Alzheimer Hastalığının Patofizyolojisi ve Oksidatif Stres
Özet
Referanslar
Botchway B, Iyer IC. Alzheimer’s disease–the past,the present and the future. Science, 2017; 6, 1-19.
GBD 2019 Dementia Forecasting Collaborators. Estimation of the global prevalence of dementia in 2019 and forecasted prevalence in 2050: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Public Health. 2022;7(2): e105-e125. doi: 10.1016/S2468-2667(21)00249-8.
Babcock KR, Page JS, Fallon JR, Webb AE. Adul hippocampal neurogenesis in aging and Alzheimer’s disease. Stem Cell Rep. 2021; 16, 681-693.
Lee H, Casadesus G, Zhu X, Castellani RJ, McShea A,Perry G, Petersen RB, Bajic V, Smith MA. Cell cycle re-entry mediated neurodegeneration and its treatment role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease.Neurochem Int. 2009;54, 84-88.
Monteiro AR, Barbosa DJ, Remião F, Silva R. Alzheimer's disease: Insights and new prospects in disease pathophysiology, biomarkers and disease-modifying drugs. Biochem Pharmacol. 2023 May; 211:115522. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115522.
Cassidy L, Fernandez F, Johnson JB, Naiker M, Owoola AG, Broszczak DA. Oxidative stress in alzheimer's disease: A review on emergent natural polyphenolic therapeutics. Complement Ther Med. 2020 Mar; 49:102294. doi: 10.1016/j.ctim.2019.102294.
Ito F, Sono Y, Ito T. Measurement and Clinical Significance of Lipid Peroxidation as a Biomarker of Oxidative Stress: Oxidative Stress in Diabetes, Atherosclerosis, and Chronic Inflammation. Antioxidants. 2019; 8(3):72.
Forman HJ, Zhang H. Targeting oxidative stress in disease: promise and limitations of antioxidant therapy. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2021 Sep;20(9):689-709. doi: 10.1038/s41573-021-00233-1.
Savelieff MG, Nam G, Kang J, Lee HJ, Lee M, Lim MH. Development of Multifunctional Molecules as Potential Therapeutic Candidates for Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis in the Last Decade. Chem Rev. 2019 Jan 23;119(2):1221-1322. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00138.
Circu ML, Aw TY. Reactive oxygen species, cellular redox systems, and apoptosis. Free Radic Biol Med. 2010 Mar 15;48(6):749-62. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.12.022.
Zhao Y, Zhao B. Oxidative stress and the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2013; 2013:316523. doi: 10.1155/2013/316523.
Ganguly G, Chakrabarti S, Chatterjee U, Saso L. Proteinopathy, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction: cross talk in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2017 Mar 16; 11:797-810. doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S130514.
Huang X, Moir RD, Tanzi RE, Bush AI, Rogers JT. Redox-active metals, oxidative stress, and Alzheimer's disease pathology. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2004 Mar; 1012:153-63. doi: 10.1196/annals.1306.012.
Butterfield DA, Di Domenico F, Swomley AM, Head E, Perluigi M. Redox proteomics analysis to decipher the neurobiology of Alzheimer-like neurodegeneration overlaps in Down's syndrome and Alzheimer's disease brain. Biochem J. 2014 Oct 15;463(2):177-89. doi: 10.1042/BJ20140772.
Butterfield DA, Swomley AM, Sultana R. Amyloid β-peptide (1-42)-induced oxidative stress in Alzheimer disease: importance in disease pathogenesis and progression. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2013 Sep 10;19(8):823-35. doi: 10.1089/ars.2012.5027.
Rinaldi C, Donato L, Alibrandi S, Scimone C, D'Angelo R, Sidoti A. Oxidative Stress and the Neurovascular Unit. Life (Basel). 2021 Jul 29;11(8):767. doi: 10.3390/life11080767.
Colonna M, Butovsky O. Microglia Function in the Central Nervous System During Health and Neurodegeneration. Annu Rev Immunol. 2017 Apr 26; 35:441-468. doi: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-051116-052358.
Hansen DV, Hanson JE, Sheng M. Microglia in Alzheimer's disease. J Cell Biol. 2018 Feb 5;217(2):459-472. doi: 10.1083/jcb.201709069.
Kwon HS, Koh SH. Neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative disorders: the roles of microglia and astrocytes. Transl Neurodegener. 2020 Nov 26;9(1):42. doi: 10.1186/s40035-020-00221-2.
Cai Z, Zhao B, Ratka A. Oxidative stress and β-amyloid protein in Alzheimer's disease. Neuromolecular Med. 2011 Dec;13(4):223-50. doi: 10.1007/s12017-011-8155-9.
Juźwik CA, S Drake S, Zhang Y, Paradis-Isler N, Sylvester A, Amar-Zifkin A, Douglas C, Morquette B, Moore CS, Fournier AE. microRNA dysregulation in neurodegenerative diseases: A systematic review. Prog Neurobiol. 2019 Nov;182:101664. doi: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2019.101664.
Acioglu C, Li L, Elkabes S. Contribution of astrocytes to neuropathology of neurodegenerative diseases. Brain Res. 2021 May 1; 1758:147291. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147291.
Escartin C, Galea E, Lakatos A, et al., Reactive astrocyte nomenclature, definitions, and future directions. Nat Neurosci. 2021 Mar;24(3):312-325. doi: 10.1038/s41593-020-00783-4.
Sarkar S, Biswas SC. Astrocyte subtype-specific approach to Alzheimer's disease treatment. Neurochem Int. 2021 May; 145:104956. doi: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.104956.
Arranz AM, De Strooper B. The role of astroglia in Alzheimer's disease: pathophysiology and clinical implications. Lancet Neurol. 2019 Apr;18(4):406-414. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30490-3.
Hong P, Zhang X, Gao S, Wang P. Role of monocarboxylate transporter 4 in Alzheimer disease. Neurotoxicology. 2020 Jan; 76:191-199. doi: 10.1016/j.neuro.2019.11.006.
Liu B, Teschemacher AG, Kasparov S. Neuroprotective potential of astroglia. J Neurosci Res. 2017 Nov;95(11):2126-2139. doi: 10.1002/jnr.24140.
Veyrat-Durebex C, Corcia P, Piver E, et al., Disruption of TCA Cycle and Glutamate Metabolism Identified by Metabolomics in an In Vitro Model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Mol Neurobiol. 2016 Dec;53(10):6910-6924. doi: 10.1007/s12035-015-9567-6.
Perez-Nievas BG, Serrano-Pozo A. Deciphering the Astrocyte Reaction in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci. 2018 Apr 25; 10:114. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00114.
Walker KA, Ficek BN, Westbrook R. Understanding the Role of Systemic Inflammation in Alzheimer's Disease. ACS Chem Neurosci. 2019 Aug 21;10(8):3340-3342. doi: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00333.
Ibrahim MM, Gabr MT. Multitarget therapeutic strategies for Alzheimer's disease. Neural Regen Res. 2019 Mar;14(3):437-440. doi: 10.4103/1673-5374.245463.
Jomova K, Baros S & Valko M. Redox active metal-induced oxidative stress in biological systems. Transition Met Chem. 2012; 37, 127–134. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11243-012-9583-6.
Gammella E, Buratti P, Cairo G, Recalcati S. The transferrin receptor: the cellular iron gate. Metallomics. 2017 Oct 18;9(10):1367-1375. doi: 10.1039/c7mt00143f.
Nakamura T, Naguro I, Ichijo H. Iron homeostasis and iron-regulated ROS in cell death, senescence and human diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj. 2019 Sep;1863(9):1398-1409. doi: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2019.06.010.
Wessling-Resnick M. Crossing the Iron Gate: Why and How Transferrin Receptors Mediate Viral Entry. Annu Rev Nutr. 2018 Aug 21; 38:431-458. doi: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-082117-051749.
Wang X, Su B, Lee HG, Li X, Perry G, Smith MA, Zhu X. Impaired balance of mitochondrial fission and fusion in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurosci. 2009 Jul 15;29(28):9090-103. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1357-09.2009.
Devi L, Prabhu BM, Galati DF, Avadhani NG, Anandatheerthavarada HK. Accumulation of amyloid precursor protein in the mitochondrial import channels of human Alzheimer's disease brain is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. J Neurosci. 2006 Aug 30;26(35):9057-68. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1469-06.2006.
Cenini G, Voos W. Mitochondria as Potential Targets in Alzheimer Disease Therapy: An Update. Front Pharmacol. 2019 Aug 23; 10:902. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00902.
Sharma C, Kim SR. Linking Oxidative Stress and Proteinopathy in Alzheimer's Disease. Antioxidants (Basel). 2021 Jul 30;10(8):1231. doi: 10.3390/antiox10081231.
Müller UC, Deller T, Korte M. Not just amyloid: physiological functions of the amyloid precursor protein family. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2017 May;18(5):281-298. doi: 10.1038/nrn.2017.29.
O'Brien RJ, Wong PC. Amyloid precursor protein processing and Alzheimer's disease. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2011; 34:185-204. doi: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-061010-113613.
Thinakaran G, Koo EH. Amyloid precursor protein trafficking, processing, and function. J Biol Chem. 2008 Oct 31;283(44):29615-9. doi: 10.1074/jbc.R800019200.
Carrillo-Mora P, Luna R, Colín-Barenque L. Amyloid beta: multiple mechanisms of toxicity and only some protective effects? Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2014;2014:795375. doi: 10.1155/2014/795375.
Nicholas M Kanaan, Diana S Himmelstein, Sarah M Ward, Benjamin Combs, Lester I Binder. Tau Protein: Biology and Pathobiology, Editor(s): Mark S. LeDoux, Movement Disorders (Second Edition), Academic Press, 2015, 857-874.
Iqbal K, Alonso Adel C, Chen S, Chohan MO, El-Akkad E, Gong CX, Khatoon S, Li B, Liu F, Rahman A, Tanimukai H, Grundke-Iqbal I. Tau pathology in Alzheimer disease and other tauopathies. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2005 Jan 3;1739(2-3):198-210. doi: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2004.09.008.
Yang K, Chen Z, Gao J, Shi W, Li L, Jiang S, Hu H, Liu Z, Xu D, Wu L. The Key Roles of GSK-3β in Regulating Mitochondrial Activity. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2017;44(4):1445-1459. doi: 10.1159/000485580.
Souder DC, Anderson RM. An expanding GSK3 network: implications for aging research. Geroscience. 2019 Aug;41(4):369-382. doi: 10.1007/s11357-019-00085-z.
Sinha K, Das J, Pal PB, Sil PC. Oxidative stress: the mitochondria-dependent and mitochondria-independent pathways of apoptosis. Arch Toxicol, 2013; 87 (7), 1157–1180.
Singh A, Kukreti R, Saso L, Kukreti S. Oxidative stress: a key modulator in neurodegenerative diseases. Molecules,2019;24 (8).
Islam MT. Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction-linked neurodegenerative disorders. Neurol Res, 2017;39 (1), 73–82.
Sies H, Berndt C, Jones DP. Oxidative stress. Annu Rev Biochem ,2017; 86, 715–748.
Lee J, Giordano S, Zhang J. Autophagy, mitochondria and oxidative stress: crosstalk and redox signalling. Biochem J, 2012;441 (2), 523–540.
Maynard S, Fang EF, Scheibye-Knudsen M, Croteau DL, Bohr VA. DNA damage. DNA Repair, Aging, Neurodegeneration. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med, 2015;5 (10).
Guillaumet-Adkins A, Yañez Y, Peris-Diaz MD, Calabria I, Palanca-Ballester C, Sandoval J. Epigenetics and oxidative stress in aging. Oxid Med Cell Longev, 2017; 9175806.
Grimm A, Eckert A. Brain aging and neurodegeneration: from a mitochon- drial point of view. J Neurochem, 2017;143 (4), 418–431.
Lu T, Pan Y, Kao SY, Li C, Kohane I, Chan J, Yankner BA. Gene regula- tion and DNA damage in the ageing human brain. Nature, 2004;429 (6994), 883–891.
Mecocci P, Boccardi V, Cecchetti R, Bastiani P, Scamosci M, Ruggiero C, Baroni M. A long journey into aging, brain aging, and Alzheimer’s disease following the oxidative stress tracks. J Alzheimers Dis, 2018;62 (3), 1319–1335.
Pérez VI, Van Remmen H, Bokov A, Epstein CJ, Vijg J, Richardson A. The overexpression of major antioxidant enzymes does not extend the lifespan of mice. Aging Cell, 2009;8 (1), 73–75.
Tower J. Transgenic methods for increasing Drosophila life span. Mech Age- ing Dev,2000; 118 (1-2), 1–14.
Dai DF, Santana LF, Vermulst M, Tomazela DM, Emond MJ, MacCoss MJ, Gollahon K, Martin GM, Loeb LA, Ladiges WC, Rabinovitch PS. Over- expression of catalase targeted to mitochondria attenuates murine cardiac ag- ing. Circulation, 2009;119 (21), 2789–2797.
Paglialunga S, Ludzki A, Root-McCaig J, Holloway GP. In adipose tissue, increased mitochondrial emission of reactive oxygen species is important for short-term high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance in mice. Diabetologia, 2015;58 (5), 1071–1080.
Schriner SE, Linford NJ, Martin GM, Treuting P, Ogburn CE, Emond M, Coskun PE, Ladiges W, Wolf N, Van Remmen H, Wallace DC, Rabi- novitch PS. Extension of murine life span by overexpression of catalase targeted to mitochondria. Science, 2005;308 (5730), 1909–1911.
Campisi J, Kapahi P, Lithgow GJ, Melov S, Newman JC, Verdin E. From discoveries in ageing research to therapeutics for healthy ageing. Nature, 2019;571 (7764), 183–192.
Kim SJ, Cheresh P, Jablonski RP, Morales-Nebreda L, Cheng Y, Hogan E, Yel- dandi A, Chi M, Piseaux R, Ridge K, Hart Michael C, Chandel N, Scott Budinger GR, Kamp DW. Mitochondrial catalase overexpressed trans- genic mice are protected against lung fibrosis in part via preventing alve- olar epithelial cell mitochondrial DNA damage. Free Radic Biol Med, 2016;101, 4 82–4 90.
Swerdlow RH, Burns JM, Khan SM. The Alzheimer’s disease mitochondrial cascade hypothesis: progress and perspectives. Biochim Biophys Acta, 2014;1842 (8), 1219–1231.
Cheignon C, Tomas M, Bonnefont-Rousselot D, Faller P, Hureau C, Collin F. Oxidative stress and the amyloid beta peptide in Alzheimer’s disease. Re- dox Biol, 2018;14, 450–464.
Hensley K, Carney JM, Mattson MP, Aksenova M, Harris M, Wu JF, Floyd RA, Butterfield DA. A model for beta-amyloid aggregation and neurotoxicity based on free radical generation by the peptide: relevance to Alzheimer disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994 Apr 12;91(8):3270-4. doi: 10.1073/pnas.91.8.3270.
Pike CJ, Cummings BJ, Cotman CW. beta-Amyloid induces neuritic dystrophy in vitro: similarities with Alzheimer pathology. Neuroreport. 1992 Sep;3(9):769-72. doi: 10.1097/00001756-199209000-00012.
Mark RJ, Lovell MA, Markesbery WR, Uchida K, Mattson MP. A role for 4-hydroxynonenal, an aldehydic product of lipid peroxidation, in disruption of ion homeostasis and neuronal death induced by amyloid beta-peptide. J Neurochem. 1997 Jan;68(1):255-64. doi: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.1997.68010255. x.
Butterfield DA. Brain lipid peroxidation and alzheimer disease: Synergy between the Butterfield and Mattson laboratories. Ageing Res Rev. 2020 Dec; 64:101049. doi: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101049.
Di Domenico F, Tramutola A, Butterfield DA. Role of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) in the pathogenesis of alzheimer disease and other selected age-related neurodegenerative disorders. Free Radic Biol Med. 2017 Oct; 111:253-261. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.10.490.
Pike CJ, Burdick D, Walencewicz AJ, Glabe CG, Cotman CW. Neurodegeneration induced by beta-amyloid peptides in vitro: the role of peptide assembly state. J Neurosci. 1993 Apr;13(4):1676-87. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.13-04-01676. 1993.
Keller JN, Mark RJ, Bruce AJ, Blanc E, Rothstein JD, Uchida K, Waeg G, Mattson MP. 4-Hydroxynonenal, an aldehydic product of membrane lipid peroxidation, impairs glutamate transport and mitochondrial function in synaptosomes. Neuroscience. 1997 Oct;80(3):685-96. doi: 10.1016/s0306-4522(97)00065-1.
Tönnies E, Trushina E. Oxidative Stress, Synaptic Dysfunction, and Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2017;57(4):1105-1121. doi: 10.3233/JAD-161088.
Abolhassani N, Leon J, Sheng Z, Oka S, Hamasaki H, Iwaki T, Nakabeppu Y. Molecular pathophysiology of impaired glucose metabolism, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative DNA damage in Alzheimer's disease brain. Mech Ageing Dev. 2017 Jan;161(Pt A):95-104. doi: 10.1016/j.mad.2016.05.005.
Nakamura T, Cieplak P, Cho DH, Godzik A, Lipton SA. S-nitrosylation of Drp1 links excessive mitochondrial fission to neuronal injury in neurodegeneration. Mitochondrion. 2010 Aug;10(5):573-8. doi: 10.1016/j.mito.2010.04.007.
Khandelwal PJ, Herman AM, Hoe HS, Rebeck GW, Moussa CE. Parkin mediates beclin-dependent autophagic clearance of defective mitochondria and ubiquitinated Abeta in AD models. Hum Mol Genet. 2011 Jun 1;20(11):2091-102. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddr091.
Martín-Maestro P, Gargini R, Perry G, Avila J, García-Escudero V. PARK2 enhancement is able to compensate mitophagy alterations found in sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Hum Mol Genet. 2016 Feb 15;25(4):792-806. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddv616.
Tan S, Sagara Y, Liu Y, Maher P, Schubert D. The regulation of reactive oxygen species production during programmed cell death. J Cell Biol. 1998 Jun 15;141(6):1423-32. doi: 10.1083/jcb.141.6.1423.
Grivennikova VG, Vinogradov AD. Generation of superoxide by the mitochondrial Complex I. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2006 May-Jun;1757(5-6):553-61. doi: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2006.03.013.
Hirai K, Aliev G, Nunomura A, Fujioka H, Russell RL, Atwood CS, Johnson AB, Kress Y, Vinters HV, Tabaton M, Shimohama S, Cash AD, Siedlak SL, Harris PL, Jones PK, Petersen RB, Perry G, Smith MA. Mitochondrial abnormalities in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurosci. 2001 May 1;21(9):3017-23. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-09-03017.2001.
Zhu X, Perry G, Moreira PI, Aliev G, Cash AD, Hirai K, Smith MA. Mitochondrial abnormalities and oxidative imbalance in Alzheimer disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2006 Jul;9(2):147-53. doi: 10.3233/jad-2006-9207.
Mutisya EM, Bowling AC, Beal MF. Cortical cytochrome oxidase activity is reduced in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem. 1994 Dec;63(6):2179-84. doi: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.1994.63062179.x.
Manczak M, Anekonda TS, Henson E, Park BS, Quinn J, Reddy PH. Mitochondria are a direct site of A beta accumulation in Alzheimer's disease neurons: implications for free radical generation and oxidative damage in disease progression. Hum Mol Genet. 2006 May 1;15(9):1437-49. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddl066.
Caspersen C, Wang N, Yao J, Sosunov A, Chen X, Lustbader JW, Xu HW, Stern D, McKhann G, Yan SD. Mitochondrial Abeta: a potential focal point for neuronal metabolic dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease. FASEB J. 2005 Dec;19(14):2040-1. doi: 10.1096/fj.05-3735fje.
Rodrigues CM, Solá S, Brito MA, Brondino CD, Brites D, Moura JJ. Amyloid beta-peptide disrupts mitochondrial membrane lipid and protein structure: protective role of tauroursodeoxycholate. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2001 Feb 23;281(2):468-74. doi: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.4370.
Casley CS, Canevari L, Land JM, Clark JB, Sharpe MA. Beta-amyloid inhibits integrated mitochondrial respiration and key enzyme activities. J Neurochem. 2002 Jan;80(1):91-100. doi: 10.1046/j.0022-3042.2001.00681.x.
Anantharaman M, Tangpong J, Keller JN, Murphy MP, Markesbery WR, Kiningham KK, St Clair DK. Beta-amyloid mediated nitration of manganese superoxide dismutase: implication for oxidative stress in a APPNLH/NLH X PS-1P264L/P264L double knock-in mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Am J Pathol. 2006 May;168(5):1608-18. doi: 10.2353/ajpath.2006.051223.
Rousset S, Alves-Guerra MC, Mozo J, Miroux B, Cassard-Doulcier AM, Bouillaud F, Ricquier D. The biology of mitochondrial uncoupling proteins. Diabetes. 2004 Feb;53 Suppl 1:S130-5. doi: 10.2337/diabetes.53.2007.s130.
Echtay KS. Mitochondrial uncoupling proteins--what is their physiological role? Free Radic Biol Med. 2007 Nov 15;43(10):1351-71. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.08.011.
de la Monte SM, Wands JR. Molecular indices of oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction occur early and often progress with severity of Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2006 Jul;9(2):167-81. doi: 10.3233/jad-2006-9209.
Wu Z, Zhang J, Zhao B. Superoxide anion regulates the mitochondrial free Ca2+ through uncoupling proteins. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2009 Aug;11(8):1805-18. doi: 10.1089/ars.2009.2427
Schlief ML, Gitlin JD. Copper homeostasis in the CNS: a novel link between the NMDA receptor and copper homeostasis in the hippocampus. Mol Neurobiol. 2006 Apr;33(2):81-90. doi: 10.1385/MN:33:2:81.
Smart TG, Hosie AM, Miller PS. Zn2+ ions: modulators of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic activity. Neuroscientist. 2004 Oct;10(5):432-42. doi: 10.1177/1073858404263463.
Muñoz P, Humeres A. Iron deficiency on neuronal function. Biometals. 2012 Aug;25(4):825-35. doi: 10.1007/s10534-012-9550-x.
Kenche VB, Barnham KJ. Alzheimer's disease & metals: therapeutic opportunities. Br J Pharmacol. 2011;163(2):211-219. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01221.x.
Deibel MA, Ehmann WD, Markesbery WR. Copper, iron, and zinc imbalances in severely degenerated brain regions in Alzheimer's disease: possible relation to oxidative stress. J Neurol Sci. 1996 Nov;143(1-2):137-42. doi: 10.1016/s0022-510x(96)00203-1.
Lovell MA, Robertson JD, Teesdale WJ, Campbell JL, Markesbery WR. Copper, iron and zinc in Alzheimer's disease senile plaques. J Neurol Sci. 1998 Jun 11;158(1):47-52. doi: 10.1016/s0022-510x(98)00092-6.
Lee JY, Mook-Jung I, Koh JY. Histochemically reactive zinc in plaques of the Swedish mutant beta-amyloid precursor protein transgenic mice. J Neurosci. 1999 Jun 1;19(11):RC10. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.19-11-j0002.1999.
Zhang J, Liu Q, Chen Q, Liu NQ, Li FL, Lu ZB, Qin C, Zhu H, Huang YY, He W, Zhao BL. Nicotine attenuates beta-amyloid-induced neurotoxicity by regulating metal homeostasis. FASEB J. 2006 Jun;20(8):1212-4. doi: 10.1096/fj.05-5214fje.
Curtain CC, Ali F, Volitakis I, et al. Alzheimer's disease amyloid-beta binds copper and zinc to generate an allosterically ordered membrane-penetrating structure containing superoxide dismutase-like subunits. J Biol Chem. 2001 Jun 8;276(23):20466-73. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M100175200.
Hesse L, Beher D, Masters CL, Multhaup G. The beta A4 amyloid precursor protein binding to copper. FEBS Lett. 1994 Jul 25;349(1):109-16. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(94)00658-x.
Atwood CS, Moir RD, Huang X, et al. Dramatic aggregation of Alzheimer abeta by Cu (II) is induced by conditions representing physiological acidosis. J Biol Chem. 1998 May 22;273(21):12817-26. doi: 10.1074/jbc.273.21.12817.
Bush AI, Pettingell WH, Multhaup G, d Paradis M, Vonsattel JP, Gusella JF, Beyreuther K, Masters CL, Tanzi RE. Rapid induction of Alzheimer A beta amyloid formation by zinc. Science. 1994 Sep 2;265(5177):1464-7. doi: 10.1126/science.8073293.
Strausak D, Mercer JF, Dieter HH, Stremmel W, Multhaup G. Copper in disorders with neurological symptoms: Alzheimer's, Menkes, and Wilson diseases. Brain Res Bull. 2001 May 15;55(2):175-85. doi: 10.1016/s0361-9230(01)00454-3.
Opazo C, Huang X, Cherny RA, Moir RD, Roher AE, White AR, Cappai R, Masters CL, Tanzi RE, Inestrosa NC, Bush AI. Metalloenzyme-like activity of Alzheimer's disease beta-amyloid. Cu-dependent catalytic conversion of dopamine, cholesterol, and biological reducing agents to neurotoxic H(2)O(2). J Biol Chem. 2002 Oct 25;277(43):40302-8. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M206428200.
Opazo C, Huang X, Cherny RA, Moir RD, Roher AE, White AR, Cappai R, Masters CL, Tanzi RE, Inestrosa NC, Bush AI. Metalloenzyme-like activity of Alzheimer's disease beta-amyloid. Cu-dependent catalytic conversion of dopamine, cholesterol, and biological reducing agents to neurotoxic H(2)O(2). J Biol Chem. 2002 Oct 25;277(43):40302-8. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M206428200.
Huang X, Cuajungco MP, Atwood CS, et al. Cu (II) potentiation of alzheimer abeta neurotoxicity. Correlation with cell-free hydrogen peroxide production and metal reduction. J Biol Chem. 1999 Dec 24;274(52):37111-6. doi: 10.1074/jbc.274.52.37111.
Huang X, Atwood CS, Hartshorn MA, et al. The A beta peptide of Alzheimer's disease directly produces hydrogen peroxide through metal ion reduction. Biochemistry. 1999 Jun 15;38(24):7609-16. doi: 10.1021/bi990438f.
Lynch T, Cherny RA, Bush AI. Oxidative processes in Alzheimer's disease: the role of abeta-metal interactions. Exp Gerontol. 2000 Jul;35(4):445-51. doi: 10.1016/s0531-5565(00)00112-1.
Rottkamp CA, Raina AK, Zhu X, Gaier E, Bush AI, Atwood CS, Chevion M, Perry G, Smith MA. Redox-active iron mediates amyloid-beta toxicity. Free Radic Biol Med. 2001 Feb 15;30(4):447-50. doi: 10.1016/s0891-5849(00)00494-9.
Wan L, Nie G, Zhang J, Luo Y, Zhang P, Zhang Z, Zhao B. β-Amyloid peptide increases levels of iron content and oxidative stress in human cell and Caenorhabditis elegans models of Alzheimer disease. Free Radic Biol Med. 2011 Jan 1;50(1):122-9. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.10.707.
Zheng W, Xin N, Chi ZH, Zhao BL, Zhang J, Li JY, Wang ZY. Divalent metal transporter 1 is involved in amyloid precursor protein processing and Abeta generation. FASEB J. 2009 Dec;23(12):4207-17. doi: 10.1096/fj.09-135749.
Zhang LH, Wang X, Zheng ZH, Ren H, Stoltenberg M, Danscher G, Huang L, Rong M, Wang ZY. Altered expression and distribution of zinc transporters in APP/PS1 transgenic mouse brain. Neurobiol Aging. 2010 Jan;31(1):74-87. doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.02.018.
Zhang LH, Wang X, Stoltenberg M, Danscher G, Huang L, Wang ZY. Abundant expression of zinc transporters in the amyloid plaques of Alzheimer's disease brain. Brain Res Bull. 2008 Sep 5;77(1):55-60. doi: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2008.03.014.
Li H, Li F, Sun H, Qian ZM. Membrane-inserted conformation of transmembrane domain 4 of divalent-metal transporter. Biochem J. 2003;372(Pt 3):757-766. doi:10.1042/BJ20030075.
Bellingham SA, Ciccotosto GD, Needham BE, et al. Gene knockout of amyloid precursor protein and amyloid precursor-like protein-2 increases cellular copper levels in primary mouse cortical neurons and embryonic fibroblasts. J Neurochem. 2004 Oct;91(2):423-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2004.02731.x.
Acevedo KM, Hung YH, Dalziel AH, et al. Copper promotes the trafficking of the amyloid precursor protein. J Biol Chem. 2011;286(10):8252-8262. doi:10.1074/jbc.M110.128512.
White AR, Reyes R, Mercer JF, et al. Copper levels are increased in the cerebral cortex and liver of APP and APLP2 knockout mice. Brain Res. 1999 Sep 25;842(2):439-44. doi: 10.1016/s0006-8993(99)01861-2.
Bolognin S, Messori L, Zatta P. Metal ion physiopathology in neurodegenerative disorders. Neuromolecular Med. 2009;11(4):223-38. doi: 10.1007/s12017-009-8102-1.
Cherny RA, Atwood CS, Xilinas ME, et al. Treatment with a copper-zinc chelator markedly and rapidly inhibits beta-amyloid accumulation in Alzheimer's disease transgenic mice. Neuron. 2001 Jun;30(3):665-76. doi: 10.1016/s0896-6273(01)00317-8.
Ritchie CW, Bush AI, Mackinnon A, Macfarlane S, Mastwyk M, MacGregor L, Kiers L, Cherny R, Li QX, Tammer A, Carrington D, Mavros C, Volitakis I, Xilinas M, Ames D, Davis S, Beyreuther K, Tanzi RE, Masters CL. Metal-protein attenuation with iodochlorhydroxyquin (clioquinol) targeting Abeta amyloid deposition and toxicity in Alzheimer disease: a pilot phase 2 clinical trial. Arch Neurol. 2003 Dec;60(12):1685-91. doi: 10.1001/archneur.60.12.1685.
Zhao Y, Zhao B. Oxidative stress and the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2013; 2013:316523. doi:10.1155/2013/316523.
Kreuz S, Fischle W. Oxidative stress signaling to chromatin in health and disease. Epigenomics. 2016;8(6):843-862. doi:10.2217/epi-2016-0002.
Chia N, Wang L, Lu X, Senut MC, Brenner C, Ruden DM. Hypothesis: environmental regulation of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine by oxidative stress. Epigenetics. 2011; 6(7):853-6. doi: 10.4161/epi.6.7.16461.
Thanan R, Oikawa S, Hiraku Y, Ohnishi S, Ma N, Pinlaor S, Yongvanit P, Kawanishi S, Murata M. Oxidative stress and its significant roles in neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. Int J Mol Sci. 2014 Dec 24;16(1):193-217. doi: 10.3390/ijms16010193.
Lewandowska J, Bartoszek A. DNA methylation in cancer development, diagnosis and therapy--multiple opportunities for genotoxic agents to act as methylome disruptors or remediators. Mutagenesis. 2011 Jul;26(4):475-87. doi: 10.1093/mutage/ger019.
Niu Y, DesMarais TL, Tong Z, Yao Y, Costa M. Oxidative stress alters global histone modification and DNA methylation. Free Radic Biol Med. 2015; 82:22-28. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.01.028.
Gu X, Sun J, Li S, Wu X, Li L. Oxidative stress induces DNA demethylation and histone acetylation in SH-SY5Y cells: potential epigenetic mechanisms in gene transcription in Aβ production. Neurobiol Aging. 2013; 34(4):1069-79. doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2012.10.013.
Referanslar
Botchway B, Iyer IC. Alzheimer’s disease–the past,the present and the future. Science, 2017; 6, 1-19.
GBD 2019 Dementia Forecasting Collaborators. Estimation of the global prevalence of dementia in 2019 and forecasted prevalence in 2050: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Public Health. 2022;7(2): e105-e125. doi: 10.1016/S2468-2667(21)00249-8.
Babcock KR, Page JS, Fallon JR, Webb AE. Adul hippocampal neurogenesis in aging and Alzheimer’s disease. Stem Cell Rep. 2021; 16, 681-693.
Lee H, Casadesus G, Zhu X, Castellani RJ, McShea A,Perry G, Petersen RB, Bajic V, Smith MA. Cell cycle re-entry mediated neurodegeneration and its treatment role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease.Neurochem Int. 2009;54, 84-88.
Monteiro AR, Barbosa DJ, Remião F, Silva R. Alzheimer's disease: Insights and new prospects in disease pathophysiology, biomarkers and disease-modifying drugs. Biochem Pharmacol. 2023 May; 211:115522. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115522.
Cassidy L, Fernandez F, Johnson JB, Naiker M, Owoola AG, Broszczak DA. Oxidative stress in alzheimer's disease: A review on emergent natural polyphenolic therapeutics. Complement Ther Med. 2020 Mar; 49:102294. doi: 10.1016/j.ctim.2019.102294.
Ito F, Sono Y, Ito T. Measurement and Clinical Significance of Lipid Peroxidation as a Biomarker of Oxidative Stress: Oxidative Stress in Diabetes, Atherosclerosis, and Chronic Inflammation. Antioxidants. 2019; 8(3):72.
Forman HJ, Zhang H. Targeting oxidative stress in disease: promise and limitations of antioxidant therapy. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2021 Sep;20(9):689-709. doi: 10.1038/s41573-021-00233-1.
Savelieff MG, Nam G, Kang J, Lee HJ, Lee M, Lim MH. Development of Multifunctional Molecules as Potential Therapeutic Candidates for Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis in the Last Decade. Chem Rev. 2019 Jan 23;119(2):1221-1322. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00138.
Circu ML, Aw TY. Reactive oxygen species, cellular redox systems, and apoptosis. Free Radic Biol Med. 2010 Mar 15;48(6):749-62. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.12.022.
Zhao Y, Zhao B. Oxidative stress and the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2013; 2013:316523. doi: 10.1155/2013/316523.
Ganguly G, Chakrabarti S, Chatterjee U, Saso L. Proteinopathy, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction: cross talk in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2017 Mar 16; 11:797-810. doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S130514.
Huang X, Moir RD, Tanzi RE, Bush AI, Rogers JT. Redox-active metals, oxidative stress, and Alzheimer's disease pathology. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2004 Mar; 1012:153-63. doi: 10.1196/annals.1306.012.
Butterfield DA, Di Domenico F, Swomley AM, Head E, Perluigi M. Redox proteomics analysis to decipher the neurobiology of Alzheimer-like neurodegeneration overlaps in Down's syndrome and Alzheimer's disease brain. Biochem J. 2014 Oct 15;463(2):177-89. doi: 10.1042/BJ20140772.
Butterfield DA, Swomley AM, Sultana R. Amyloid β-peptide (1-42)-induced oxidative stress in Alzheimer disease: importance in disease pathogenesis and progression. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2013 Sep 10;19(8):823-35. doi: 10.1089/ars.2012.5027.
Rinaldi C, Donato L, Alibrandi S, Scimone C, D'Angelo R, Sidoti A. Oxidative Stress and the Neurovascular Unit. Life (Basel). 2021 Jul 29;11(8):767. doi: 10.3390/life11080767.
Colonna M, Butovsky O. Microglia Function in the Central Nervous System During Health and Neurodegeneration. Annu Rev Immunol. 2017 Apr 26; 35:441-468. doi: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-051116-052358.
Hansen DV, Hanson JE, Sheng M. Microglia in Alzheimer's disease. J Cell Biol. 2018 Feb 5;217(2):459-472. doi: 10.1083/jcb.201709069.
Kwon HS, Koh SH. Neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative disorders: the roles of microglia and astrocytes. Transl Neurodegener. 2020 Nov 26;9(1):42. doi: 10.1186/s40035-020-00221-2.
Cai Z, Zhao B, Ratka A. Oxidative stress and β-amyloid protein in Alzheimer's disease. Neuromolecular Med. 2011 Dec;13(4):223-50. doi: 10.1007/s12017-011-8155-9.
Juźwik CA, S Drake S, Zhang Y, Paradis-Isler N, Sylvester A, Amar-Zifkin A, Douglas C, Morquette B, Moore CS, Fournier AE. microRNA dysregulation in neurodegenerative diseases: A systematic review. Prog Neurobiol. 2019 Nov;182:101664. doi: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2019.101664.
Acioglu C, Li L, Elkabes S. Contribution of astrocytes to neuropathology of neurodegenerative diseases. Brain Res. 2021 May 1; 1758:147291. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147291.
Escartin C, Galea E, Lakatos A, et al., Reactive astrocyte nomenclature, definitions, and future directions. Nat Neurosci. 2021 Mar;24(3):312-325. doi: 10.1038/s41593-020-00783-4.
Sarkar S, Biswas SC. Astrocyte subtype-specific approach to Alzheimer's disease treatment. Neurochem Int. 2021 May; 145:104956. doi: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.104956.
Arranz AM, De Strooper B. The role of astroglia in Alzheimer's disease: pathophysiology and clinical implications. Lancet Neurol. 2019 Apr;18(4):406-414. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30490-3.
Hong P, Zhang X, Gao S, Wang P. Role of monocarboxylate transporter 4 in Alzheimer disease. Neurotoxicology. 2020 Jan; 76:191-199. doi: 10.1016/j.neuro.2019.11.006.
Liu B, Teschemacher AG, Kasparov S. Neuroprotective potential of astroglia. J Neurosci Res. 2017 Nov;95(11):2126-2139. doi: 10.1002/jnr.24140.
Veyrat-Durebex C, Corcia P, Piver E, et al., Disruption of TCA Cycle and Glutamate Metabolism Identified by Metabolomics in an In Vitro Model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Mol Neurobiol. 2016 Dec;53(10):6910-6924. doi: 10.1007/s12035-015-9567-6.
Perez-Nievas BG, Serrano-Pozo A. Deciphering the Astrocyte Reaction in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci. 2018 Apr 25; 10:114. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00114.
Walker KA, Ficek BN, Westbrook R. Understanding the Role of Systemic Inflammation in Alzheimer's Disease. ACS Chem Neurosci. 2019 Aug 21;10(8):3340-3342. doi: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00333.
Ibrahim MM, Gabr MT. Multitarget therapeutic strategies for Alzheimer's disease. Neural Regen Res. 2019 Mar;14(3):437-440. doi: 10.4103/1673-5374.245463.
Jomova K, Baros S & Valko M. Redox active metal-induced oxidative stress in biological systems. Transition Met Chem. 2012; 37, 127–134. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11243-012-9583-6.
Gammella E, Buratti P, Cairo G, Recalcati S. The transferrin receptor: the cellular iron gate. Metallomics. 2017 Oct 18;9(10):1367-1375. doi: 10.1039/c7mt00143f.
Nakamura T, Naguro I, Ichijo H. Iron homeostasis and iron-regulated ROS in cell death, senescence and human diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj. 2019 Sep;1863(9):1398-1409. doi: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2019.06.010.
Wessling-Resnick M. Crossing the Iron Gate: Why and How Transferrin Receptors Mediate Viral Entry. Annu Rev Nutr. 2018 Aug 21; 38:431-458. doi: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-082117-051749.
Wang X, Su B, Lee HG, Li X, Perry G, Smith MA, Zhu X. Impaired balance of mitochondrial fission and fusion in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurosci. 2009 Jul 15;29(28):9090-103. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1357-09.2009.
Devi L, Prabhu BM, Galati DF, Avadhani NG, Anandatheerthavarada HK. Accumulation of amyloid precursor protein in the mitochondrial import channels of human Alzheimer's disease brain is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. J Neurosci. 2006 Aug 30;26(35):9057-68. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1469-06.2006.
Cenini G, Voos W. Mitochondria as Potential Targets in Alzheimer Disease Therapy: An Update. Front Pharmacol. 2019 Aug 23; 10:902. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00902.
Sharma C, Kim SR. Linking Oxidative Stress and Proteinopathy in Alzheimer's Disease. Antioxidants (Basel). 2021 Jul 30;10(8):1231. doi: 10.3390/antiox10081231.
Müller UC, Deller T, Korte M. Not just amyloid: physiological functions of the amyloid precursor protein family. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2017 May;18(5):281-298. doi: 10.1038/nrn.2017.29.
O'Brien RJ, Wong PC. Amyloid precursor protein processing and Alzheimer's disease. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2011; 34:185-204. doi: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-061010-113613.
Thinakaran G, Koo EH. Amyloid precursor protein trafficking, processing, and function. J Biol Chem. 2008 Oct 31;283(44):29615-9. doi: 10.1074/jbc.R800019200.
Carrillo-Mora P, Luna R, Colín-Barenque L. Amyloid beta: multiple mechanisms of toxicity and only some protective effects? Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2014;2014:795375. doi: 10.1155/2014/795375.
Nicholas M Kanaan, Diana S Himmelstein, Sarah M Ward, Benjamin Combs, Lester I Binder. Tau Protein: Biology and Pathobiology, Editor(s): Mark S. LeDoux, Movement Disorders (Second Edition), Academic Press, 2015, 857-874.
Iqbal K, Alonso Adel C, Chen S, Chohan MO, El-Akkad E, Gong CX, Khatoon S, Li B, Liu F, Rahman A, Tanimukai H, Grundke-Iqbal I. Tau pathology in Alzheimer disease and other tauopathies. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2005 Jan 3;1739(2-3):198-210. doi: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2004.09.008.
Yang K, Chen Z, Gao J, Shi W, Li L, Jiang S, Hu H, Liu Z, Xu D, Wu L. The Key Roles of GSK-3β in Regulating Mitochondrial Activity. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2017;44(4):1445-1459. doi: 10.1159/000485580.
Souder DC, Anderson RM. An expanding GSK3 network: implications for aging research. Geroscience. 2019 Aug;41(4):369-382. doi: 10.1007/s11357-019-00085-z.
Sinha K, Das J, Pal PB, Sil PC. Oxidative stress: the mitochondria-dependent and mitochondria-independent pathways of apoptosis. Arch Toxicol, 2013; 87 (7), 1157–1180.
Singh A, Kukreti R, Saso L, Kukreti S. Oxidative stress: a key modulator in neurodegenerative diseases. Molecules,2019;24 (8).
Islam MT. Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction-linked neurodegenerative disorders. Neurol Res, 2017;39 (1), 73–82.
Sies H, Berndt C, Jones DP. Oxidative stress. Annu Rev Biochem ,2017; 86, 715–748.
Lee J, Giordano S, Zhang J. Autophagy, mitochondria and oxidative stress: crosstalk and redox signalling. Biochem J, 2012;441 (2), 523–540.
Maynard S, Fang EF, Scheibye-Knudsen M, Croteau DL, Bohr VA. DNA damage. DNA Repair, Aging, Neurodegeneration. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med, 2015;5 (10).
Guillaumet-Adkins A, Yañez Y, Peris-Diaz MD, Calabria I, Palanca-Ballester C, Sandoval J. Epigenetics and oxidative stress in aging. Oxid Med Cell Longev, 2017; 9175806.
Grimm A, Eckert A. Brain aging and neurodegeneration: from a mitochon- drial point of view. J Neurochem, 2017;143 (4), 418–431.
Lu T, Pan Y, Kao SY, Li C, Kohane I, Chan J, Yankner BA. Gene regula- tion and DNA damage in the ageing human brain. Nature, 2004;429 (6994), 883–891.
Mecocci P, Boccardi V, Cecchetti R, Bastiani P, Scamosci M, Ruggiero C, Baroni M. A long journey into aging, brain aging, and Alzheimer’s disease following the oxidative stress tracks. J Alzheimers Dis, 2018;62 (3), 1319–1335.
Pérez VI, Van Remmen H, Bokov A, Epstein CJ, Vijg J, Richardson A. The overexpression of major antioxidant enzymes does not extend the lifespan of mice. Aging Cell, 2009;8 (1), 73–75.
Tower J. Transgenic methods for increasing Drosophila life span. Mech Age- ing Dev,2000; 118 (1-2), 1–14.
Dai DF, Santana LF, Vermulst M, Tomazela DM, Emond MJ, MacCoss MJ, Gollahon K, Martin GM, Loeb LA, Ladiges WC, Rabinovitch PS. Over- expression of catalase targeted to mitochondria attenuates murine cardiac ag- ing. Circulation, 2009;119 (21), 2789–2797.
Paglialunga S, Ludzki A, Root-McCaig J, Holloway GP. In adipose tissue, increased mitochondrial emission of reactive oxygen species is important for short-term high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance in mice. Diabetologia, 2015;58 (5), 1071–1080.
Schriner SE, Linford NJ, Martin GM, Treuting P, Ogburn CE, Emond M, Coskun PE, Ladiges W, Wolf N, Van Remmen H, Wallace DC, Rabi- novitch PS. Extension of murine life span by overexpression of catalase targeted to mitochondria. Science, 2005;308 (5730), 1909–1911.
Campisi J, Kapahi P, Lithgow GJ, Melov S, Newman JC, Verdin E. From discoveries in ageing research to therapeutics for healthy ageing. Nature, 2019;571 (7764), 183–192.
Kim SJ, Cheresh P, Jablonski RP, Morales-Nebreda L, Cheng Y, Hogan E, Yel- dandi A, Chi M, Piseaux R, Ridge K, Hart Michael C, Chandel N, Scott Budinger GR, Kamp DW. Mitochondrial catalase overexpressed trans- genic mice are protected against lung fibrosis in part via preventing alve- olar epithelial cell mitochondrial DNA damage. Free Radic Biol Med, 2016;101, 4 82–4 90.
Swerdlow RH, Burns JM, Khan SM. The Alzheimer’s disease mitochondrial cascade hypothesis: progress and perspectives. Biochim Biophys Acta, 2014;1842 (8), 1219–1231.
Cheignon C, Tomas M, Bonnefont-Rousselot D, Faller P, Hureau C, Collin F. Oxidative stress and the amyloid beta peptide in Alzheimer’s disease. Re- dox Biol, 2018;14, 450–464.
Hensley K, Carney JM, Mattson MP, Aksenova M, Harris M, Wu JF, Floyd RA, Butterfield DA. A model for beta-amyloid aggregation and neurotoxicity based on free radical generation by the peptide: relevance to Alzheimer disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994 Apr 12;91(8):3270-4. doi: 10.1073/pnas.91.8.3270.
Pike CJ, Cummings BJ, Cotman CW. beta-Amyloid induces neuritic dystrophy in vitro: similarities with Alzheimer pathology. Neuroreport. 1992 Sep;3(9):769-72. doi: 10.1097/00001756-199209000-00012.
Mark RJ, Lovell MA, Markesbery WR, Uchida K, Mattson MP. A role for 4-hydroxynonenal, an aldehydic product of lipid peroxidation, in disruption of ion homeostasis and neuronal death induced by amyloid beta-peptide. J Neurochem. 1997 Jan;68(1):255-64. doi: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.1997.68010255. x.
Butterfield DA. Brain lipid peroxidation and alzheimer disease: Synergy between the Butterfield and Mattson laboratories. Ageing Res Rev. 2020 Dec; 64:101049. doi: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101049.
Di Domenico F, Tramutola A, Butterfield DA. Role of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) in the pathogenesis of alzheimer disease and other selected age-related neurodegenerative disorders. Free Radic Biol Med. 2017 Oct; 111:253-261. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.10.490.
Pike CJ, Burdick D, Walencewicz AJ, Glabe CG, Cotman CW. Neurodegeneration induced by beta-amyloid peptides in vitro: the role of peptide assembly state. J Neurosci. 1993 Apr;13(4):1676-87. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.13-04-01676. 1993.
Keller JN, Mark RJ, Bruce AJ, Blanc E, Rothstein JD, Uchida K, Waeg G, Mattson MP. 4-Hydroxynonenal, an aldehydic product of membrane lipid peroxidation, impairs glutamate transport and mitochondrial function in synaptosomes. Neuroscience. 1997 Oct;80(3):685-96. doi: 10.1016/s0306-4522(97)00065-1.
Tönnies E, Trushina E. Oxidative Stress, Synaptic Dysfunction, and Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2017;57(4):1105-1121. doi: 10.3233/JAD-161088.
Abolhassani N, Leon J, Sheng Z, Oka S, Hamasaki H, Iwaki T, Nakabeppu Y. Molecular pathophysiology of impaired glucose metabolism, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative DNA damage in Alzheimer's disease brain. Mech Ageing Dev. 2017 Jan;161(Pt A):95-104. doi: 10.1016/j.mad.2016.05.005.
Nakamura T, Cieplak P, Cho DH, Godzik A, Lipton SA. S-nitrosylation of Drp1 links excessive mitochondrial fission to neuronal injury in neurodegeneration. Mitochondrion. 2010 Aug;10(5):573-8. doi: 10.1016/j.mito.2010.04.007.
Khandelwal PJ, Herman AM, Hoe HS, Rebeck GW, Moussa CE. Parkin mediates beclin-dependent autophagic clearance of defective mitochondria and ubiquitinated Abeta in AD models. Hum Mol Genet. 2011 Jun 1;20(11):2091-102. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddr091.
Martín-Maestro P, Gargini R, Perry G, Avila J, García-Escudero V. PARK2 enhancement is able to compensate mitophagy alterations found in sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Hum Mol Genet. 2016 Feb 15;25(4):792-806. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddv616.
Tan S, Sagara Y, Liu Y, Maher P, Schubert D. The regulation of reactive oxygen species production during programmed cell death. J Cell Biol. 1998 Jun 15;141(6):1423-32. doi: 10.1083/jcb.141.6.1423.
Grivennikova VG, Vinogradov AD. Generation of superoxide by the mitochondrial Complex I. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2006 May-Jun;1757(5-6):553-61. doi: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2006.03.013.
Hirai K, Aliev G, Nunomura A, Fujioka H, Russell RL, Atwood CS, Johnson AB, Kress Y, Vinters HV, Tabaton M, Shimohama S, Cash AD, Siedlak SL, Harris PL, Jones PK, Petersen RB, Perry G, Smith MA. Mitochondrial abnormalities in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurosci. 2001 May 1;21(9):3017-23. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-09-03017.2001.
Zhu X, Perry G, Moreira PI, Aliev G, Cash AD, Hirai K, Smith MA. Mitochondrial abnormalities and oxidative imbalance in Alzheimer disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2006 Jul;9(2):147-53. doi: 10.3233/jad-2006-9207.
Mutisya EM, Bowling AC, Beal MF. Cortical cytochrome oxidase activity is reduced in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem. 1994 Dec;63(6):2179-84. doi: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.1994.63062179.x.
Manczak M, Anekonda TS, Henson E, Park BS, Quinn J, Reddy PH. Mitochondria are a direct site of A beta accumulation in Alzheimer's disease neurons: implications for free radical generation and oxidative damage in disease progression. Hum Mol Genet. 2006 May 1;15(9):1437-49. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddl066.
Caspersen C, Wang N, Yao J, Sosunov A, Chen X, Lustbader JW, Xu HW, Stern D, McKhann G, Yan SD. Mitochondrial Abeta: a potential focal point for neuronal metabolic dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease. FASEB J. 2005 Dec;19(14):2040-1. doi: 10.1096/fj.05-3735fje.
Rodrigues CM, Solá S, Brito MA, Brondino CD, Brites D, Moura JJ. Amyloid beta-peptide disrupts mitochondrial membrane lipid and protein structure: protective role of tauroursodeoxycholate. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2001 Feb 23;281(2):468-74. doi: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.4370.
Casley CS, Canevari L, Land JM, Clark JB, Sharpe MA. Beta-amyloid inhibits integrated mitochondrial respiration and key enzyme activities. J Neurochem. 2002 Jan;80(1):91-100. doi: 10.1046/j.0022-3042.2001.00681.x.
Anantharaman M, Tangpong J, Keller JN, Murphy MP, Markesbery WR, Kiningham KK, St Clair DK. Beta-amyloid mediated nitration of manganese superoxide dismutase: implication for oxidative stress in a APPNLH/NLH X PS-1P264L/P264L double knock-in mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Am J Pathol. 2006 May;168(5):1608-18. doi: 10.2353/ajpath.2006.051223.
Rousset S, Alves-Guerra MC, Mozo J, Miroux B, Cassard-Doulcier AM, Bouillaud F, Ricquier D. The biology of mitochondrial uncoupling proteins. Diabetes. 2004 Feb;53 Suppl 1:S130-5. doi: 10.2337/diabetes.53.2007.s130.
Echtay KS. Mitochondrial uncoupling proteins--what is their physiological role? Free Radic Biol Med. 2007 Nov 15;43(10):1351-71. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.08.011.
de la Monte SM, Wands JR. Molecular indices of oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction occur early and often progress with severity of Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2006 Jul;9(2):167-81. doi: 10.3233/jad-2006-9209.
Wu Z, Zhang J, Zhao B. Superoxide anion regulates the mitochondrial free Ca2+ through uncoupling proteins. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2009 Aug;11(8):1805-18. doi: 10.1089/ars.2009.2427
Schlief ML, Gitlin JD. Copper homeostasis in the CNS: a novel link between the NMDA receptor and copper homeostasis in the hippocampus. Mol Neurobiol. 2006 Apr;33(2):81-90. doi: 10.1385/MN:33:2:81.
Smart TG, Hosie AM, Miller PS. Zn2+ ions: modulators of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic activity. Neuroscientist. 2004 Oct;10(5):432-42. doi: 10.1177/1073858404263463.
Muñoz P, Humeres A. Iron deficiency on neuronal function. Biometals. 2012 Aug;25(4):825-35. doi: 10.1007/s10534-012-9550-x.
Kenche VB, Barnham KJ. Alzheimer's disease & metals: therapeutic opportunities. Br J Pharmacol. 2011;163(2):211-219. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01221.x.
Deibel MA, Ehmann WD, Markesbery WR. Copper, iron, and zinc imbalances in severely degenerated brain regions in Alzheimer's disease: possible relation to oxidative stress. J Neurol Sci. 1996 Nov;143(1-2):137-42. doi: 10.1016/s0022-510x(96)00203-1.
Lovell MA, Robertson JD, Teesdale WJ, Campbell JL, Markesbery WR. Copper, iron and zinc in Alzheimer's disease senile plaques. J Neurol Sci. 1998 Jun 11;158(1):47-52. doi: 10.1016/s0022-510x(98)00092-6.
Lee JY, Mook-Jung I, Koh JY. Histochemically reactive zinc in plaques of the Swedish mutant beta-amyloid precursor protein transgenic mice. J Neurosci. 1999 Jun 1;19(11):RC10. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.19-11-j0002.1999.
Zhang J, Liu Q, Chen Q, Liu NQ, Li FL, Lu ZB, Qin C, Zhu H, Huang YY, He W, Zhao BL. Nicotine attenuates beta-amyloid-induced neurotoxicity by regulating metal homeostasis. FASEB J. 2006 Jun;20(8):1212-4. doi: 10.1096/fj.05-5214fje.
Curtain CC, Ali F, Volitakis I, et al. Alzheimer's disease amyloid-beta binds copper and zinc to generate an allosterically ordered membrane-penetrating structure containing superoxide dismutase-like subunits. J Biol Chem. 2001 Jun 8;276(23):20466-73. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M100175200.
Hesse L, Beher D, Masters CL, Multhaup G. The beta A4 amyloid precursor protein binding to copper. FEBS Lett. 1994 Jul 25;349(1):109-16. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(94)00658-x.
Atwood CS, Moir RD, Huang X, et al. Dramatic aggregation of Alzheimer abeta by Cu (II) is induced by conditions representing physiological acidosis. J Biol Chem. 1998 May 22;273(21):12817-26. doi: 10.1074/jbc.273.21.12817.
Bush AI, Pettingell WH, Multhaup G, d Paradis M, Vonsattel JP, Gusella JF, Beyreuther K, Masters CL, Tanzi RE. Rapid induction of Alzheimer A beta amyloid formation by zinc. Science. 1994 Sep 2;265(5177):1464-7. doi: 10.1126/science.8073293.
Strausak D, Mercer JF, Dieter HH, Stremmel W, Multhaup G. Copper in disorders with neurological symptoms: Alzheimer's, Menkes, and Wilson diseases. Brain Res Bull. 2001 May 15;55(2):175-85. doi: 10.1016/s0361-9230(01)00454-3.
Opazo C, Huang X, Cherny RA, Moir RD, Roher AE, White AR, Cappai R, Masters CL, Tanzi RE, Inestrosa NC, Bush AI. Metalloenzyme-like activity of Alzheimer's disease beta-amyloid. Cu-dependent catalytic conversion of dopamine, cholesterol, and biological reducing agents to neurotoxic H(2)O(2). J Biol Chem. 2002 Oct 25;277(43):40302-8. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M206428200.
Opazo C, Huang X, Cherny RA, Moir RD, Roher AE, White AR, Cappai R, Masters CL, Tanzi RE, Inestrosa NC, Bush AI. Metalloenzyme-like activity of Alzheimer's disease beta-amyloid. Cu-dependent catalytic conversion of dopamine, cholesterol, and biological reducing agents to neurotoxic H(2)O(2). J Biol Chem. 2002 Oct 25;277(43):40302-8. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M206428200.
Huang X, Cuajungco MP, Atwood CS, et al. Cu (II) potentiation of alzheimer abeta neurotoxicity. Correlation with cell-free hydrogen peroxide production and metal reduction. J Biol Chem. 1999 Dec 24;274(52):37111-6. doi: 10.1074/jbc.274.52.37111.
Huang X, Atwood CS, Hartshorn MA, et al. The A beta peptide of Alzheimer's disease directly produces hydrogen peroxide through metal ion reduction. Biochemistry. 1999 Jun 15;38(24):7609-16. doi: 10.1021/bi990438f.
Lynch T, Cherny RA, Bush AI. Oxidative processes in Alzheimer's disease: the role of abeta-metal interactions. Exp Gerontol. 2000 Jul;35(4):445-51. doi: 10.1016/s0531-5565(00)00112-1.
Rottkamp CA, Raina AK, Zhu X, Gaier E, Bush AI, Atwood CS, Chevion M, Perry G, Smith MA. Redox-active iron mediates amyloid-beta toxicity. Free Radic Biol Med. 2001 Feb 15;30(4):447-50. doi: 10.1016/s0891-5849(00)00494-9.
Wan L, Nie G, Zhang J, Luo Y, Zhang P, Zhang Z, Zhao B. β-Amyloid peptide increases levels of iron content and oxidative stress in human cell and Caenorhabditis elegans models of Alzheimer disease. Free Radic Biol Med. 2011 Jan 1;50(1):122-9. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.10.707.
Zheng W, Xin N, Chi ZH, Zhao BL, Zhang J, Li JY, Wang ZY. Divalent metal transporter 1 is involved in amyloid precursor protein processing and Abeta generation. FASEB J. 2009 Dec;23(12):4207-17. doi: 10.1096/fj.09-135749.
Zhang LH, Wang X, Zheng ZH, Ren H, Stoltenberg M, Danscher G, Huang L, Rong M, Wang ZY. Altered expression and distribution of zinc transporters in APP/PS1 transgenic mouse brain. Neurobiol Aging. 2010 Jan;31(1):74-87. doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.02.018.
Zhang LH, Wang X, Stoltenberg M, Danscher G, Huang L, Wang ZY. Abundant expression of zinc transporters in the amyloid plaques of Alzheimer's disease brain. Brain Res Bull. 2008 Sep 5;77(1):55-60. doi: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2008.03.014.
Li H, Li F, Sun H, Qian ZM. Membrane-inserted conformation of transmembrane domain 4 of divalent-metal transporter. Biochem J. 2003;372(Pt 3):757-766. doi:10.1042/BJ20030075.
Bellingham SA, Ciccotosto GD, Needham BE, et al. Gene knockout of amyloid precursor protein and amyloid precursor-like protein-2 increases cellular copper levels in primary mouse cortical neurons and embryonic fibroblasts. J Neurochem. 2004 Oct;91(2):423-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2004.02731.x.
Acevedo KM, Hung YH, Dalziel AH, et al. Copper promotes the trafficking of the amyloid precursor protein. J Biol Chem. 2011;286(10):8252-8262. doi:10.1074/jbc.M110.128512.
White AR, Reyes R, Mercer JF, et al. Copper levels are increased in the cerebral cortex and liver of APP and APLP2 knockout mice. Brain Res. 1999 Sep 25;842(2):439-44. doi: 10.1016/s0006-8993(99)01861-2.
Bolognin S, Messori L, Zatta P. Metal ion physiopathology in neurodegenerative disorders. Neuromolecular Med. 2009;11(4):223-38. doi: 10.1007/s12017-009-8102-1.
Cherny RA, Atwood CS, Xilinas ME, et al. Treatment with a copper-zinc chelator markedly and rapidly inhibits beta-amyloid accumulation in Alzheimer's disease transgenic mice. Neuron. 2001 Jun;30(3):665-76. doi: 10.1016/s0896-6273(01)00317-8.
Ritchie CW, Bush AI, Mackinnon A, Macfarlane S, Mastwyk M, MacGregor L, Kiers L, Cherny R, Li QX, Tammer A, Carrington D, Mavros C, Volitakis I, Xilinas M, Ames D, Davis S, Beyreuther K, Tanzi RE, Masters CL. Metal-protein attenuation with iodochlorhydroxyquin (clioquinol) targeting Abeta amyloid deposition and toxicity in Alzheimer disease: a pilot phase 2 clinical trial. Arch Neurol. 2003 Dec;60(12):1685-91. doi: 10.1001/archneur.60.12.1685.
Zhao Y, Zhao B. Oxidative stress and the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2013; 2013:316523. doi:10.1155/2013/316523.
Kreuz S, Fischle W. Oxidative stress signaling to chromatin in health and disease. Epigenomics. 2016;8(6):843-862. doi:10.2217/epi-2016-0002.
Chia N, Wang L, Lu X, Senut MC, Brenner C, Ruden DM. Hypothesis: environmental regulation of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine by oxidative stress. Epigenetics. 2011; 6(7):853-6. doi: 10.4161/epi.6.7.16461.
Thanan R, Oikawa S, Hiraku Y, Ohnishi S, Ma N, Pinlaor S, Yongvanit P, Kawanishi S, Murata M. Oxidative stress and its significant roles in neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. Int J Mol Sci. 2014 Dec 24;16(1):193-217. doi: 10.3390/ijms16010193.
Lewandowska J, Bartoszek A. DNA methylation in cancer development, diagnosis and therapy--multiple opportunities for genotoxic agents to act as methylome disruptors or remediators. Mutagenesis. 2011 Jul;26(4):475-87. doi: 10.1093/mutage/ger019.
Niu Y, DesMarais TL, Tong Z, Yao Y, Costa M. Oxidative stress alters global histone modification and DNA methylation. Free Radic Biol Med. 2015; 82:22-28. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.01.028.
Gu X, Sun J, Li S, Wu X, Li L. Oxidative stress induces DNA demethylation and histone acetylation in SH-SY5Y cells: potential epigenetic mechanisms in gene transcription in Aβ production. Neurobiol Aging. 2013; 34(4):1069-79. doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2012.10.013.