Tiroid Kanserlerinde Radyoterapi Endikasyonları
Özet
Bu bölümün amacı, tiroid kanserinin farklı histolojik alt tiplerinin tedavisinde eksternal radyoterapinin (EBRT) kullanımı ayrıntılı olarak tartışmaktır. Retrospektif çalışmalara göre, adjuvan EBRT, yüksek risk faktörlerine sahip lokal ileri diferansiye tiroid kanseri ve medüller tiroid kanserinde lokal bölgesel yineleme riskini azaltmaktadır. Ancak EBRT'nin genel sağkalım üzerindeki etkisi hala net belirsizliğini korumaktadır. Diğer taraftan EBRT anaplastik tiroid kanserinde multimodal tedavinin bir parçası olmalıdır çünkü tam olarak rezeke edilmemiş anaplastik kanserlerde genel sağkalım oranlarında iyileşme sağlar. Sonuç olarak, EBRT'nin tiroid kanserindeki rolü belirsizliğini korumaktadır. Veriler retrospektif serilerle sınırlı kalmaktadır, randomize data mevcut değildir. Elde verilerle, lokal yineleme açısından yüksek riskli hastalarda düşünülmesi önerilebilir.
The purpose of this chapter is to examine in detail the use of external radiotherapy (EBRT) in the treatment of different histological subtypes of thyroid cancer. According to retrospective studies, adjuvant EBRT reduces the risk of local recurrence in locally advanced differentiated thyroid cancer and medullary thyroid cancer, which have a high risk rate. However, the effect of EBRT on overall survival remains unclear. On the other hand, EBRT should be part of the multimodal component in anaplastic thyroid cancer because it improves overall survival rates in incompletely resected anaplastic cancers. In conclusion, the role of EBRT in thyroid cancer remains unclear. Data are limited to retrospective series, randomized data are not available. With the data obtained, it can be suggested to consider EBRT for the patients with high local recurrence risk.
Referanslar
Fagin JA, Wells SA. Biologic and clinical perspectives on thyroid cancer. Longo DL, editor. N Engl J Med. 2016; 375: 1054–1067.
Iniguez-Ariza NM, Brito JP. Thyroid Cancer in Gunderson & Tepper’s Clinical Radiation Oncology, 5th edition, Elsevier, 2021. pp 742–759.
Sherma SI. Thyroid carcinoma. Lancet 2003; 361:501–511.
Amin MB, American Joint Committee on Cancer, American Cancer Society, editors. AJCC cancer staging manual. Eight edition /editor-in-chief, Mahul B. Amin, MD, FCAP; editors, Stephen B. Edge, MD, FACS [and 16 others]; Donna M. Gress, RHIT, CTR-Technical editor; Laura R. Meyer, CAPM-Managing editor. Chicago IL: American Joint Committee on Cancer, Springer; 2017. 1024 p
Kiess AP, Agrawal N, Brierley JD, et al. External-beam radiotherapy for differentiated thyroid cancer locoregional control: a statement of the American Head and Neck Society: external-beam RT for differentiated thyroid cancer. Head Neck 2016; 38:493–498.
Perros P, Boelaert K, Colley S, et al. Gerrard BA G, et al. Guidelines for the management of thyroid cancer. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2014; 81:1–122.
Haugen BR, Alexander EK, Bible KC, et al. 2015 American Thyroid Association Management Guidelines for Adult Patients with Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: The American Thyroid Association Guidelines Task Force on Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer. Thyroid 2016; 26:1–133.
Mangoni M, Gobitti C, Autorino R, et al. External beam radiotherapy in thyroid carcinoma: clinical review and recommendations of the AIRO ‘Radioterapia Metabolica’ Group. Tumori J 2017; 103:114–123.
Biermann M, Pixberg MK, Riemann B, et al. Clinical outcomes of adjuvant external-beamradiotherapy for differentiated thyroid cancer: Results after 874 patient-years of follow-up in the MSDS-trial. Nuklearmedizin 2009; 48:89–98.
Lee EK, Lee YJ, Jung Y-S, et al. Postoperative simultaneous integrated boostintensity modulated radiation therapy for patients with locoregionally advanced papillary thyroid carcinoma: preliminary results of a Phase II Trial and propensity score analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015; 100: 1009–1017.
Tsang RW, Brierley JD, Simpson WJ, et al. The effects of surgery, radioiodine, and external radiation therapy on the clinical outcome of patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Cancer 1998; 82:375–388.
Kim T-H, Yang D-S, Jung K-Y, et al. Value of external irradiation for locally advanced papillary thyroid cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol 2003; 55:1006–1012.
Keum KC, Suh YG, Koom WS, et al. The role of postoperative external-beam radiotherapy in the management of patients with papillary thyroid cancer invading the trachea. Int J Radiat Oncol 2006; 65:474–480.
Brierley J, Tsang R, Panzarella T, Bana N. Prognostic factors and the effect of treatment with radioactive iodine and external beam radiation on patients with differentiated thyroid cancer seen at a single institution over 40 years. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2005; 63:418–427.
Chen PV, Osborne R, Ahn E, et al. Adjuvant external-beam radiotherapy in patients with high-risk well differentiated thyroid cancer. Ear Nose Throat J 2009; 88:E01.
Chow S-M, Yau S, Kwan C-K, et al. Local and regional control in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma: specific indications of external radiotherapy and radioactive iodine according to T and N categories in AJCC 6th edition. Endocr Relat Cancer 2006; 13:1159–1172.
Lee NK, Kim CY, Baek S-K, Jung K-Y. The role of adjuvant radiation therapy for locoregionally advanced papillary thyroid carcinoma. Oncology 2016; 90:209–214.
Tam S, Amit M, Boonsripitayanon M, et al. Adjuvant external beam radiotherapy in locally advanced differentiated thyroid cancer. JAMA Otolaryngol Neck Surg 2017; 143:1244- L 1251.
Kim YS, Choi JH, Kim KS, et al. The role of adjuvant external beam radiation therapy for papillary thyroid carcinoma invading the trachea. Radiat Oncol J 2017; 35:112–120.
Dicuonzo S, Pedretti S, Mangoni M, et al. Adjuvant radiotherapy and radioiodine treatment for locally advanced differentiated thyroid cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. Tumori J 2021; 107:489–497.
Salehian B, Liem SY, Mojazi Amiri H, et al. Clinical trials in management of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma; progressions and set backs: a systematic review. Int J Endocrinol Metab 2019; 17:e67759.
Kwon J, Kim BH, Jung H-W, et al. The prognostic impacts of postoperative radiotherapy in the patients with resected anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Cancer 2016; 59:34–45.
Park JW, Choi SH, Yoon HI, et al. Treatment outcomes of radiotherapy for anaplastic thyroid cancer. Radiat Oncol J 2018; 36:103–113.
Saeed NA, Kelly JR, Deshpande HA, et al. Adjuvant external beam radiotherapy for surgically resected, nonmetastatic anaplastic thyroid cancer. Head Neck 2020; 42:1031–1044.
Wa¨ chter S, Vorla¨nder C, Schabram J, et al. Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: changing trends of treatment strategies and associated overall survival. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2020; 277:1507–1514.
Sun C, Li Q, Hu Z, et al. Treatment and prognosis of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: experience from a single institution in China. PLoS ONE 2013;8:e80011.
Glaser SM, Mandish SF, Gill BS, et al. Anaplastic thyroid cancer: prognostic factors, patterns of care, and overall survival: anaplastic thyroid cancer. Head Neck 2016; 38:E2083–E2090.
Moley JF, DeBenedetti MK. Patterns of nodal metastases in palpable medullary thyroid carcinoma: recommendations for extent of node dissection. Ann Surg 1999; 229:880- L 887.
Cohen MS, Moley JF. Surgical treatment of medullary thyroid carcinoma . J Intern Med 2003; 253:616–626.
Yen TWF, Shapiro SE, Gagel RF, et al. Medullary thyroid carcinoma: results of a standardized surgical approach in a contemporary series of 80 consecutive patients. Surgery 2003; 134:890–899.
Modigliani E, Cohen R, Campos J-M, et al. Prognostic factors for survival and for biochemical cure in medullary thyroid carcinoma: results in 899 patients: prognostic factors in medullary thyroid carcinoma. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1998; 48:265–273.
Dottorini ME, Assi A, Sironi M, et al. Multivariate analysis of patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma: prognostic significance and impact on treatment of clinical and pathologic variables. Cancer 1996; 77:1556–1565.
Fife KM, Bower M, Harmer CL. Medullary thyroid cancer: the role of radiotherapy in local control. Eur J Surg Oncol EJSO 1996; 22:588–591.
Brierley J, Tsang R, Simpson WJ, et al. Medullary thyroid cancer: analyses of survival and prognostic factors and the role of radiation therapy in local control. Thyroid 1996; 6:305–310.
Martinez SR, Beal SH, Chen A, et al. Adjuvant external beam radiation for medullary thyroid carcinoma. J Surg Oncol 2010; 102:175–178.
Schwartz DL, Rana V, Shaw S, et al. Postoperative radiotherapy for advanced medullary thyroid cancer—local disease control in the modern era. Head Neck 2008; 30:883–888.
Wells SA, Asa SL, Dralle H, et al. Revised American Thyroid Association Guidelines for the Management of Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma: The American Thyroid Association Guidelines Task Force on Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma. Thyroid 2015; 25:567–610.
Wang Y, Tsang R, Asa S, et al. Clinical outcome of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma treated with radiotherapy of once- and twice-daily fractionation regimens. Cancer 2006; 107:1786–1792.
Dandekar P, Harmer C, Barbachano Y, et al. Hyperfractionated Accelerated Radiotherapy (HART) for anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: toxicity and survival analysis. Int J Radiat Oncol 2009; 74:518–521.
Jacobsen A-B, Grøholt KK, Lorntzsen B, et al. Anaplastic thyroid cancer and hyperfractionated accelerated radiotherapy (HART) with and without surgery. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2017; 274:4203–4209.
Nutting CM, Convery DJ, Cosgrove VP, et al. Improvements in target coverage and reduced spinal cord irradiation using intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) in patients with carcinoma of the thyroid gland. Radiother Oncol 2001;60:173–180.
Referanslar
Fagin JA, Wells SA. Biologic and clinical perspectives on thyroid cancer. Longo DL, editor. N Engl J Med. 2016; 375: 1054–1067.
Iniguez-Ariza NM, Brito JP. Thyroid Cancer in Gunderson & Tepper’s Clinical Radiation Oncology, 5th edition, Elsevier, 2021. pp 742–759.
Sherma SI. Thyroid carcinoma. Lancet 2003; 361:501–511.
Amin MB, American Joint Committee on Cancer, American Cancer Society, editors. AJCC cancer staging manual. Eight edition /editor-in-chief, Mahul B. Amin, MD, FCAP; editors, Stephen B. Edge, MD, FACS [and 16 others]; Donna M. Gress, RHIT, CTR-Technical editor; Laura R. Meyer, CAPM-Managing editor. Chicago IL: American Joint Committee on Cancer, Springer; 2017. 1024 p
Kiess AP, Agrawal N, Brierley JD, et al. External-beam radiotherapy for differentiated thyroid cancer locoregional control: a statement of the American Head and Neck Society: external-beam RT for differentiated thyroid cancer. Head Neck 2016; 38:493–498.
Perros P, Boelaert K, Colley S, et al. Gerrard BA G, et al. Guidelines for the management of thyroid cancer. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2014; 81:1–122.
Haugen BR, Alexander EK, Bible KC, et al. 2015 American Thyroid Association Management Guidelines for Adult Patients with Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: The American Thyroid Association Guidelines Task Force on Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer. Thyroid 2016; 26:1–133.
Mangoni M, Gobitti C, Autorino R, et al. External beam radiotherapy in thyroid carcinoma: clinical review and recommendations of the AIRO ‘Radioterapia Metabolica’ Group. Tumori J 2017; 103:114–123.
Biermann M, Pixberg MK, Riemann B, et al. Clinical outcomes of adjuvant external-beamradiotherapy for differentiated thyroid cancer: Results after 874 patient-years of follow-up in the MSDS-trial. Nuklearmedizin 2009; 48:89–98.
Lee EK, Lee YJ, Jung Y-S, et al. Postoperative simultaneous integrated boostintensity modulated radiation therapy for patients with locoregionally advanced papillary thyroid carcinoma: preliminary results of a Phase II Trial and propensity score analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015; 100: 1009–1017.
Tsang RW, Brierley JD, Simpson WJ, et al. The effects of surgery, radioiodine, and external radiation therapy on the clinical outcome of patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Cancer 1998; 82:375–388.
Kim T-H, Yang D-S, Jung K-Y, et al. Value of external irradiation for locally advanced papillary thyroid cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol 2003; 55:1006–1012.
Keum KC, Suh YG, Koom WS, et al. The role of postoperative external-beam radiotherapy in the management of patients with papillary thyroid cancer invading the trachea. Int J Radiat Oncol 2006; 65:474–480.
Brierley J, Tsang R, Panzarella T, Bana N. Prognostic factors and the effect of treatment with radioactive iodine and external beam radiation on patients with differentiated thyroid cancer seen at a single institution over 40 years. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2005; 63:418–427.
Chen PV, Osborne R, Ahn E, et al. Adjuvant external-beam radiotherapy in patients with high-risk well differentiated thyroid cancer. Ear Nose Throat J 2009; 88:E01.
Chow S-M, Yau S, Kwan C-K, et al. Local and regional control in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma: specific indications of external radiotherapy and radioactive iodine according to T and N categories in AJCC 6th edition. Endocr Relat Cancer 2006; 13:1159–1172.
Lee NK, Kim CY, Baek S-K, Jung K-Y. The role of adjuvant radiation therapy for locoregionally advanced papillary thyroid carcinoma. Oncology 2016; 90:209–214.
Tam S, Amit M, Boonsripitayanon M, et al. Adjuvant external beam radiotherapy in locally advanced differentiated thyroid cancer. JAMA Otolaryngol Neck Surg 2017; 143:1244- L 1251.
Kim YS, Choi JH, Kim KS, et al. The role of adjuvant external beam radiation therapy for papillary thyroid carcinoma invading the trachea. Radiat Oncol J 2017; 35:112–120.
Dicuonzo S, Pedretti S, Mangoni M, et al. Adjuvant radiotherapy and radioiodine treatment for locally advanced differentiated thyroid cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. Tumori J 2021; 107:489–497.
Salehian B, Liem SY, Mojazi Amiri H, et al. Clinical trials in management of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma; progressions and set backs: a systematic review. Int J Endocrinol Metab 2019; 17:e67759.
Kwon J, Kim BH, Jung H-W, et al. The prognostic impacts of postoperative radiotherapy in the patients with resected anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Cancer 2016; 59:34–45.
Park JW, Choi SH, Yoon HI, et al. Treatment outcomes of radiotherapy for anaplastic thyroid cancer. Radiat Oncol J 2018; 36:103–113.
Saeed NA, Kelly JR, Deshpande HA, et al. Adjuvant external beam radiotherapy for surgically resected, nonmetastatic anaplastic thyroid cancer. Head Neck 2020; 42:1031–1044.
Wa¨ chter S, Vorla¨nder C, Schabram J, et al. Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: changing trends of treatment strategies and associated overall survival. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2020; 277:1507–1514.
Sun C, Li Q, Hu Z, et al. Treatment and prognosis of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: experience from a single institution in China. PLoS ONE 2013;8:e80011.
Glaser SM, Mandish SF, Gill BS, et al. Anaplastic thyroid cancer: prognostic factors, patterns of care, and overall survival: anaplastic thyroid cancer. Head Neck 2016; 38:E2083–E2090.
Moley JF, DeBenedetti MK. Patterns of nodal metastases in palpable medullary thyroid carcinoma: recommendations for extent of node dissection. Ann Surg 1999; 229:880- L 887.
Cohen MS, Moley JF. Surgical treatment of medullary thyroid carcinoma . J Intern Med 2003; 253:616–626.
Yen TWF, Shapiro SE, Gagel RF, et al. Medullary thyroid carcinoma: results of a standardized surgical approach in a contemporary series of 80 consecutive patients. Surgery 2003; 134:890–899.
Modigliani E, Cohen R, Campos J-M, et al. Prognostic factors for survival and for biochemical cure in medullary thyroid carcinoma: results in 899 patients: prognostic factors in medullary thyroid carcinoma. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1998; 48:265–273.
Dottorini ME, Assi A, Sironi M, et al. Multivariate analysis of patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma: prognostic significance and impact on treatment of clinical and pathologic variables. Cancer 1996; 77:1556–1565.
Fife KM, Bower M, Harmer CL. Medullary thyroid cancer: the role of radiotherapy in local control. Eur J Surg Oncol EJSO 1996; 22:588–591.
Brierley J, Tsang R, Simpson WJ, et al. Medullary thyroid cancer: analyses of survival and prognostic factors and the role of radiation therapy in local control. Thyroid 1996; 6:305–310.
Martinez SR, Beal SH, Chen A, et al. Adjuvant external beam radiation for medullary thyroid carcinoma. J Surg Oncol 2010; 102:175–178.
Schwartz DL, Rana V, Shaw S, et al. Postoperative radiotherapy for advanced medullary thyroid cancer—local disease control in the modern era. Head Neck 2008; 30:883–888.
Wells SA, Asa SL, Dralle H, et al. Revised American Thyroid Association Guidelines for the Management of Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma: The American Thyroid Association Guidelines Task Force on Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma. Thyroid 2015; 25:567–610.
Wang Y, Tsang R, Asa S, et al. Clinical outcome of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma treated with radiotherapy of once- and twice-daily fractionation regimens. Cancer 2006; 107:1786–1792.
Dandekar P, Harmer C, Barbachano Y, et al. Hyperfractionated Accelerated Radiotherapy (HART) for anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: toxicity and survival analysis. Int J Radiat Oncol 2009; 74:518–521.
Jacobsen A-B, Grøholt KK, Lorntzsen B, et al. Anaplastic thyroid cancer and hyperfractionated accelerated radiotherapy (HART) with and without surgery. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2017; 274:4203–4209.
Nutting CM, Convery DJ, Cosgrove VP, et al. Improvements in target coverage and reduced spinal cord irradiation using intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) in patients with carcinoma of the thyroid gland. Radiother Oncol 2001;60:173–180.
