dietary fibre sources on mortality, egg production and performance of ISA brown laying hens. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 11: 104-110.
Hetland, H., Svihus, B. and Krogdahl, A. (2003). Effects of oat hulls and wood shavings on digestion in broilers and layers fed diets based on whole or ground wheat. British Poultry Science, 44: 275-282.
Hetland, H., Svihus, B. and Choct, M. (2004a). Role of insoluble fibre on gizzard activity in layers. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 14: 38-46.
Hetland, H., Svihus, B. and Choct, M. (2004b). Role of insoluble non-starch polysaccharides in poultry nutrition. World’s Poultry Science Journal, 60: 415-422.
Van Barneveld, R.J., Dove, H., Cadogan, D.J., Ru, Y.J., Edwards, A.C. and Choct, M. (2003). Diet composition of growing pigs housed in a deep litter (rice hulls) system, in: PATERSON, J.E. (Ed.) Manipulation Pig Production in Australia IX, p. 122 (Perth, Australia, Brown Prior Anderson Pty Ltd).
Mathew, A.G. (2001). Nutritional influence on gut microbiology and enteric diseases, in: lyons, t.p. & jacques, k.a. (Eds) Science and Technology in the Feed Industry: Proceedings of Alltech’s 17th Annual Symposium, pp. 49-63.
Hetland, H. and Svihus, B. (2001). Effect of oat hulls on performance, gut capacity and feed passage time in broiler chickens. British Poultry Science, 42: 354-361.
Mead, G.C. (1989). Microbes of the avian cecum: types present and substrates utilized. Journal of Experimental Zoology, Supplement, 3: 48-54.
Freter, R. (1956). Experimental enteric shigella and vibrio infection in mice and guinea pigs. Journal of Experimental Medicine, 104: 411-418.
Dubos, R.J. (1963). Staphylococci and infection immunity. American Journal of Diseases of Children, 105: 643-645.
Van Der Waaij, D., Berghuis De Vries, J.M. and Lekkerkerk Van Der Weess, J.E.C. (1971). Colonisation resistance of the digestive tract in conventional and antibiotic-treated mice. Journal of Hygiene, 69: 405-411.
Lloyd, A.B., Cummings, R.B. and Kent, R.D. (1977). Prevention of Salmonella typhimurium infection in poultry by pretreatment of chicks and poults with intestinal extracts. Australian Veterinary Journal, 53: 82-87.
Hentges, D.J. (1980). Gut flora and disease resistance, in: Fuller, R. (Ed.) Probiotics-The Scientific Basis, pp. 87-110 (London, Chapman & Hall).
Bienenstock, J. and Befus, A.D. (1980). Mucosal immunity. Immunology, 42: 249-270.
Crabbe, P.A., Nash, D.R., Bazin, H., Eyssen, H. and Heremans, J.F. (1970). Immunohistological observations on lymphoid tissues from conventional and germfree mice. Laboratory Investigation, 22: 448-457.
Morland, B. and Midtvedt, T. (1984). Phagocytosis, peritoneal influx and enzyme activities in peritoneal macrophages from germfree, conventional and ex-germfree mice. Infectious Immunology, 44: 750-752.
Perdigon, G., Alvarez, S., Nader De Macias, M.E., Roux, M.E. and Pesce De Ruiz Holgado, A. (1990). The oral administration of lactic acid bacteria increase the mucosal intestinal immunity in response to enteropathogens. Journal of Food Protection, 53: 404-410.
Havenaar, R. and Spanhaak, S. (1994). Probiotics from an immunological point of view. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 5: 320-325.
Pollman, D.S., Danielson, D.M., Wren, W.B., Peo, E.R.I. and Shahani, K.M. (1980). Influence of Lactobacillus acidophilus inoculum on gnotobiotic and conventional pigs. Journal of Animal Science, 51: 629-637.
Fuller, R. (1989). Probiotics in man and animals. Journal of Applied Bacteriology, 66: 365-378.
Perdigon, G., Nader De Macias, M.E., Alvarez, S., Oliver, G. and Pesce De Ruiz Holgado, A. (1987). Enhancement of immune response in mice fed with Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus adidophilus. Journal of Dairy Science, 70: 919-929.
Fubara, E. and Freter, R. (1973. Protection against bacterial infection by secretory IgA antibodies. Journal of Immunology, 111: 395-403.
Choct, M., Hughes, R.J., Wang, J., Bedford, M.R., Morgan, A.J. and Annison, G. (1996). Increased small intestinal fermentation is partly responsible for the antinutritive activity of non-starch polysaccharides in chickens. British Poultry Science, 37: 609–621.
Langhout, D.J., Schutte, J.B., Van Leeuwe, P., Wiebenga, J. And Tamminga, S. (1999). Effect of dietary high- and lowmethylated citrus pectin on the activity of the ileal microflora and morphology of the small intestinal wall of broiler chicks. British Poultry Science, 40: 340-347.
Langhout, D.J., Schutte, J.B., De Jong, J., Sloetjes, H., Verstegen, M.W. and Tamminga, S. (2000). Effect of viscosity on digestion of nutrients in conventional and germ-free chicks. British Journal of Nutrition, 83: 533-540.
Dawson, K.A. (2001). Development of an appropriate microflora in the gut. Proceedings of Poultry Beyond 2005-The 2nd International Broiler Nutritionists’ Conference, Rotorua, New Zealand, pp. 89-105.
