Kök-Ur Nematodu Meloidogyne incognita’ nın Asma Anaçlarında Reaksiyonlarının Belirlenmesi
Özet
Sabit endoparazit beslenen kök-ur nematodları asma bitkisinde zarar yapmakta ve verim kayıplarına neden olmaktadırlar. Meloidogyne incognita dünya çapında asma alanlarında yaygın olan kök-ur nematodu türüdür. Bu nematodun kontrolünde asma anaçlarının kullanımı öne çıkmaktadır. Bu tezde kontrollü koşullar altında Ramsey, Harmony, Dogridge, 5BB, 1613C ve 1103P asma anaçlarında M. incognita G7 izolatının reaksiyonları araştırılmıştır. Tesadüf blokları deneme desenine göre kurulan araştırmada tek bir anaç dikilen her saksıya 1 000 Meloidogyne incognita 2. dönem larva inokulasyonu yapılırken nematod uygulaması yapılmayan anaçlar kontrol olarak kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada bitki boy ve yaş ağırlığı, sürgün boyu ve sayısı, yaprak sayısı, kök uzunluğu ve yaş ağırlığı, gal sayısı, gal indeksi, yumurta paketi ve yumurta sayısı ile topraktaki 2. dönem larva yoğunluğu parametreleri değerlendirilmiştir. Değerlendirmeler sonucunda Harmony anacında M. incognita G7 izolatının virülent reaksiyon gösterdiği bulunmuştur. G7 izolatının bu anaçta gal indeks değeri 3, yumurta paketi sayısı 23.3, yumurta sayısı ise 2 567 olarak saptanmıştır. Gal sayısı ve indeks değerlerine bakıldığında M. incognita G7 izolatına karşı anaçların dayanım durumu 1103P>1613C>Dodridge>Ramsey>5BB>Harmony olarak sıralanabilmektedir. Araştırmada tüm parametreler değerlendirildiğinde, M. incognita G7 izolatına karşı en iyi dayanımı sağlayan anaç 1103P olarak belirlenmiştir. 1103P de G7 izolatının gal indeks değeri 0.5, yumurta paketi sayısı 0.6, yumurta sayısı ise 63.3 olarak saptanmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda 1103P asma anacının Türkiye bağcılığının geliştirilmesi ve iyileştirilmesi bakımından yeni anaç ıslahında kullanılabilinir olduğu sonuca varılmıştır.
Referanslar
Akkurt, M., Şenses, İ. M., Erdoğan, Ü. Organic viticulture recent status in turkey and development opportunities, Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology. 2018;6 (11): 511-1516. doi:10.24925/turjaf.v5i13.%25p.1620
Çelik, H.,Ağaoğlu, Y. Fidan, Y. ve ark. Genel Bağcılık. Sun Fidan AŞ Mesleki Kitaplar Serisi: I. Fersa Matbaacılık San, 1998. Tic. Ltd. Şti. Necatibey Cad. Elgün Sok (4-B).
FAO. Üzüm üretim ve alanı araştırması 2024. (16.04.2024 tarihinde https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL. adresinden erişilmiştir).
Mıstanoğlu İ, Kaşkavalcı G. Virüs vektörü olarak nematodlar. Türkiye Entomoloji Bülteni. 2014;3(1):45-53.
Sasser, J.N., Freckman, D.W. A world prospective on nematology: The role of the society. In: Veech, J,A and Dicson, D,W.(eds.), Vistas on Nematology. Hyattsville, Maryland. 1987.p.7‐20.
Teliz, D., Landa, B. B., Rapoport, H. et al. Plant-parasitic nematodes infecting grapevine in southern Spain and susceptible reaction to root-knot nematodes of rootstocks reported as moderately resistant. Plant Disease. 2007;91(9):1147-1154. doi:10.1094/PDIS-91-9-1147. PMID: 30780656.
Gutiérrez-Gutiérrez, C., Palomares-Rius, J.E., Jiménez-Díaz, R.M. et al. Host suitability of Vitis rootstocks to root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) and the dagger nematode Xiphinema index, and plant damage caused by infections. Plant Pathology. 2011, 60:575-585. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3059.2010.02404.x.
Walker GE. Effects of Meloidogyne spp. and Rhizoctonia solani on the Growth of Grapevine Rootings. Journal of Nematology;1997;29(2):190-8. PMID: 19274149; PMCID: PMC2619770.
Saucet, A.B., Ghelder, C.V., Abad, P.et al., Resistance to root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne spp. in woody plants. New Phytologist. 2016; 211: 41–56. doi:10.1111/nph.13933.
McKenry, M.V., Kretsch, J.O., Anwar, S.A. Interactions of selected Vitis cultivars withendoparasitic nematodes. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture. 2001;52: 310–316.doi: 10.5344/ajev.2001.52.4.310.
Aydeniz, M.M, Göze Özdemir, F.G.,Yaşar, B. Manisa İli Salihli İlçesinde Meyve Bahçelerinde Bulunan Bitki Paraziti Nematodların Belirlenmesi. 6th International Congress of Agriculture and Environment Proceeding book, 2018. pp 68-78.
Kasapoğlu, E.B., İmren, M.,Elekçioğlu, İ.H. Adana ilinde önemli kültür bitkilerinde bulunan bitki paraziti nematod türleri. Türkiye Entomoloji Dergisi. 2014; 38 (3): 333-350.
Mıstanoğlu, İ., Kaşkavalcı, G. Devran, Z. İzmir ve Manisa illerinde bağ alanlarında ekonomik öneme sahip bitki paraziti nematodların morfolojik ve moleküler yöntemlerle tanılanması. Türkiye entomoloji dergisi. 2015; 39 (3): 297-309.
Ferris, H., Zheng, L., Walker, M.A. Resistance of Grape Rootstocks to Plant-parasitic Nematodes.. Journal of Nematology. 2012;44(4): 377–386. PMCID: MC3592374.
Reisch, B.I. Owen, C.L. & Cousins, P.S. Grape. In: Badenes M.L. and D.H. Byrne (eds.). Fruit breeding handbook of plant breeding 8. Springer Science+ Business Media New York, 2012. p.225–262.
Cohen, S. & Edwards, J. R. Personality characteristics as moderators of the relationship between stress and disorder. In R. W. J. Neufeld (Ed.), Advances in the investigation of psychological stress. New York: Wiley,1989. p. 235-283.
Brown, D.J.F., Dalmasso, A., Trudgill, D.L. Nematode pests of soft fruits and vines. In: Evans K., Trudgill D.L and. Walker J.M.(eds), Plant parasitic nematodes in temperate agriculture CAB International: Wellingford, UK, 1993. p. 427-462.
Weinberger, J.H., Harmon, F.N. Harmony, a new nematode and phylloxera resistant rootstock for vinifera grape. Fruit Varieties and Horticultural Digest.1966, 20:63–65.
Brooks, R.M. & Olmo, H.P. (1997). The Brooks and Olmo Register of Fruit and Nut Varieties, ASHA Press, Alexandria,1997. p. 743.
Garris, A., Cousins, P., Ramming, D. & Baldo, A. (2009). Parentage analysis of Freedom rootstock. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 2009. 60: 357–361.
Lider, L.A. Inheritance of resistance to a root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita var. acrita Chitwood) in Vitis spp. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society. Washington, 1954. 21: 53-60.
Lowe, K.M. & Walker, M.A. Genetic linkage map of the interspecific grape rootstock cross Ramsey (Vitis champinii) × Riparia Gloire (Vitis riparia). Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 2006. 112:1582–1592. doi:10.1007/s00122-006-0264-8.
Devran, Z., Söğüt, M.A. Occurrence of virulent root-knot nematode populations on tomatoes bearing the Mi gene in protected vegetable-growing areas of Turkey. Phytoparasitica. 2010. 38:245–251. doi: 10.1007/s12600-010-0103-y
Balcı, M., Yağcı, A. Asma Fidanı Üretiminde Ön Bekletme ve Alttan Isıtma Uygulamalarının Randıman ve Kalite Üzerine Etkileri. Bahçe. 2018. 47(1): 393–400.
Geç, S., Göze Özdemir, F.G., Yaşar, B. In vitro koşullarda bazı bitkisel yağların Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White, 1919) ırk 2'ye karşı nematisidal etkilerinin belirlenmesi, In: Proceeding Book of 6th International Congress of Agriculture and Environment, 11-13 October 2018, Antalya, Turkey, pp. 78-87.
Hartman, K.M., Sasser, J.N. Identification of Meloidogyne species on the basis of different host test and perineal pattern morphoplogy. In Barker, K. R., Carter, C. C., Sasser, J. N., (eds). An Advanced treatise on Meloidogyne, Vol. 2. Metholodology North Carolina State University Graphics, Raleigh;1985. p 69-77.
Hooper, D.J. Extraction of free-living stages from soil. In Laboratory Methods for Work with Plant and Soil Nematodes (Southey JF. eds), Her Majesty’s Stationary Office, London, Great Britania, 1986. p. 5-30.
Nicol, J.M., Stirling, G.R., Rose, B.J. et al. Impact of nematodes on grapevine growth and productivity: current knowledge and future directions, with special reference to Australian viticulture. Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research, 1999. 5:109–127. doi:10.1111/j.1755-0238.1999.tb00295.x.
Mpelasoka, B.S., Schachtman, D.P., Treeby, M.T.et al. A review of potassium nutrition in grapevines with special emphasis on berry accumulation. Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research, 2003. 9: 154–168. doi:10.1111/j.1755-0238.2003.tb00265.x.
Smith, S.A., Brown, J.W., Yang, Y. et al. Disparity, diversity, and duplications in the Caryophyllales. New Phytologist, 2017. 217(2): 836-854. doi: 10.1111/nph.14772.
Aballay, E.,Vilches, O. Resistance assessment of grapevine rootstocks used in Chile to the root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne ethiopica, M. hapla, and M. javanica. Ciencia e Investigacion. Agraria, 2015. 42(3): 407-413. doi:10.4067/S0718-16202015000300009.
Loubser, J.T., Meyer, A.J. Resistance of Grapevine Rootstocks to Meloidogyne incognita under Field Conditions. South African Journal For Enology and Viticulture,1987. 8(2): 70-74. doi:10.21548/8-2-2317
Cain DW, McKenry MV, Tarailo RE. A New Pathotype of Root-knot Nematode on Grape Rootstocks. Journal of Nematology.,1984. 16(2):207-8. PMID: 19295902; PMCID: PMC2618369.
McKenry, M.V. Nematodes. In Flaherty, D.L. Christensen, L.P. Lanini, W.T.. Marois, J.J Phillips P.A. and Wilson L.T. (eds) Grape Pest Management. 2 nd ed. University of California, Oakland; 1992. p. 279–294.
Anwar SA, McKenry MV. Developmental Response of a Resistance-Breaking Population of Meloidogyne arenaria on Vitis spp. Journal of Nematology, 2002.34(1):28-33. PMID: 19265904; PMCID: PMC2620539.
Esmenjaud D, Bouquet A.Selection and application of resistant germplasm for grapevine nematodes management. In: Ciancio A, Mukerji KG (eds) Integrated management of fruit crops and forest nematodes. Springer Science+Business Media B.V.2009. p. 195–214 doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9858-1_8
Howland, A.D., Skinkis, P.A., Wilson, J.H.et al. Impact of grapevine (vitis vinifera) varieties on reproduction of the northern root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne hapla). Journal of nematology, 2015. 47(2): 141–147.
Mıstanoğlu, İ.,Kaşkavalcı, G.Virüs vektörü olarak nematodlar. Türkiye Entomoloji Bülteni, 2013. 3(1): 45-53.
McLeod, R.W. Gendy, M.Y. Seasonal behaviour of Meloidogyne javanica and host race identity of root knot nematodes and citrus nematode (Tylenchulus semipenetrans) associated with grapevines. Australian Grapegrower and Winemaker. 1996, 390A (95, 97): 99-100.
Referanslar
Akkurt, M., Şenses, İ. M., Erdoğan, Ü. Organic viticulture recent status in turkey and development opportunities, Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology. 2018;6 (11): 511-1516. doi:10.24925/turjaf.v5i13.%25p.1620
Çelik, H.,Ağaoğlu, Y. Fidan, Y. ve ark. Genel Bağcılık. Sun Fidan AŞ Mesleki Kitaplar Serisi: I. Fersa Matbaacılık San, 1998. Tic. Ltd. Şti. Necatibey Cad. Elgün Sok (4-B).
FAO. Üzüm üretim ve alanı araştırması 2024. (16.04.2024 tarihinde https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL. adresinden erişilmiştir).
Mıstanoğlu İ, Kaşkavalcı G. Virüs vektörü olarak nematodlar. Türkiye Entomoloji Bülteni. 2014;3(1):45-53.
Sasser, J.N., Freckman, D.W. A world prospective on nematology: The role of the society. In: Veech, J,A and Dicson, D,W.(eds.), Vistas on Nematology. Hyattsville, Maryland. 1987.p.7‐20.
Teliz, D., Landa, B. B., Rapoport, H. et al. Plant-parasitic nematodes infecting grapevine in southern Spain and susceptible reaction to root-knot nematodes of rootstocks reported as moderately resistant. Plant Disease. 2007;91(9):1147-1154. doi:10.1094/PDIS-91-9-1147. PMID: 30780656.
Gutiérrez-Gutiérrez, C., Palomares-Rius, J.E., Jiménez-Díaz, R.M. et al. Host suitability of Vitis rootstocks to root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) and the dagger nematode Xiphinema index, and plant damage caused by infections. Plant Pathology. 2011, 60:575-585. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3059.2010.02404.x.
Walker GE. Effects of Meloidogyne spp. and Rhizoctonia solani on the Growth of Grapevine Rootings. Journal of Nematology;1997;29(2):190-8. PMID: 19274149; PMCID: PMC2619770.
Saucet, A.B., Ghelder, C.V., Abad, P.et al., Resistance to root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne spp. in woody plants. New Phytologist. 2016; 211: 41–56. doi:10.1111/nph.13933.
McKenry, M.V., Kretsch, J.O., Anwar, S.A. Interactions of selected Vitis cultivars withendoparasitic nematodes. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture. 2001;52: 310–316.doi: 10.5344/ajev.2001.52.4.310.
Aydeniz, M.M, Göze Özdemir, F.G.,Yaşar, B. Manisa İli Salihli İlçesinde Meyve Bahçelerinde Bulunan Bitki Paraziti Nematodların Belirlenmesi. 6th International Congress of Agriculture and Environment Proceeding book, 2018. pp 68-78.
Kasapoğlu, E.B., İmren, M.,Elekçioğlu, İ.H. Adana ilinde önemli kültür bitkilerinde bulunan bitki paraziti nematod türleri. Türkiye Entomoloji Dergisi. 2014; 38 (3): 333-350.
Mıstanoğlu, İ., Kaşkavalcı, G. Devran, Z. İzmir ve Manisa illerinde bağ alanlarında ekonomik öneme sahip bitki paraziti nematodların morfolojik ve moleküler yöntemlerle tanılanması. Türkiye entomoloji dergisi. 2015; 39 (3): 297-309.
Ferris, H., Zheng, L., Walker, M.A. Resistance of Grape Rootstocks to Plant-parasitic Nematodes.. Journal of Nematology. 2012;44(4): 377–386. PMCID: MC3592374.
Reisch, B.I. Owen, C.L. & Cousins, P.S. Grape. In: Badenes M.L. and D.H. Byrne (eds.). Fruit breeding handbook of plant breeding 8. Springer Science+ Business Media New York, 2012. p.225–262.
Cohen, S. & Edwards, J. R. Personality characteristics as moderators of the relationship between stress and disorder. In R. W. J. Neufeld (Ed.), Advances in the investigation of psychological stress. New York: Wiley,1989. p. 235-283.
Brown, D.J.F., Dalmasso, A., Trudgill, D.L. Nematode pests of soft fruits and vines. In: Evans K., Trudgill D.L and. Walker J.M.(eds), Plant parasitic nematodes in temperate agriculture CAB International: Wellingford, UK, 1993. p. 427-462.
Weinberger, J.H., Harmon, F.N. Harmony, a new nematode and phylloxera resistant rootstock for vinifera grape. Fruit Varieties and Horticultural Digest.1966, 20:63–65.
Brooks, R.M. & Olmo, H.P. (1997). The Brooks and Olmo Register of Fruit and Nut Varieties, ASHA Press, Alexandria,1997. p. 743.
Garris, A., Cousins, P., Ramming, D. & Baldo, A. (2009). Parentage analysis of Freedom rootstock. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 2009. 60: 357–361.
Lider, L.A. Inheritance of resistance to a root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita var. acrita Chitwood) in Vitis spp. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society. Washington, 1954. 21: 53-60.
Lowe, K.M. & Walker, M.A. Genetic linkage map of the interspecific grape rootstock cross Ramsey (Vitis champinii) × Riparia Gloire (Vitis riparia). Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 2006. 112:1582–1592. doi:10.1007/s00122-006-0264-8.
Devran, Z., Söğüt, M.A. Occurrence of virulent root-knot nematode populations on tomatoes bearing the Mi gene in protected vegetable-growing areas of Turkey. Phytoparasitica. 2010. 38:245–251. doi: 10.1007/s12600-010-0103-y
Balcı, M., Yağcı, A. Asma Fidanı Üretiminde Ön Bekletme ve Alttan Isıtma Uygulamalarının Randıman ve Kalite Üzerine Etkileri. Bahçe. 2018. 47(1): 393–400.
Geç, S., Göze Özdemir, F.G., Yaşar, B. In vitro koşullarda bazı bitkisel yağların Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White, 1919) ırk 2'ye karşı nematisidal etkilerinin belirlenmesi, In: Proceeding Book of 6th International Congress of Agriculture and Environment, 11-13 October 2018, Antalya, Turkey, pp. 78-87.
Hartman, K.M., Sasser, J.N. Identification of Meloidogyne species on the basis of different host test and perineal pattern morphoplogy. In Barker, K. R., Carter, C. C., Sasser, J. N., (eds). An Advanced treatise on Meloidogyne, Vol. 2. Metholodology North Carolina State University Graphics, Raleigh;1985. p 69-77.
Hooper, D.J. Extraction of free-living stages from soil. In Laboratory Methods for Work with Plant and Soil Nematodes (Southey JF. eds), Her Majesty’s Stationary Office, London, Great Britania, 1986. p. 5-30.
Nicol, J.M., Stirling, G.R., Rose, B.J. et al. Impact of nematodes on grapevine growth and productivity: current knowledge and future directions, with special reference to Australian viticulture. Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research, 1999. 5:109–127. doi:10.1111/j.1755-0238.1999.tb00295.x.
Mpelasoka, B.S., Schachtman, D.P., Treeby, M.T.et al. A review of potassium nutrition in grapevines with special emphasis on berry accumulation. Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research, 2003. 9: 154–168. doi:10.1111/j.1755-0238.2003.tb00265.x.
Smith, S.A., Brown, J.W., Yang, Y. et al. Disparity, diversity, and duplications in the Caryophyllales. New Phytologist, 2017. 217(2): 836-854. doi: 10.1111/nph.14772.
Aballay, E.,Vilches, O. Resistance assessment of grapevine rootstocks used in Chile to the root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne ethiopica, M. hapla, and M. javanica. Ciencia e Investigacion. Agraria, 2015. 42(3): 407-413. doi:10.4067/S0718-16202015000300009.
Loubser, J.T., Meyer, A.J. Resistance of Grapevine Rootstocks to Meloidogyne incognita under Field Conditions. South African Journal For Enology and Viticulture,1987. 8(2): 70-74. doi:10.21548/8-2-2317
Cain DW, McKenry MV, Tarailo RE. A New Pathotype of Root-knot Nematode on Grape Rootstocks. Journal of Nematology.,1984. 16(2):207-8. PMID: 19295902; PMCID: PMC2618369.
McKenry, M.V. Nematodes. In Flaherty, D.L. Christensen, L.P. Lanini, W.T.. Marois, J.J Phillips P.A. and Wilson L.T. (eds) Grape Pest Management. 2 nd ed. University of California, Oakland; 1992. p. 279–294.
Anwar SA, McKenry MV. Developmental Response of a Resistance-Breaking Population of Meloidogyne arenaria on Vitis spp. Journal of Nematology, 2002.34(1):28-33. PMID: 19265904; PMCID: PMC2620539.
Esmenjaud D, Bouquet A.Selection and application of resistant germplasm for grapevine nematodes management. In: Ciancio A, Mukerji KG (eds) Integrated management of fruit crops and forest nematodes. Springer Science+Business Media B.V.2009. p. 195–214 doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9858-1_8
Howland, A.D., Skinkis, P.A., Wilson, J.H.et al. Impact of grapevine (vitis vinifera) varieties on reproduction of the northern root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne hapla). Journal of nematology, 2015. 47(2): 141–147.
Mıstanoğlu, İ.,Kaşkavalcı, G.Virüs vektörü olarak nematodlar. Türkiye Entomoloji Bülteni, 2013. 3(1): 45-53.
McLeod, R.W. Gendy, M.Y. Seasonal behaviour of Meloidogyne javanica and host race identity of root knot nematodes and citrus nematode (Tylenchulus semipenetrans) associated with grapevines. Australian Grapegrower and Winemaker. 1996, 390A (95, 97): 99-100.