Prostat Kanseri Biyobelirteçleri
Özet
Kanser, hücrelerdeki kontrolsüz bölünme ve çoğalma neticesinde oluşur. Çevresel ve genetik unsurlardan etkilenir. Bazı kanser türlerine yaklaşım için standartlar oluşturulmasına rağmen, kanserli her olgu özgün değerlendirilmelidir. Erkeklerde ikinci en fazla görülen kanser türü olan prostat kanserinin tüm kanserler içerisinde görülme oranı yaklaşık olarak %15’tir.Prostat kanseri teşhis edildiğinde lokalize ise kürün tam sağlanabilmesi mümkündür. Prostat kanseri genellikle yavaş ilerler. Periferik zonda oluşan odaklar küçüktür bu nedenle prostat kanserleri erken evrede genellikle semptom göstermezler. Kanser taramalarının gerçekleştirilmesi, hasta ölümlerinde azalmaya yardımcıdır. Prostat kanser taramaları prostat kanserinin erken evrede belirlenmesini mümkün kılar.Tümör biyobelirteçleri kanser taramalarında tanıya yardımcıdır. Bu belirteçler, çeşitli tedaviler için hasta seçiminde ve klinik çalışmalarda hedeflenen sona ulaşılmasında faydalıdır. Prostat kanserinin teşhisinde kan ve idrar biyobeliteçleri kullanılabilir. Bu bölümde prostat kan biyobelirteçleri olan; Prostat Spesifik Antijen, MikroRNA’lar, Dolaşımdaki Tümör Hücreleri ile Prostat Kanseri İdrar Biyobelirteçleri olan PCA3, TMPRSS2-ERG ve SelectMDx’ten bahsedilmiştir.
Cancer occurs as a result of uncontrolled division and proliferation of cells. It is affected by environmental and genetic factors. Although standards have been established for the approach to some types of cancer, each case of cancer should be evaluated individually. The incidence of prostate cancer, which is the second most common type of cancer in men, is approximately 15% of all cancers. If prostate cancer is localized when diagnosed, it is possible to achieve a full cure. Prostate cancer usually progresses slowly. The foci formed in the peripheral zone are small, so prostate cancers usually do not show symptoms in the early stages. Performing cancer screenings helps reduce patient deaths. Prostate cancer screenings make it possible to detect prostate cancer at an early stage. Tumor biomarkers help diagnosis in cancer screenings. These markers are useful in selecting patients for various treatments and achieving targeted outcomes in clinical trials. Blood and urine biomarkers can be used to diagnose prostate cancer. This section mentions prostate blood biomarkers; Prostate Specific Antigen, MicroRNAs, Circulating Tumor Cells, and Prostate Cancer Urine Biomarkers PCA3, TMPRSS2-ERG, and SelectMDx.
Referanslar
Baykara O. Kanser Tedavisinde Güncel Yaklaşimlar. Balıkesir Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2016;5(3):154-65.
Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, Rebelo M, et al. Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: sources, methods and major patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012. International journal of cancer. 2015;136(5):E359-E86.
Akbiyik I. Yaşlı kanser hastalarında kemoterapi öncesi kırılganlık ve diğer klinik etkenlerin erken dönem kemoterapi toksisitesi ile ilişkisi.
Yencilek F, Koca O, Kuru M. Prostat kanserinde tanı. Nucl Med Semin. 2018;4(3):163-73.
van den Ouden D, Kranse R, Hop WC, van der Kwast TH, Schröder FH. Microvascular invasion in prostate cancer: prognostic significance in patients treated by radical prostatectomy for clinically localized carcinoma. Urologia internationalis. 1998;60(1):17-24.
Kumar V, Majumder P. Prostate gland: structure, functions and regulation. International urology and nephrology. 1995;27:231-43.
KOÇAK T, Nilüfer A. Prostat Kanseri Etiyoloji ve Tedavisinde Beslenmenin Rolü. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2022;11(3):1247-56.
Wolk A. Diet, lifestyle and risk of prostate cancer. Acta Oncologica. 2005;44(3):277-81.
TOSUNÖZ İK, DOĞAN SD. ERKEKLERİN PROSTAT KANSERİ TARAMALARINA İLİŞKİN TUTUMLARI VE BİLGİ DÜZEYLERİ. Izmir Democracy University Health Sciences Journal.5(3):651-63.
Bayçelebi G, AYDIN F, Gökosmanoğlu F, Tat TS, VARIM C. Trabzon’da kanser tarama testleri farkındalığı. Journal of Human Rhythm. 2015;1(3):90-4.
Musalli ZF, Alobaid MM, Aljahani AM, Alqahtani MA, Alshehri SS, Altulaihi BA, Altulaihi B. Knowledge, attitude, and practice toward prostate cancer and its screening methods among primary care patients in King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Cureus. 2021;13(4).
Duffy M. Clinical uses of tumor markers: a critical review. Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences. 2001;38(3):225-62.
Bolla M, van Poppel H. Management of prostate cancer: Springer; 2017.
Wang M, Valenzuela L, Murphy G, Chu T. Purification of a human prostate specific antigen. Investigative urology. 1979;17(2):159-63.
Papsidero LD, Wang MC, Valenzuela LA, Murphy GP, Chu TM. A prostate antigen in sera of prostatic cancer patients. Cancer research. 1980;40(7):2428-32.
Lilja H, Abrahamsson PA. Three predominant proteins secreted by the human prostate gland. The Prostate. 1988;12(1):29-38.
Stamey TA, Yang N, Hay AR, McNeal JE, Freiha FS, Redwine E. Prostate-specific antigen as a serum marker for adenocarcinoma of the prostate. New England Journal of Medicine. 1987;317(15):909-16.
Ulmert D, Becker C, Nilsson J-A, Piironen T, Bjork T, Hugosson J, et al. Reproducibility and accuracy of measurements of free and total prostate-specific antigen in serum vs plasma after long-term storage at− 20 C. Clinical chemistry. 2006;52(2):235-9.
Loeb S. Guideline of guidelines: prostate cancer screening. BJU international. 2014;114(3):323-5.
Bradford TJ, Tomlins SA, Wang X, Chinnaiyan AM, editors. Molecular markers of prostate cancer. Urologic Oncology: Seminars and Original Investigations; 2006: Elsevier.
Borer JG, Sherman J, Solomon MC, Plawker MW, Macchia RJ. Age specific prostate specific antigen reference ranges: population specific. The Journal of urology. 1998;159(2):444-8.
Catalona WJ, Partin AW, Slawin KM, Brawer MK, Flanigan RC, Patel A, et al. Use of the percentage of free prostate-specific antigen to enhance differentiation of prostate cancer from benign prostatic disease: a prospective multicenter clinical trial. Jama. 1998;279(19):1542-7.
He L, Hannon GJ. MicroRNAs: small RNAs with a big role in gene regulation. Nature reviews genetics. 2004;5(7):522-31.
Bartel DP. MicroRNAs: genomics, biogenesis, mechanism, and function. cell. 2004;116(2):281-97.
Miller MC, Doyle GV, Terstappen LW. Significance of circulating tumor cells detected by the CellSearch system in patients with metastatic breast colorectal and prostate cancer. Journal of oncology. 2010;2010.
Kulaç İ. Sıvı Biyopsi: Dolaşımdaki Tümör Hücreleri Kavramı ve Prostat Kanseri Hastalarının Takip/Tedavisindeki Önemi. Üroonkoloji Bülteni. 2014;13(4).
Hayes DF, Cristofanilli M, Budd GT, Ellis MJ, Stopeck A, Miller MC, et al. Circulating tumor cells at each follow-up time point during therapy of metastatic breast cancer patients predict progression-free and overall survival. Clinical Cancer Research. 2006;12(14):4218-24.
Ma X, Xiao Z, Li X, Wang F, Zhang J, Zhou R, et al. Prognostic role of circulating tumor cells and disseminated tumor cells in patients with prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Tumor Biology. 2014;35:5551-60.
Perk H, Ergün O. Prostat kanser teşhisinde PCA3.
Marks LS, Bostwick DG. Prostate cancer specificity of PCA3 gene testing: examples from clinical practice. Reviews in urology. 2008;10(3):175.
Loeb S, Bruinsma SM, Nicholson J, Briganti A, Pickles T, Kakehi Y, et al. Active surveillance for prostate cancer: a systematic review of clinicopathologic variables and biomarkers for risk stratification. European urology. 2015;67(4):619-26.
Petrovics G, Liu A, Shaheduzzaman S, Furasato B, Sun C, Chen Y, et al. Frequent overexpression of ETS-related gene-1 (ERG1) in prostate cancer transcriptome. Oncogene. 2005;24(23):3847-52.
Perner S, Demichelis F, Beroukhim R, Schmidt FH, Mosquera J-M, Setlur S, et al. TMPRSS2: ERG fusion-associated deletions provide insight into the heterogeneity of prostate cancer. Cancer research. 2006;66(17):8337-41.
Zong Y, Xin L, Goldstein AS, Lawson DA, Teitell MA, Witte ON. ETS family transcription factors collaborate with alternative signaling pathways to induce carcinoma from adult murine prostate cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2009;106(30):12465-70.
Zhou CK, Young D, Yeboah ED, Coburn SB, Tettey Y, Biritwum RB, et al. TMPRSS2: ERG gene fusions in prostate cancer of West African men and a meta-analysis of racial differences. American journal of epidemiology. 2017;186(12):1352-61.
Referanslar
Baykara O. Kanser Tedavisinde Güncel Yaklaşimlar. Balıkesir Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2016;5(3):154-65.
Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, Rebelo M, et al. Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: sources, methods and major patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012. International journal of cancer. 2015;136(5):E359-E86.
Akbiyik I. Yaşlı kanser hastalarında kemoterapi öncesi kırılganlık ve diğer klinik etkenlerin erken dönem kemoterapi toksisitesi ile ilişkisi.
Yencilek F, Koca O, Kuru M. Prostat kanserinde tanı. Nucl Med Semin. 2018;4(3):163-73.
van den Ouden D, Kranse R, Hop WC, van der Kwast TH, Schröder FH. Microvascular invasion in prostate cancer: prognostic significance in patients treated by radical prostatectomy for clinically localized carcinoma. Urologia internationalis. 1998;60(1):17-24.
Kumar V, Majumder P. Prostate gland: structure, functions and regulation. International urology and nephrology. 1995;27:231-43.
KOÇAK T, Nilüfer A. Prostat Kanseri Etiyoloji ve Tedavisinde Beslenmenin Rolü. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2022;11(3):1247-56.
Wolk A. Diet, lifestyle and risk of prostate cancer. Acta Oncologica. 2005;44(3):277-81.
TOSUNÖZ İK, DOĞAN SD. ERKEKLERİN PROSTAT KANSERİ TARAMALARINA İLİŞKİN TUTUMLARI VE BİLGİ DÜZEYLERİ. Izmir Democracy University Health Sciences Journal.5(3):651-63.
Bayçelebi G, AYDIN F, Gökosmanoğlu F, Tat TS, VARIM C. Trabzon’da kanser tarama testleri farkındalığı. Journal of Human Rhythm. 2015;1(3):90-4.
Musalli ZF, Alobaid MM, Aljahani AM, Alqahtani MA, Alshehri SS, Altulaihi BA, Altulaihi B. Knowledge, attitude, and practice toward prostate cancer and its screening methods among primary care patients in King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Cureus. 2021;13(4).
Duffy M. Clinical uses of tumor markers: a critical review. Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences. 2001;38(3):225-62.
Bolla M, van Poppel H. Management of prostate cancer: Springer; 2017.
Wang M, Valenzuela L, Murphy G, Chu T. Purification of a human prostate specific antigen. Investigative urology. 1979;17(2):159-63.
Papsidero LD, Wang MC, Valenzuela LA, Murphy GP, Chu TM. A prostate antigen in sera of prostatic cancer patients. Cancer research. 1980;40(7):2428-32.
Lilja H, Abrahamsson PA. Three predominant proteins secreted by the human prostate gland. The Prostate. 1988;12(1):29-38.
Stamey TA, Yang N, Hay AR, McNeal JE, Freiha FS, Redwine E. Prostate-specific antigen as a serum marker for adenocarcinoma of the prostate. New England Journal of Medicine. 1987;317(15):909-16.
Ulmert D, Becker C, Nilsson J-A, Piironen T, Bjork T, Hugosson J, et al. Reproducibility and accuracy of measurements of free and total prostate-specific antigen in serum vs plasma after long-term storage at− 20 C. Clinical chemistry. 2006;52(2):235-9.
Loeb S. Guideline of guidelines: prostate cancer screening. BJU international. 2014;114(3):323-5.
Bradford TJ, Tomlins SA, Wang X, Chinnaiyan AM, editors. Molecular markers of prostate cancer. Urologic Oncology: Seminars and Original Investigations; 2006: Elsevier.
Borer JG, Sherman J, Solomon MC, Plawker MW, Macchia RJ. Age specific prostate specific antigen reference ranges: population specific. The Journal of urology. 1998;159(2):444-8.
Catalona WJ, Partin AW, Slawin KM, Brawer MK, Flanigan RC, Patel A, et al. Use of the percentage of free prostate-specific antigen to enhance differentiation of prostate cancer from benign prostatic disease: a prospective multicenter clinical trial. Jama. 1998;279(19):1542-7.
He L, Hannon GJ. MicroRNAs: small RNAs with a big role in gene regulation. Nature reviews genetics. 2004;5(7):522-31.
Bartel DP. MicroRNAs: genomics, biogenesis, mechanism, and function. cell. 2004;116(2):281-97.
Miller MC, Doyle GV, Terstappen LW. Significance of circulating tumor cells detected by the CellSearch system in patients with metastatic breast colorectal and prostate cancer. Journal of oncology. 2010;2010.
Kulaç İ. Sıvı Biyopsi: Dolaşımdaki Tümör Hücreleri Kavramı ve Prostat Kanseri Hastalarının Takip/Tedavisindeki Önemi. Üroonkoloji Bülteni. 2014;13(4).
Hayes DF, Cristofanilli M, Budd GT, Ellis MJ, Stopeck A, Miller MC, et al. Circulating tumor cells at each follow-up time point during therapy of metastatic breast cancer patients predict progression-free and overall survival. Clinical Cancer Research. 2006;12(14):4218-24.
Ma X, Xiao Z, Li X, Wang F, Zhang J, Zhou R, et al. Prognostic role of circulating tumor cells and disseminated tumor cells in patients with prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Tumor Biology. 2014;35:5551-60.
Perk H, Ergün O. Prostat kanser teşhisinde PCA3.
Marks LS, Bostwick DG. Prostate cancer specificity of PCA3 gene testing: examples from clinical practice. Reviews in urology. 2008;10(3):175.
Loeb S, Bruinsma SM, Nicholson J, Briganti A, Pickles T, Kakehi Y, et al. Active surveillance for prostate cancer: a systematic review of clinicopathologic variables and biomarkers for risk stratification. European urology. 2015;67(4):619-26.
Petrovics G, Liu A, Shaheduzzaman S, Furasato B, Sun C, Chen Y, et al. Frequent overexpression of ETS-related gene-1 (ERG1) in prostate cancer transcriptome. Oncogene. 2005;24(23):3847-52.
Perner S, Demichelis F, Beroukhim R, Schmidt FH, Mosquera J-M, Setlur S, et al. TMPRSS2: ERG fusion-associated deletions provide insight into the heterogeneity of prostate cancer. Cancer research. 2006;66(17):8337-41.
Zong Y, Xin L, Goldstein AS, Lawson DA, Teitell MA, Witte ON. ETS family transcription factors collaborate with alternative signaling pathways to induce carcinoma from adult murine prostate cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2009;106(30):12465-70.
Zhou CK, Young D, Yeboah ED, Coburn SB, Tettey Y, Biritwum RB, et al. TMPRSS2: ERG gene fusions in prostate cancer of West African men and a meta-analysis of racial differences. American journal of epidemiology. 2017;186(12):1352-61.
