Tiroid Kanserlerinde İzlem
Özet
DTK’nin prognozu oldukça iyi olmakla birlikte, rekürrens oranı nispeten yüksek olup bu hastalarda ömür boyu takip büyük önem arzetmektedir. Takipte öncelikle biyokimyasal testler kullanılırken nadiren nüks şüphesi durumunda tanısal testlere ihtiyaç duyulur. MTK’de prognoz diferansiye tiroid kanserleri kadar iyi, anaplastik kanser kadar da kötü değildir. Ancak biyokimyasal testler dışında özellikle MEN2 birlikteliği olan formlarında ailesel genetik tarama önemlidir. ATK ise çok kötü bir prognoz ile seyreden çok nadir görülen tümörlerdir. Bu tümörler pek çok branştan hekimle multidisipliner bir yaklaşımla ele alınması ve takip edilmesi gereken heterojen bir tümör grubudur.
Although the prognosis of DTC is quite good, the recurrence rate is relatively high and lifelong follow-up is of great importance in these patients. While biochemical tests are primarily used in follow-up, diagnostic tests are rarely needed in case of suspicion of recurrence. The prognosis in MTC is not as good as differentiated thyroid cancers, but not as bad as anaplastic cancer. However, apart from biochemical tests, familial genetic screening is important, especially in forms with MEN2. ATC are very rare tumors with a very poor prognosis. These tumors are a heterogeneous group of tumors that need to be handled and followed with a multidisciplinary approach by physicians from many branches.
Referanslar
Noone AM, Howlader N, Krapcho M et al. SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2015, National cancer İnstitute; 2018
Kilic M, Keskek M, Albayrak L, et al.,Liposarcoma of the Thyroid Gland: a Case Report, Acta Chir. Belg., 107, 73-74 (2007)
Vaisman F, Tuttle RM. Clinical Assessment and Risk Stratification in Differentiated Thyroid Cancer. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2019;8(1):99-108
2015 American Thyroid Association Management Guidelines for Adult Patients with Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer THYROID Volume 26, Number 1, 2016 American Thyroid Association Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.
Mazzaferri EL, Jhiang SM. Long-term impact of initial surgical and medical therapy on papillary and follicular thyroid cancer. Am J Med. 1994;97:418– 28
Giovanella L, Cosma C, Plebani M. Letter to the editor: what is the role of serum thyroglobulin measurement in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer treated without radioactive iodine? J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017;102(6):2113–2114
Giovanella L, Clark PM, Chiovato L, et al. Thyroglobulin measurement using highly sensitive assays in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer: A clinical position paper. Eur J Endocrinol. 2014;171(2):R33–R46
Miyauchi A, Kudo T, Miya A, et al. Prognostic impact of serum thyroglobulin doubling-time under TSH suppression in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma who underwent total thyroidectomy. Thyroid 2011;21(7):707–16
Mazzaferri EL, Robbins RJ, Spencer CA, et al. A consensus report of the role of serum thyroglobulin as a monitoring method for low risk patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88(4):1433–1441
Pacini F, Capezzone M, Elisei R, et al. Diagnostic 131-iodine whole-body scan may be avoided in thyroid cancer patients who have undetectable stimulated serum tg levels after initial treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87(4):1499–1501
Schlumberger M, Berg G, Cohen O, et al. Follow-up of low-risk patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma: a European perspective. Eur J Endocrinol 2004; 150(2):105–112
Taylor H, Hyer S, Vini L, et al. Diagnostic I whole body scannin after thyroidectomy and ablation for differentiated thyroid cancer. Eur J Endocrinol 2004; 150(5):649–653
Shapiro B, Rufini V, Jarwan A, et al. Artifacts, anatomical and physiological variants, and unrelated diseases that might cause false-positive whole-body 131-I scans in patients with thyroid cancer. Semin Nucl Med 2000; 30(2):115– 132
A. Aliyev ve M. Halaç Tiroid Kanserlerinde SPECT/BT Görüntüleme Nucl Med Semin 2016;1:21-30
Chen L, Luo Q, Shen Y, et al. Incremental value of 131I SPECT/ CT in the management of patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma. J Nucl Med. 2008; 49:1952–7
Kohlfuerst S, Igerc I, Lobnig M, et al. Posttherapeutic 131I SPECT/CT offers high diagnostic accuracy when the findings on conventional planar imaging are inconclusive and allows a tailored patient treatment regimen. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2009; 36:886-893
SNMMI Procedure Standard/EANM Practice Guideline for Nuclear Medicine Evaluation and Therapy of Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: Abbreviated Version Journal of Nuclear Medicine June 2022, 63 (6) 15N-35N
S. Filetti, C. Durante,D. Hartl,S. Leboulleux, L. D. Locati,K. Newbold, M. G. Papotti& A. Berruti, on behalf of the ESMO Guidelines Committee, Thyroid cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up, Annals of Oncology 30: 1856–1883, 2019
Miyauchi A, Kudo T, Miya A et al. Prognostic impact of serum thyroglobulin doubling-time under thyrotropin suppression in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma who underwent total thyroidectomy. Thyroid 2011; 21(7): 707–716
Ho AL, Grewal RK, Leboeuf R, et al. Selumetinib-enhanced radioiodine uptake in advanced thyroid cancer. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(7):623–632
Jaber T, Waguespack SG, Cabanillas ME, et al. Targeted therapy in advanced thyroid cancer to resensitize tumors to radioactive iodine. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018;103(10):3698–3705
Tepmongkol S, Keelawat S, Honsawek S, Ruangvejvorachai P. Rosiglitazone effect on radioiodine uptake in thyroid carcinoma patients with high thyroglobulin but negative total body scan: A correlation with the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma. Thyroid. 2008;18(7):697–704
Rothenberg SM, McFadden DG, Palmer EL, Daniels GH, Wirth LJ. Redifferentiation of iodine-refractory BRAF V600E-mutant metastatic papillary thyroid cancer with dabrafenib. Clin Cancer Res. 2015;21(5):1028–1035
Diessl S, Holzberger B, Mader U, et al. Impact of moderate vs stringent TSH suppression on survival in advanced differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2012;76(4):586–592
Durante C, Haddy N, Baudin E, et al. Long-term outcome of 444 patients with distant metastases from papillary and follicular thyroid carcinoma: benefits and limits of radioiodine therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91(8):2892–2899
Giovanella L, Van Nostrand D. Advanced differentiated thyroid cancer: When to stop radioiodine? Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2019;63(3):267–70
Cabanillas ME, McFadden DG, Durante C. Thyroid cancer. Lancet. 2016; 388(10061):2783–2795
Ruegemer JJ, Hay ID, Bergstralh EJ et al. Distant metastases in differentiated thyroid carcinoma: a multivariate analysis of prognostic variables. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1988; 67(3): 501–508
Mazziotti G, Formenti AM, Panarotto MB et al. Real-life management and outcome of thyroid carcinoma related bone metastases:results from a nationwide multicenter experience. Endocrine 2018;59(1):90–101
Iniguez-Ariza NM, Bible KC, Clarke BL. Bone metastases in thyroid cancer. J Bone Oncol. 2020;21:100282
Sabra MM, Sherman EJ, Tuttle RM. Tumor volume doubling time of pulmonary metastases predicts overall survival and can guide the initiation of multikinase inhibitor therapy in patients with metastatic, follicular cell-derived thyroid carcinoma. Cancer. 2017;123(15):2955–2964
Eisenhauer EA, Therasse P, Bogaerts J et al. New response evaluation criteria in solid tumours: revised RECIST guideline (version 1.1). Eur J Cancer 2009; 45(2): 228–247
Feine U, Lietzenmayer R, Hanke JP, W€ohrle H, M€uller-Schauenburg W. 18FDG whole-body PET in differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Flipflop in uptake patterns of 18FDG and 131I. [In German]. Nuklearmedizin. 1995;34(4):127–134
Feine U, Lietzenmayer R, Hanke JP, Held J, W€ohrle H, M€uller-Schauenburg W. Fluorine-18-FDG and iodine-131-iodide uptake in thyroid cancer. J Nucl Med. 1996;37(9):1468–1472
Giovanella L, Treglia G, Ceriani L, Verburg F. Detectable thyroglobulin with negative imaging in differentiated thyroid cancer patients. What to do with negative anatomical imaging and radioiodine scan? Nuklearmedizin. 2014;53(1):1–10
Van Nostrand D. Radioiodine imaging for differentiated thyroid cancer: Not all radioiodine images are performed equally. Thyroid. 2019;29(7):901–909
Donohoe KJ, Aloff J, Avram AM, et al. Appropriate use criteria for nuclear medicine in the evaluation and treatment of differentiated thyroid cancer. J Nucl Med. 2020;61(3):375–396
Wu D, Ylli D, Gomes Lima CJ, et al. Use of 99mTc-sestamibi SPECT/CT when conventional imaging studies are negative for localizing suspected recurrence in differentiated thyroid cancer: A method and a lesson for clinical management. Endocrine. 2018;62(1):57–63
Binse I, Poeppel TD, Ruhlmann M, et al. 68Ga-DOTATOC PET/CT in patients with iodine- and 18F-FDG-negative differentiated thyroid carcinoma and elevated serum thyroglobulin. J Nucl Med. 2016;57(10):1512–1517
Vrachimis A, Stegger L, Wenning C, et al. 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/MRI and 18F-FDG PET/CT are complementary and superior to diffusion-weighted MR imaging for radioactive-iodine-refractory differentiated thyroid cancer. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2016;43(10):1765–1772
Czepczynski R, Matysiak-Grzes M, Gryczynska M, et al. Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy of differentiated thyroid cancer: efficacy and toxicity. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz). 2015;63(2):147–154
Versari A, Sollini M, Frasoldati A, et al. Differentiated thyroid cancer: A new perspective with radiolabeled somatostatin analogues for imaging and treatment of patients. Thyroid. 2014;24(4):715–726
Roll W, Riemann B, Schafers M, Stegger L, Vrachimis A. 177Lu-DOTATATE therapy in radioiodine-refractory differentiated thyroid cancer: A single center experience. Clin Nucl Med. 2018;43(10):346-51
Durante C, Haddy N, Baudin E, et al. Long-term outcome of 444 patients with distant metastases from papillary and follicular thyroid carcinoma: benefits and limits of radioiodine therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91(8):2892–2899
Schlumberger M, Brose M, Elisei R, et al. Definition and management of radioactive iodine-refractory differentiated thyroid cancer. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2014;2(5):356–358
Robbins RJ, Wan Q, Grewal RK, et al. Real-time prognosis for metastatic thyroid carcinoma based on 2-18F-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose-positron emission tomography scanning. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91(2):498–505
Grebe SK, Hay ID. Prognostic factors and management in thyroid cancer– Consensus or controversy? West J Med. 1996;165(3):156–157
Ain KB. Papillary thyroid carcinoma. Etiology, assessment, and therapy. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 1995;24(4):711–760
Xing M, Haugen BR, Schlumberger M. Progress in molecular-based management of differentiated thyroid cancer. Lancet. 2013;381(9871):1058–1069
Wang W, Larson SM, Fazzari M, et al. Prognostic value of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomographic scanning in patients with thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85(3):1107–1113
Robbins RJ, Wan Q, Grewal RK, et al. Real-time prognosis for metastatic thyroid carcinoma based on 2-18F-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose-positron emission tomography scanning. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91(2):498–505
Robbins RJ, Larson SM. The value of positron emission tomography (PET) in the management of patients with thyroid cancer. Best practice and research. Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;22(6):1047–1059
Dibble EH, Alvarez AC, Truong MT, Mercier G, Cook EF, Subramaniam RM. 18F-FDG metabolic tumor volume and total glycolytic activity of oral cavity and oropharyngeal squamous cell cancer: Adding value to clinical staging. J Nucl Med. 2012;53(5):709–15
Manohar PM, Beesley LJ, Bellile EL, Worden FP, Avram AM. Prognostic value of FDG-PET/CT metabolic parameters in metastatic radioiodine-refractory differentiated thyroid cancer. Clin Nucl Med. 2018;43(9):641–647
Kushchayev SV, Kushchayeva YS, Tella SH, Glushko T, Pacak K, Teytelboym OM. Medullary thyroid carcinoma: an update on imaging. J Thyroid Res. 2019;2019: 1–17
Wells et al Revised American thyroid association guidelines for the management of medullary thyroid carcinoma. THYROID Volume 25, Number 6, 2015 American Thyroid Association
Elisei R, Cosci B, Romei C, Bottici V, Renzini G, Molinaro E, et al. Prognostic significance of somatic RET oncogene mutations in sporadic medullary thyroid cancer: a 10-year follow-up study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008;93(3):682-7
Mulligan LM, Kwok JB, Healey CS, Elsdon MJ, Eng C, Gardner E, et al. Germ-line mutations of the RET proto-oncogene in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A. Nature 1993;363(6428):458-60
Şefik HOŞAL, Medüller Tiroid Kanseri, Turkiye Klinikleri J E.N.T.-Special Topics. 2014;7(3):54-8
Quayle FJ, Moley JF. Medullary thyroid carcinoma: management of lymph node metastases. Curr Treat Options Oncol. 2005;6(4):347–354
Treglia G, Castaldi P, Villani MF, et al. Comparison of 18F-DOPA, 18F-FDG and 68Ga-somatostatin analogue PET/CT in patients with recurrent medullary thyroid carcinoma. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imag. 2012;39(4):569–580
National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: thyroid carcinoma [Internet]. Plymouth Meeting: NCCN; c2021 [cited 2021 Jun 4]. Available from: http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/ pdf/thyroid.pdf
Lindsey SC, Ganly I, Palmer F, Tuttle RM. Response to initial therapy predicts clinical outcomes in medullary thyroid cancer. Thyroid 2015;25:242-9
Laure Giraudet A, Al Ghulzan A, Aupe´rin A et al. Progression of medullary thyroid carcinoma: assessment with calcitonin and carcinoembryonic antigen doubling times. Eur J Endocrinol 2008; 158(2): 239–246
Yeh T, Yeung M, Sherman EJ, Tuttle RM, Sabra MM. Structural doubling time predicts overall survival in patients with medullary thyroid cancer in patients with rapidly progressive metastatic medullary thyroid cancer treated with molecular targeted therapies. Thyroid 2020;30:1112-9
Ashok R. Shaha, Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer: Large Database, Cautious Interpretations, Ann Surg Oncol. 2015 December;22(13): 4113–4114
Kebebew E, Greenspan FS, Clark OH, Woeber KA, McMillan A. Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. Cancer 2005;103:1330-5
Akaishi J, Sugino K, Kitagawa W, Nagahama M, Kameyama K, Shimizu K, et al. Prognostic factors and treatment outcomes of 100 cases of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid 2011;21:1183-9
Are C, Shaha AR. Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: biology, pathogenesis, prognostic factors, and treatment approaches. Ann Surg Oncol 2006;13:453-64
Landa I, Ibrahimpasic T, Boucai L et al. Genomic and transcriptomic hallmarks of poorly differentiated and anaplastic thyroid cancers. J Clin Invest 2016; 126(3):1052–1066
Pozdeyev N, Gay LM, Sokol ES et al. Genetic analysis of 779 advanced differentiated and anaplastic thyroid cancers. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24(13):3059–3068
Brierley JD, Gospodarowicz MK, Wittekind C. UICC TNM Classification of Malignant Tumours, 8th edition. Oxford: John Wiley & Sons Inc. 2016
Kelly F. Moyer, Andrea R. Marcadis, Ashok R. Shaha, Airway management, symptom relief, and best supportive care in anaplastic thyroid cancer, Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2020 April ; 28(2):74–78
Referanslar
Noone AM, Howlader N, Krapcho M et al. SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2015, National cancer İnstitute; 2018
Kilic M, Keskek M, Albayrak L, et al.,Liposarcoma of the Thyroid Gland: a Case Report, Acta Chir. Belg., 107, 73-74 (2007)
Vaisman F, Tuttle RM. Clinical Assessment and Risk Stratification in Differentiated Thyroid Cancer. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2019;8(1):99-108
2015 American Thyroid Association Management Guidelines for Adult Patients with Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer THYROID Volume 26, Number 1, 2016 American Thyroid Association Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.
Mazzaferri EL, Jhiang SM. Long-term impact of initial surgical and medical therapy on papillary and follicular thyroid cancer. Am J Med. 1994;97:418– 28
Giovanella L, Cosma C, Plebani M. Letter to the editor: what is the role of serum thyroglobulin measurement in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer treated without radioactive iodine? J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017;102(6):2113–2114
Giovanella L, Clark PM, Chiovato L, et al. Thyroglobulin measurement using highly sensitive assays in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer: A clinical position paper. Eur J Endocrinol. 2014;171(2):R33–R46
Miyauchi A, Kudo T, Miya A, et al. Prognostic impact of serum thyroglobulin doubling-time under TSH suppression in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma who underwent total thyroidectomy. Thyroid 2011;21(7):707–16
Mazzaferri EL, Robbins RJ, Spencer CA, et al. A consensus report of the role of serum thyroglobulin as a monitoring method for low risk patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88(4):1433–1441
Pacini F, Capezzone M, Elisei R, et al. Diagnostic 131-iodine whole-body scan may be avoided in thyroid cancer patients who have undetectable stimulated serum tg levels after initial treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87(4):1499–1501
Schlumberger M, Berg G, Cohen O, et al. Follow-up of low-risk patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma: a European perspective. Eur J Endocrinol 2004; 150(2):105–112
Taylor H, Hyer S, Vini L, et al. Diagnostic I whole body scannin after thyroidectomy and ablation for differentiated thyroid cancer. Eur J Endocrinol 2004; 150(5):649–653
Shapiro B, Rufini V, Jarwan A, et al. Artifacts, anatomical and physiological variants, and unrelated diseases that might cause false-positive whole-body 131-I scans in patients with thyroid cancer. Semin Nucl Med 2000; 30(2):115– 132
A. Aliyev ve M. Halaç Tiroid Kanserlerinde SPECT/BT Görüntüleme Nucl Med Semin 2016;1:21-30
Chen L, Luo Q, Shen Y, et al. Incremental value of 131I SPECT/ CT in the management of patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma. J Nucl Med. 2008; 49:1952–7
Kohlfuerst S, Igerc I, Lobnig M, et al. Posttherapeutic 131I SPECT/CT offers high diagnostic accuracy when the findings on conventional planar imaging are inconclusive and allows a tailored patient treatment regimen. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2009; 36:886-893
SNMMI Procedure Standard/EANM Practice Guideline for Nuclear Medicine Evaluation and Therapy of Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: Abbreviated Version Journal of Nuclear Medicine June 2022, 63 (6) 15N-35N
S. Filetti, C. Durante,D. Hartl,S. Leboulleux, L. D. Locati,K. Newbold, M. G. Papotti& A. Berruti, on behalf of the ESMO Guidelines Committee, Thyroid cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up, Annals of Oncology 30: 1856–1883, 2019
Miyauchi A, Kudo T, Miya A et al. Prognostic impact of serum thyroglobulin doubling-time under thyrotropin suppression in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma who underwent total thyroidectomy. Thyroid 2011; 21(7): 707–716
Ho AL, Grewal RK, Leboeuf R, et al. Selumetinib-enhanced radioiodine uptake in advanced thyroid cancer. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(7):623–632
Jaber T, Waguespack SG, Cabanillas ME, et al. Targeted therapy in advanced thyroid cancer to resensitize tumors to radioactive iodine. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018;103(10):3698–3705
Tepmongkol S, Keelawat S, Honsawek S, Ruangvejvorachai P. Rosiglitazone effect on radioiodine uptake in thyroid carcinoma patients with high thyroglobulin but negative total body scan: A correlation with the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma. Thyroid. 2008;18(7):697–704
Rothenberg SM, McFadden DG, Palmer EL, Daniels GH, Wirth LJ. Redifferentiation of iodine-refractory BRAF V600E-mutant metastatic papillary thyroid cancer with dabrafenib. Clin Cancer Res. 2015;21(5):1028–1035
Diessl S, Holzberger B, Mader U, et al. Impact of moderate vs stringent TSH suppression on survival in advanced differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2012;76(4):586–592
Durante C, Haddy N, Baudin E, et al. Long-term outcome of 444 patients with distant metastases from papillary and follicular thyroid carcinoma: benefits and limits of radioiodine therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91(8):2892–2899
Giovanella L, Van Nostrand D. Advanced differentiated thyroid cancer: When to stop radioiodine? Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2019;63(3):267–70
Cabanillas ME, McFadden DG, Durante C. Thyroid cancer. Lancet. 2016; 388(10061):2783–2795
Ruegemer JJ, Hay ID, Bergstralh EJ et al. Distant metastases in differentiated thyroid carcinoma: a multivariate analysis of prognostic variables. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1988; 67(3): 501–508
Mazziotti G, Formenti AM, Panarotto MB et al. Real-life management and outcome of thyroid carcinoma related bone metastases:results from a nationwide multicenter experience. Endocrine 2018;59(1):90–101
Iniguez-Ariza NM, Bible KC, Clarke BL. Bone metastases in thyroid cancer. J Bone Oncol. 2020;21:100282
Sabra MM, Sherman EJ, Tuttle RM. Tumor volume doubling time of pulmonary metastases predicts overall survival and can guide the initiation of multikinase inhibitor therapy in patients with metastatic, follicular cell-derived thyroid carcinoma. Cancer. 2017;123(15):2955–2964
Eisenhauer EA, Therasse P, Bogaerts J et al. New response evaluation criteria in solid tumours: revised RECIST guideline (version 1.1). Eur J Cancer 2009; 45(2): 228–247
Feine U, Lietzenmayer R, Hanke JP, W€ohrle H, M€uller-Schauenburg W. 18FDG whole-body PET in differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Flipflop in uptake patterns of 18FDG and 131I. [In German]. Nuklearmedizin. 1995;34(4):127–134
Feine U, Lietzenmayer R, Hanke JP, Held J, W€ohrle H, M€uller-Schauenburg W. Fluorine-18-FDG and iodine-131-iodide uptake in thyroid cancer. J Nucl Med. 1996;37(9):1468–1472
Giovanella L, Treglia G, Ceriani L, Verburg F. Detectable thyroglobulin with negative imaging in differentiated thyroid cancer patients. What to do with negative anatomical imaging and radioiodine scan? Nuklearmedizin. 2014;53(1):1–10
Van Nostrand D. Radioiodine imaging for differentiated thyroid cancer: Not all radioiodine images are performed equally. Thyroid. 2019;29(7):901–909
Donohoe KJ, Aloff J, Avram AM, et al. Appropriate use criteria for nuclear medicine in the evaluation and treatment of differentiated thyroid cancer. J Nucl Med. 2020;61(3):375–396
Wu D, Ylli D, Gomes Lima CJ, et al. Use of 99mTc-sestamibi SPECT/CT when conventional imaging studies are negative for localizing suspected recurrence in differentiated thyroid cancer: A method and a lesson for clinical management. Endocrine. 2018;62(1):57–63
Binse I, Poeppel TD, Ruhlmann M, et al. 68Ga-DOTATOC PET/CT in patients with iodine- and 18F-FDG-negative differentiated thyroid carcinoma and elevated serum thyroglobulin. J Nucl Med. 2016;57(10):1512–1517
Vrachimis A, Stegger L, Wenning C, et al. 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/MRI and 18F-FDG PET/CT are complementary and superior to diffusion-weighted MR imaging for radioactive-iodine-refractory differentiated thyroid cancer. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2016;43(10):1765–1772
Czepczynski R, Matysiak-Grzes M, Gryczynska M, et al. Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy of differentiated thyroid cancer: efficacy and toxicity. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz). 2015;63(2):147–154
Versari A, Sollini M, Frasoldati A, et al. Differentiated thyroid cancer: A new perspective with radiolabeled somatostatin analogues for imaging and treatment of patients. Thyroid. 2014;24(4):715–726
Roll W, Riemann B, Schafers M, Stegger L, Vrachimis A. 177Lu-DOTATATE therapy in radioiodine-refractory differentiated thyroid cancer: A single center experience. Clin Nucl Med. 2018;43(10):346-51
Durante C, Haddy N, Baudin E, et al. Long-term outcome of 444 patients with distant metastases from papillary and follicular thyroid carcinoma: benefits and limits of radioiodine therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91(8):2892–2899
Schlumberger M, Brose M, Elisei R, et al. Definition and management of radioactive iodine-refractory differentiated thyroid cancer. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2014;2(5):356–358
Robbins RJ, Wan Q, Grewal RK, et al. Real-time prognosis for metastatic thyroid carcinoma based on 2-18F-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose-positron emission tomography scanning. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91(2):498–505
Grebe SK, Hay ID. Prognostic factors and management in thyroid cancer– Consensus or controversy? West J Med. 1996;165(3):156–157
Ain KB. Papillary thyroid carcinoma. Etiology, assessment, and therapy. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 1995;24(4):711–760
Xing M, Haugen BR, Schlumberger M. Progress in molecular-based management of differentiated thyroid cancer. Lancet. 2013;381(9871):1058–1069
Wang W, Larson SM, Fazzari M, et al. Prognostic value of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomographic scanning in patients with thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85(3):1107–1113
Robbins RJ, Wan Q, Grewal RK, et al. Real-time prognosis for metastatic thyroid carcinoma based on 2-18F-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose-positron emission tomography scanning. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91(2):498–505
Robbins RJ, Larson SM. The value of positron emission tomography (PET) in the management of patients with thyroid cancer. Best practice and research. Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;22(6):1047–1059
Dibble EH, Alvarez AC, Truong MT, Mercier G, Cook EF, Subramaniam RM. 18F-FDG metabolic tumor volume and total glycolytic activity of oral cavity and oropharyngeal squamous cell cancer: Adding value to clinical staging. J Nucl Med. 2012;53(5):709–15
Manohar PM, Beesley LJ, Bellile EL, Worden FP, Avram AM. Prognostic value of FDG-PET/CT metabolic parameters in metastatic radioiodine-refractory differentiated thyroid cancer. Clin Nucl Med. 2018;43(9):641–647
Kushchayev SV, Kushchayeva YS, Tella SH, Glushko T, Pacak K, Teytelboym OM. Medullary thyroid carcinoma: an update on imaging. J Thyroid Res. 2019;2019: 1–17
Wells et al Revised American thyroid association guidelines for the management of medullary thyroid carcinoma. THYROID Volume 25, Number 6, 2015 American Thyroid Association
Elisei R, Cosci B, Romei C, Bottici V, Renzini G, Molinaro E, et al. Prognostic significance of somatic RET oncogene mutations in sporadic medullary thyroid cancer: a 10-year follow-up study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008;93(3):682-7
Mulligan LM, Kwok JB, Healey CS, Elsdon MJ, Eng C, Gardner E, et al. Germ-line mutations of the RET proto-oncogene in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A. Nature 1993;363(6428):458-60
Şefik HOŞAL, Medüller Tiroid Kanseri, Turkiye Klinikleri J E.N.T.-Special Topics. 2014;7(3):54-8
Quayle FJ, Moley JF. Medullary thyroid carcinoma: management of lymph node metastases. Curr Treat Options Oncol. 2005;6(4):347–354
Treglia G, Castaldi P, Villani MF, et al. Comparison of 18F-DOPA, 18F-FDG and 68Ga-somatostatin analogue PET/CT in patients with recurrent medullary thyroid carcinoma. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imag. 2012;39(4):569–580
National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: thyroid carcinoma [Internet]. Plymouth Meeting: NCCN; c2021 [cited 2021 Jun 4]. Available from: http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/ pdf/thyroid.pdf
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