Biyodinamik Tarımın Karakteristik Özellikleri
Özet
Son yıllarda yaşanılan iklim değişiklikleri ve artan çevre kirlilikleri ekolojiyi ve tüm canlıların hayatını negatif yönde etkilemiş ve sürdürülebilir tekniklerin gündeme gelmesine yol açmıştır.Birim alandan daha fazla ürünün eldesi amacıyla yoğun kimyasal ve ilaçların kullanıldığı tarım sektöründe sürdürülebilirliğin başta biyodinamik, organik gibi alternatif tarım sistemleri ile sağlanması düşünülmektedir. Biyodinamik tarıma gösterilen ilgi hem tüketiciler hemde üreticiler arasında gittikçe artmaktadır. 1924’de Steiner tarafından temelleri atılan biyodinamik tarım antroposofik düşünme sistemi ile doğal ve kozmik unsurlardan yararlanan bir tarım sistemidir. Kimyasalların kullanılmadığı diğer alternatif tarın sistemlerinden farkı karakteristik temel özelliklerinden kaynaklanmaktadır. Bu derlemede, çiftliğin bireysel bir organizma olarak algılanması, biyodinamik preparatlar ve Ayın, güneşin ve gezegenlerin yanı sıra ay veya zodyak döngülerinin yaşam süreçleri üzerindeki etkileri olan kozmik ritimler üzerinde durulmuştur.
Referanslar
Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. In A New Era in Global Health; Rosa, W. (Ed.) Springer Publishing Company: New York, NY, USA, 2017; ISBN 978-0-8261-9011-6.
Masotti, P.,et al. Environmental Impacts of Organic and Biodynamic Wine Produced in Northeast Italy. Sustainability. 2022; 14(10):6281. doi:10.3390/su14106281
Beddoe, R. et al.Overcoming systemic roadblocks to sustainability: The evolutionary redesign of worldviews, institutions, and technologies. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2009, 106.8: 2483-2489. doi:10.1073/pnas.0812570106
Schill, C., Anderies, J. M., Lindahl, T., Folke, C., Polasky, S., Cárdenas, J. C., & Schlüter, M. A more dynamic understanding of human behaviour for the Anthropocene. Nature Sustainability, 2019, 2(12): 1075-1082. doi:10.1038/s41893-019-0419-7
Vogel, C., O’Brien, K. Getting to the heart of transformation. Sustainability Science, 2022, 17.2: 653-659. doi:10.1007/s11625-021-01016-8
Baiano A. An Overview on Sustainability in the Wine Production Chain. Beverages. 2021; 7(1):15. doi.org/10.3390/beverages7010015
Brock C. et al. Research in biodynamic food and farming – a review. Open Agriculture. 2019;4(1): 743-757.doi:10.1515/opag-2019-0064
Wright, J. Introduction to the Book. Subtle Agroecologies. CRC Press, 2021. xxix-xli.Agricultural Systems, 2022, 200: 103424. doi:10.1201/9780429440939
Rigolot, C.; Quantın, M. Biodynamic farming as a resource for sustainability transformations: Potential and challenges. Agricultural Systems, 2022, 200: 103424. doi:10.1016/j.agsy.2022.103424
Steiner, R. Spiritual foundations for the renewal of agriculture: a course of lectures held at Koberwitz, Silesia, June 7 to June 16, 1924. https://rsarchive.org/Lectures/GA327/English/BDA1958/19240607p01.html (accessed 18 April 2024)
Pigott A. Hocus pocus? Spirituality and soil care in biodynamic agriculture. Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space. 2021 4:4, 1665-1686 doi:10.1177/2514848620970924
Roche, Michael, Gui Dib, Geoffrey Watson. Bringing biodynamic agriculture to New Zealand in the 1920s and 1930s. Kōtuitui: New Zealand Journal of Social Sciences Online 16.1 2021, 86-99. doi: 10.1080/1177083X.2020.1764065
Rigolot, C. Our mysterious future: Opening up the perspectives on the evolution of human–nature relationships. Ambio, 2021, 50.9: 1757-1759. doi:10.1007/s13280-021-01585-z
Paull J, Hennig B (2020) A world map of biodynamic agriculture. In: Agricultural and Biological Sciences Journal Vol. 6, No. 2, 2020, pp. 114-119 http://www.aiscience.org/journal/absj ISSN: 2381-7178 (Print); ISSN: 2381-7186 (Online)
Willer H. et al (2020) The World of Organic Agriculture Statistics and Emerging Trends 2020. Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL) and IFOAM – Organics International, Frick and Bonn
Siltaoja, M. et al. The dynamics of (de) stigmatization: Boundary construction in the nascent category of organic farming. Organization Studies, 2020, 41.7: 993-1018.
Ciliberto, G., Lo Schiavo, F., & Vitale, A. (2022). A welcome revision, but organic farming law still needs work. Nature Italy. doi: 10.1038/d43978-022-00035-y
Parisi, Giorgio, et al. Italy: scientists petition against biodynamic farming law. Nature, 2021, 595,7867: 352-352. doi: 10.1038/d41586-021-01886-z
Reeve, J. et al. Soil and winegrape quality in biodynamically and organically managed vineyards. American journal of enology and viticulture, 2005, 56.4: 367-376.
Probst, B., Schüler, C. Joergensen, R.G. Vineyard soils under organic and conventional management—microbial biomass and activity indices and their relation to soil chemical properties. Biol Fertil Soils 44, 443–450 (2008). doi: 10.1007/s00374-007-0225-7
Turinek, M., et al. “Biodynamic Agriculture Research Progress and Priorities.” Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems, 2009, 24:2. 146–54. doi:10.1017/S174217050900252X
Döring, J. et al. Growth, yield and fruit quality of grapevines under organic and biodynamic management. PLoS One, 2015, 10.10: e0138445. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0138445
Tópor, A. et al. Impact of biodynamic viticulture on the occurrence of fungi and mycotoxins, antioxidant activity, volatile and phenolic profile of Chardonnay grapes. Food Bioscience, 2023, 55: 102978. doi:10.1016/j.fbio.2023.102978
Paull, J . The secrets of Koberwitz: The diffusion of Rudolf Steiner’s Agriculture Course and the founding of Biodynamic Agriculture. Journal of Social Research & Policy, 2011, 2.1: 19-29. https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/19518/1/Paull2011SecretsJSRP.pdf
Gidley, J. M. Educational imperatives of the evolution of consciousness: the integral visions of Rudolf Steiner and Ken Wilber. International Journal of Children’s Spirituality, 2007, 12(2), 117–135. doi:10.1080/13644360701467428
Paull, J. Biodynamic agriculture: The journey from Koberwitz to the world, 1924-1938. Journal of Organic Systems, 2011, 6.1. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:304a24bf-3961-4798-b13c-9e0a1e2aa339/files/m3f2ffab9ddf033f6f0a81aca1084fb41
Ponzio, C. et al. Organic and biodynamic agriculture: a review in relation to sustainability. International Journal of Plant and Soil Science, 2013, 2.1: 95-110. doi:10.9734/IJPSS/2013/4493
Chalker-Scott, L. (2013). The Science Behind Biodynamic Preparations: A Literature Review. HortTechnology hortte, 23(6), 814-819. Erişim tarihi 27 Nisan 2024, https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTTECH.23.6.814
Bloksma J.R., Struik P.C., Coaching the process of designing a farm: using the healthy human as a metaphor for farm health, NJAS Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences, 2007. 54(4), 413–429. doi:10.1016/S1573-5214(07)80013-3
Knierim, U, Irrgang, N, Roth, BA. To be or not to be horned consequences in cattle. Livestock Science, 2015. 179:29–37. doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2015.05.014CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Diver, S. Biodynamic farming&Compost preparation. Appropriate Technogy Transfer for Rural. 1999. Erişim tarihi 25.04.2024.https://www.demeter-usa.org/downloads/Demeter-Science-Biodynamic-Farming-&-Compost. pdf.
Von Wistinghaouse, C. et al.The biodynamic spray and compost preparations production methods.Boolet 1. 1st edition.September 2000. Biodynamic Agriculture Association. ISBN 0-9518976-1-6.
Reeve J. R. Effects of biodynamic preparations on soil, winegrape, and compost quality on a California vineyard. Washington State University Department of Crop and Soil Sciences. .2003, Master of Science.
Koepf, H. What is bio-dynamic agriculture. Summer/Fall/Biodynamics. 2007, 27-29. Erişim tarihi 25.04.2024. https://biodynamics.com/pdf/f07bd/f07bd-koepfwhatisbdag.pdf
Koepf, H. Compost − What It Is, How It Is Made, What It Does. Biodynamic Farming and Gardening Association Inc, 1980
Mayoral, O et al. What Has Been Thought and Taught on the Lunar Influence on Plants in Agriculture? Perspective from Physics and Biology. Agronomy. 2020; 10(7):955. doi:10.3390/agronomy10070955
Maw, M. Periodicities in the influences of air ions on the growth of garden cress. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 1967. 47, 499–505.
Brown, F. & Chow, C.S. Lunar-correlated variations in water uptake by bean seeds. Biological Bulletin, 1973. 145, 265–278.
Brown, F. The rhythmic nature of animals and plants. Cycles, 1960. April, 81–92
Hachez, M. The significance for seed-germination of the passage of the Moon through the constellations of the zodiac. Anthroposophical Agricultural Foundation, Notes & Comments, 1935. IV, 283–289
Kollerstrom, N., Staudenmaier, G. Evidence for Lunar-Sidereal Rhythms in Crop Yield: A Review. Biological Agriculture & Horticulture, 2001.19(3), 247–259. doi:10.1080/01448765.2001.9754928
Thun, M. Gardening for life - the biodynamic way: A practical introduction to a new art of gardening, sowing, planting, harvesting, Harrington Press, 2000. ISBN 13: 9781869890322, pp. 123.
Sivasankari, J., Thimmaiah., A. Lunar rhythms in agriculture-review on scientific perspectives. International Journal of Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2021;14(2):81‒85. doi:10.15406/ijcam.2021.14.00536
Beluhova-Uzunova, R., Atanasov, D. (2017). Biodynamic farming – method for sustainable production of quality food. Икономика и управление на селското стопанство, 62 (3), 40-48.
Referanslar
Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. In A New Era in Global Health; Rosa, W. (Ed.) Springer Publishing Company: New York, NY, USA, 2017; ISBN 978-0-8261-9011-6.
Masotti, P.,et al. Environmental Impacts of Organic and Biodynamic Wine Produced in Northeast Italy. Sustainability. 2022; 14(10):6281. doi:10.3390/su14106281
Beddoe, R. et al.Overcoming systemic roadblocks to sustainability: The evolutionary redesign of worldviews, institutions, and technologies. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2009, 106.8: 2483-2489. doi:10.1073/pnas.0812570106
Schill, C., Anderies, J. M., Lindahl, T., Folke, C., Polasky, S., Cárdenas, J. C., & Schlüter, M. A more dynamic understanding of human behaviour for the Anthropocene. Nature Sustainability, 2019, 2(12): 1075-1082. doi:10.1038/s41893-019-0419-7
Vogel, C., O’Brien, K. Getting to the heart of transformation. Sustainability Science, 2022, 17.2: 653-659. doi:10.1007/s11625-021-01016-8
Baiano A. An Overview on Sustainability in the Wine Production Chain. Beverages. 2021; 7(1):15. doi.org/10.3390/beverages7010015
Brock C. et al. Research in biodynamic food and farming – a review. Open Agriculture. 2019;4(1): 743-757.doi:10.1515/opag-2019-0064
Wright, J. Introduction to the Book. Subtle Agroecologies. CRC Press, 2021. xxix-xli.Agricultural Systems, 2022, 200: 103424. doi:10.1201/9780429440939
Rigolot, C.; Quantın, M. Biodynamic farming as a resource for sustainability transformations: Potential and challenges. Agricultural Systems, 2022, 200: 103424. doi:10.1016/j.agsy.2022.103424
Steiner, R. Spiritual foundations for the renewal of agriculture: a course of lectures held at Koberwitz, Silesia, June 7 to June 16, 1924. https://rsarchive.org/Lectures/GA327/English/BDA1958/19240607p01.html (accessed 18 April 2024)
Pigott A. Hocus pocus? Spirituality and soil care in biodynamic agriculture. Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space. 2021 4:4, 1665-1686 doi:10.1177/2514848620970924
Roche, Michael, Gui Dib, Geoffrey Watson. Bringing biodynamic agriculture to New Zealand in the 1920s and 1930s. Kōtuitui: New Zealand Journal of Social Sciences Online 16.1 2021, 86-99. doi: 10.1080/1177083X.2020.1764065
Rigolot, C. Our mysterious future: Opening up the perspectives on the evolution of human–nature relationships. Ambio, 2021, 50.9: 1757-1759. doi:10.1007/s13280-021-01585-z
Paull J, Hennig B (2020) A world map of biodynamic agriculture. In: Agricultural and Biological Sciences Journal Vol. 6, No. 2, 2020, pp. 114-119 http://www.aiscience.org/journal/absj ISSN: 2381-7178 (Print); ISSN: 2381-7186 (Online)
Willer H. et al (2020) The World of Organic Agriculture Statistics and Emerging Trends 2020. Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL) and IFOAM – Organics International, Frick and Bonn
Siltaoja, M. et al. The dynamics of (de) stigmatization: Boundary construction in the nascent category of organic farming. Organization Studies, 2020, 41.7: 993-1018.
Ciliberto, G., Lo Schiavo, F., & Vitale, A. (2022). A welcome revision, but organic farming law still needs work. Nature Italy. doi: 10.1038/d43978-022-00035-y
Parisi, Giorgio, et al. Italy: scientists petition against biodynamic farming law. Nature, 2021, 595,7867: 352-352. doi: 10.1038/d41586-021-01886-z
Reeve, J. et al. Soil and winegrape quality in biodynamically and organically managed vineyards. American journal of enology and viticulture, 2005, 56.4: 367-376.
Probst, B., Schüler, C. Joergensen, R.G. Vineyard soils under organic and conventional management—microbial biomass and activity indices and their relation to soil chemical properties. Biol Fertil Soils 44, 443–450 (2008). doi: 10.1007/s00374-007-0225-7
Turinek, M., et al. “Biodynamic Agriculture Research Progress and Priorities.” Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems, 2009, 24:2. 146–54. doi:10.1017/S174217050900252X
Döring, J. et al. Growth, yield and fruit quality of grapevines under organic and biodynamic management. PLoS One, 2015, 10.10: e0138445. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0138445
Tópor, A. et al. Impact of biodynamic viticulture on the occurrence of fungi and mycotoxins, antioxidant activity, volatile and phenolic profile of Chardonnay grapes. Food Bioscience, 2023, 55: 102978. doi:10.1016/j.fbio.2023.102978
Paull, J . The secrets of Koberwitz: The diffusion of Rudolf Steiner’s Agriculture Course and the founding of Biodynamic Agriculture. Journal of Social Research & Policy, 2011, 2.1: 19-29. https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/19518/1/Paull2011SecretsJSRP.pdf
Gidley, J. M. Educational imperatives of the evolution of consciousness: the integral visions of Rudolf Steiner and Ken Wilber. International Journal of Children’s Spirituality, 2007, 12(2), 117–135. doi:10.1080/13644360701467428
Paull, J. Biodynamic agriculture: The journey from Koberwitz to the world, 1924-1938. Journal of Organic Systems, 2011, 6.1. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:304a24bf-3961-4798-b13c-9e0a1e2aa339/files/m3f2ffab9ddf033f6f0a81aca1084fb41
Ponzio, C. et al. Organic and biodynamic agriculture: a review in relation to sustainability. International Journal of Plant and Soil Science, 2013, 2.1: 95-110. doi:10.9734/IJPSS/2013/4493
Chalker-Scott, L. (2013). The Science Behind Biodynamic Preparations: A Literature Review. HortTechnology hortte, 23(6), 814-819. Erişim tarihi 27 Nisan 2024, https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTTECH.23.6.814
Bloksma J.R., Struik P.C., Coaching the process of designing a farm: using the healthy human as a metaphor for farm health, NJAS Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences, 2007. 54(4), 413–429. doi:10.1016/S1573-5214(07)80013-3
Knierim, U, Irrgang, N, Roth, BA. To be or not to be horned consequences in cattle. Livestock Science, 2015. 179:29–37. doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2015.05.014CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Diver, S. Biodynamic farming&Compost preparation. Appropriate Technogy Transfer for Rural. 1999. Erişim tarihi 25.04.2024.https://www.demeter-usa.org/downloads/Demeter-Science-Biodynamic-Farming-&-Compost. pdf.
Von Wistinghaouse, C. et al.The biodynamic spray and compost preparations production methods.Boolet 1. 1st edition.September 2000. Biodynamic Agriculture Association. ISBN 0-9518976-1-6.
Reeve J. R. Effects of biodynamic preparations on soil, winegrape, and compost quality on a California vineyard. Washington State University Department of Crop and Soil Sciences. .2003, Master of Science.
Koepf, H. What is bio-dynamic agriculture. Summer/Fall/Biodynamics. 2007, 27-29. Erişim tarihi 25.04.2024. https://biodynamics.com/pdf/f07bd/f07bd-koepfwhatisbdag.pdf
Koepf, H. Compost − What It Is, How It Is Made, What It Does. Biodynamic Farming and Gardening Association Inc, 1980
Mayoral, O et al. What Has Been Thought and Taught on the Lunar Influence on Plants in Agriculture? Perspective from Physics and Biology. Agronomy. 2020; 10(7):955. doi:10.3390/agronomy10070955
Maw, M. Periodicities in the influences of air ions on the growth of garden cress. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 1967. 47, 499–505.
Brown, F. & Chow, C.S. Lunar-correlated variations in water uptake by bean seeds. Biological Bulletin, 1973. 145, 265–278.
Brown, F. The rhythmic nature of animals and plants. Cycles, 1960. April, 81–92
Hachez, M. The significance for seed-germination of the passage of the Moon through the constellations of the zodiac. Anthroposophical Agricultural Foundation, Notes & Comments, 1935. IV, 283–289
Kollerstrom, N., Staudenmaier, G. Evidence for Lunar-Sidereal Rhythms in Crop Yield: A Review. Biological Agriculture & Horticulture, 2001.19(3), 247–259. doi:10.1080/01448765.2001.9754928
Thun, M. Gardening for life - the biodynamic way: A practical introduction to a new art of gardening, sowing, planting, harvesting, Harrington Press, 2000. ISBN 13: 9781869890322, pp. 123.
Sivasankari, J., Thimmaiah., A. Lunar rhythms in agriculture-review on scientific perspectives. International Journal of Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2021;14(2):81‒85. doi:10.15406/ijcam.2021.14.00536
Beluhova-Uzunova, R., Atanasov, D. (2017). Biodynamic farming – method for sustainable production of quality food. Икономика и управление на селското стопанство, 62 (3), 40-48.
