Anaplastik Tiroid Kanseri
Özet
Anaplastik tiroit kanseri, son derece agresif ve mortalitesi yüksek bir kanser türüdür. Tanı anında vakaların çoğu metastatiktir. Hastaların çoğu ileri yaşta saptanmaktadır. Moleküler özellikler açısından, p53 ve BRAF gibi genetik mutasyonlarına sıkça rastlanmaktadır. Genel sağkalım kısa olup, tedaviye rağmen bir yıllık sağkalım oranı yalnızca %20 civarındadır. Tedavi seçenekleri arasında cerrahi, radyoterapi ve kemoterapi bulunmaktadır.
Anaplastic thyroid cancer is an extremely aggressive and high-mortality type of cancer. Most cases are metastatic at diagnosis. Most patients are detected at an advanced age. In terms of molecular properties, genetic mutations such as p53 and BRAF are frequently encountered. Overall survival is short, with a one-year survival rate of only around 20% despite treatment. Treatment options include surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy.
Referanslar
Neff RL, Farrar WB, Kloos RT, Burman KD. Anaplastic thyroid cancer. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2008 Jun;37(2):525–38, xi.
Davies L, Welch HG. Increasing incidence of thyroid cancer in the United States, 1973-2002. JAMA. 2006 May 10;295(18):2164–7.
Creton D. [Stripping and surgical exeresis of varicose veins]. Soins Chir. 1992 Mar;(133):11–6.
Smallridge RC, Copland JA. Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: pathogenesis and emerging therapies. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 2010 Aug;22(6):486–97.
McIver B, Hay ID, Giuffrida DF, Dvorak CE, Grant CS, Thompson GB, et al. Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: a 50-year experience at a single institution. Surgery. 2001 Dec;130(6):1028–34.
Tan RK, Finley RK, Driscoll D, Bakamjian V, Hicks WL, Shedd DP. Anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid: a 24-year experience. Head Neck. 1995;17(1):41–7; discussion 47-8.
Venkatesh YS, Ordonez NG, Schultz PN, Hickey RC, Goepfert H, Samaan NA. Anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid. A clinicopathologic study of 121 cases. Cancer. 1990 Jul 15;66(2):321–30.
Carcangiu ML, Steeper T, Zampi G, Rosai J. Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. A study of 70 cases. Am J Clin Pathol. 1985 Feb;83(2):135–58.
Nel CJ, van Heerden JA, Goellner JR, Gharib H, McConahey WM, Taylor WF, et al. Anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid: a clinicopathologic study of 82 cases. Mayo Clin Proc. 1985 Jan;60(1):51–8.
Moore JH, Bacharach B, Choi HY. Anaplastic transformation of metastatic follicular carcinoma of the thyroid. J Surg Oncol. 1985 Aug;29(4):216–21.
Ito T, Seyama T, Mizuno T, Tsuyama N, Hayashi Y, Dohi K, et al. Genetic alterations in thyroid tumor progression: association with p53 gene mutations. Jpn J Cancer Res. 1993 May;84(5):526–31.
Ito T, Seyama T, Mizuno T, Tsuyama N, Hayashi T, Hayashi Y, et al. Unique association of p53 mutations with undifferentiated but not with differentiated carcinomas of the thyroid gland. Cancer Res. 1992 Mar 1;52(5):1369–71.
Nakamura T, Yana I, Kobayashi T, Shin E, Karakawa K, Fujita S, et al. p53 gene mutations associated with anaplastic transformation of human thyroid carcinomas. Jpn J Cancer Res. 1992 Dec;83(12):1293–8.
Komoike Y, Tamaki Y, Sakita I, Tomita N, Ohue M, Sekimoto M, et al. Comparative genomic hybridization defines frequent loss on 16p in human anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. Int J Oncol. 1999 Jun;14(6):1157–62.
Smallridge RC, Marlow LA, Copland JA. Anaplastic thyroid cancer: molecular pathogenesis and emerging therapies. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2009 Mar;16(1):17–44.
Quiros RM, Ding HG, Gattuso P, Prinz RA, Xu X. Evidence that one subset of anaplastic thyroid carcinomas are derived from papillary carcinomas due to BRAF and p53 mutations. Cancer. 2005 Jun 1;103(11):2261–8.
Tennvall J, Lundell G, Wahlberg P, Bergenfelz A, Grimelius L, Akerman M, et al. Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: three protocols combining doxorubicin, hyperfractionated radiotherapy and surgery. Br J Cancer. 2002 Jun 17;86(12):1848–53.
Aldinger KA, Samaan NA, Ibanez M, Hill CS. Anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid: a review of 84 cases of spindle and giant cell carcinoma of the thyroid. Cancer. 1978 Jun;41(6):2267–75.
Hussey HH. Editorial: Evils of excessive application of technology in medicine. JAMA. 1975 Oct 6;234(1):81–2.
Chang TC, Liaw KY, Kuo SH, Chang CC, Chen FW. Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: review of 24 cases, with emphasis on cytodiagnosis and leukocytosis. Taiwan Yi Xue Hui Za Zhi. 1989 Jun;88(6):551–6.
Hanslik T, Gepner P, Franc B, Baglin AC, Blétry O, Baglin A. [Anaplastic cancer of the thyroid gland disclosed by prolonged fever or hyperleukocytosis. Two cases]. Ann Med Interne (Paris). 1996;147(2):122–4.
Glikson M, Feigin RD, Libson E, Rubinow A. Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma in a retrosternal goiter presenting as fever of unknown origin. Am J Med. 1990 Jan;88(1):81–2.
Lip GY, Jaap AJ, McCruden DC. A presentation of anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid with symptomatic intra-abdominal metastases. Br J Clin Pract. 1992;46(2):143–4.
Oppenheim A, Miller M, Anderson GH, Davis B, Slagle T. Anaplastic thyroid cancer presenting with hyperthyroidism. Am J Med. 1983 Oct;75(4):702–4.
Murakami T, Noguchi S, Murakami N, Tajiri J, Ohta Y. Destructive thyrotoxicosis in a patient with anaplastic thyroid cancer. Endocrinol Jpn. 1989 Dec;36(6):905–7.
Nishiyama RH, Dunn EL, Thompson NW. Anaplastic spindle-cell and giant-cell tumors of the thyroid gland. Cancer. 1972 Jul;30(1):113–27.
Kang K, Park JH, Ryu JY, Lee SY, Ko GJ, Kwon YJ. Acute pyelonephritis with anaplastic thyroid carcinoma producing granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. Blood Res. 2013;48(1):63-66.
Sato T, Omura M, Saito J, Hirasawa A, Kakuta Y, Wakabayashi Y, Nishikawa T. Neutrophilia associated with anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid: production of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and interleukin-6. Thyroid. 2000;10(12):1113-1118.
Janczak D, Pawlowski W, Dorobisz T, Janczak D, Dorobisz K, Leśniak M, et al. An evaluation of the diagnostic efficacy of fine needle aspiration biopsy in patients operated for a thyroid nodular goiter. OncoTargets Ther. 2016;9:5819-5823.
Jin M, Jakowski J, Wakely PE Jr. Undifferentiated (anaplastic) thyroid carcinoma and its mimics: a report of 59 cases. J Am Soc Cytopathol. 2016;5(2):107-115.
Bogsrud TV, Karantanis D, Nathan MA, Mullan BP, Wiseman GA, Kasperbauer JL, et al. 18F-FDG PET in the management of patients with anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid. 2008;18(7):713-719.
Poisson T, Deandreis D, Leboulleux S, Bidault F, Bonniaud G, Baillot S, et al. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography and computed tomography in anaplastic thyroid cancer. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2010;37:2277-2285.
Khan N, Oriuchi N, Higuchi T, Endo K. Review of fluorine-18-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) in the follow-up of medullary and anaplastic thyroid carcinomas. Cancer Control. 2005;12(4):254-260.
Nguyen BD, Ram PC. PET/CT staging and posttherapeutic monitoring of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. Clin Nucl Med. 2007;32(2):145-149.
Smith AL, Williams MD, Stewart J, Wang WL, Krishnamurthy S, Cabanillas ME, Roy-Chowdhuri S. Utility of the BRAF p.V600E immunoperoxidase stain in FNA direct smears and cell block preparations from patients with thyroid carcinoma. Cancer Cytopathol. 2018;126(6):406-413.
Hu S, Helman SN, Hanly E, Likhterov I. The role of surgery in anaplastic thyroid cancer: A systematic review. Am J Otolaryngol. 2017;38(3):337-350.
Troch M, Koperek O, Scheuba C, Dieckmann K, Hoffmann M, Niederle B, Raderer M. High efficacy of concomitant treatment of undifferentiated (anaplastic) thyroid cancer with radiation and docetaxel. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95(9):E54-E57.
Beckham TH, Romesser PB, Groen AH, Sabol C, Shaha AR, Sabra M, et al. Intensity-modulated radiation therapy with or without concurrent chemotherapy in nonanaplastic thyroid cancer with unresectable or gross residual disease. Thyroid. 2018;28(9):1180-1189.
Haddad R, Mahadevan A, Posner MR, Sullivan C. Long term survival with adjuvant carboplatin, paclitaxel, and radiation therapy in anaplastic thyroid cancer. Am J Clin Oncol. 2005;28(1):104.
Sherman EJ, Lim SH, Ho AL, Ghossein RA, Fury MG, Shaha AR, et al. Concurrent doxorubicin and radiotherapy for anaplastic thyroid cancer: a critical re-evaluation including uniform pathologic review. Radiother Oncol. 2011;101(3):425-430.
Levendag PC, De Porre PM, Van Putten WL. Anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid gland treated by radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1993;26(1):125-128.
Prasongsook N, Foote RL, Molina JR, Kasperbauer JC, Garces YI, Ma D, et al. Impact of aggressive combined-modality primary therapy in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC): An updated single-institution experience.
Chintakuntlawar AV, Yin J, Foote RL, Kasperbauer JL, Rivera M, Asmus E, et al. A phase 2 study of pembrolizumab combined with chemoradiotherapy as initial treatment for anaplastic thyroid cancer. Thyroid. 2019;29(11):1615-1622.
De Crevoisier R, Baudin E, Bachelot A, Leboulleux S, Travagli JP, Caillou B, et al. Combined treatment of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma with surgery, chemotherapy, and hyperfractionated accelerated external radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004;60(4):1137-1143.
Kim JH, Leeper RD. Treatment of locally advanced thyroid carcinoma with combination doxorubicin and radiation therapy. Cancer. 1987;60(10):2372-2375.
Foote RL, Molina JR, Kasperbauer JL, Lloyd RV, McIver B, Morris JC, et al. Enhanced survival in locoregionally confined anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: a single-institution experience using aggressive multimodal therapy. Thyroid. 2011;21(1):25-30.
Sherman EJ, Harris J, Bible KC, Xia P, Ghossein RA, Chung CH, et al. Radiotherapy and paclitaxel plus pazopanib or placebo in anaplastic thyroid cancer (NRG/RTOG 0912): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2023;24(2):175-186.
Wang JR, Zafereo ME, Dadu R, Ferrarotto R, Busaidy NL, Lu C, et al. Complete surgical resection following neoadjuvant dabrafenib plus trametinib in BRAFV600E-mutated anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid. 2019;29(8):1036-1043.
Cabanillas ME, Ferrarotto R, Garden AS, Ahmed S, Busaidy NL, Dadu R, et al. Neoadjuvant BRAF-and immune-directed therapy for anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid. 2018;28(7):945-95
Subbiah V, Kreitman RJ, Wainberg ZA, Cho JY, Schellens JHM, Soria JC, et al. Dabrafenib plus trametinib in patients with BRAF V600E-mutant anaplastic thyroid cancer: updated analysis from the phase II ROAR basket study. Ann Oncol. 2022;33(4):406-415.
Waguespack SG, Drilon A, Lin JJ, Brose MS, McDermott R, Almubarak M, et al. Efficacy and safety of larotrectinib in patients with TRK fusion-positive thyroid carcinoma. Eur J Endocrinol. 2022;186(6):631-643.
Cabanillas ME, Drilon A, Farago AF, Brose MS, McDermott R, Sohal D, et al. Larotrectinib treatment of advanced TRK fusion thyroid cancer. Ann Oncol. 2020;31:S1086.
Wirth LJ, Sherman E, Robinson B, Solomon B, Kang H, Lorch J, et al. Efficacy of selpercatinib in RET-altered thyroid cancers. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(9):825-835.
Wagle N, Grabiner BC, Van Allen EM, Amin-Mansour A, Taylor-Weiner A, Rosenberg M, et al. Response and acquired resistance to everolimus in anaplastic thyroid cancer. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(15):1426-1433.
Godbert Y, de Figueiredo BH, Bonichon F, Chibon F, Hostein I, Pérot G, et al. Remarkable response to crizotinib in woman with anaplastic lymphoma kinase-rearranged anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33(20):e84-e87.
Drilon A, Laetsch TW, Kummar S, DuBois SG, Lassen UN, Demetri GD, et al. Efficacy of larotrectinib in TRK fusion–positive cancers in adults and children. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(8):731-739.
Doebele RC, Drilon A, Paz-Ares L, Siena S, Shaw AT, Farago AF, et al. Entrectinib in patients with advanced or metastatic NTRK fusion-positive solid tumours: integrated analysis of three phase 1–2 trials. Lancet Oncol. 2020;21(2):271-282.
Dierks C, Ruf J, Seufert J, Kreissl M, Klein C, Spitzweg C, et al. Phase II ATLEP trial: Final results for lenvatinib/pembrolizumab in metastasized anaplastic and poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Ann Oncol. 2022;33:S1295.
Tallroth, E., Wallin, G., Lundell, G., Löwhagen, T., & Einhorn, J. (1987). Multimodality treatment in anaplastic giant cell thyroid carcinoma. Cancer, 60(7), 1428-1431
Kebebew, E., Greenspan, F. S., Clark, O. H., Woeber, K. A., & McMillan, A. (2005). Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: treatment outcome and prognostic factors. Cancer, 103(7), 1330-1335.
Akslen, L. A., Haldorsen, T., Thoresen, S. Ø., & Glattre, E. (1991). Survival and causes of death in thyroid cancer: a population-based study of 2479 cases from Norway. Cancer research, 51(4), 1234-1241.
Referanslar
Neff RL, Farrar WB, Kloos RT, Burman KD. Anaplastic thyroid cancer. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2008 Jun;37(2):525–38, xi.
Davies L, Welch HG. Increasing incidence of thyroid cancer in the United States, 1973-2002. JAMA. 2006 May 10;295(18):2164–7.
Creton D. [Stripping and surgical exeresis of varicose veins]. Soins Chir. 1992 Mar;(133):11–6.
Smallridge RC, Copland JA. Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: pathogenesis and emerging therapies. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 2010 Aug;22(6):486–97.
McIver B, Hay ID, Giuffrida DF, Dvorak CE, Grant CS, Thompson GB, et al. Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: a 50-year experience at a single institution. Surgery. 2001 Dec;130(6):1028–34.
Tan RK, Finley RK, Driscoll D, Bakamjian V, Hicks WL, Shedd DP. Anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid: a 24-year experience. Head Neck. 1995;17(1):41–7; discussion 47-8.
Venkatesh YS, Ordonez NG, Schultz PN, Hickey RC, Goepfert H, Samaan NA. Anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid. A clinicopathologic study of 121 cases. Cancer. 1990 Jul 15;66(2):321–30.
Carcangiu ML, Steeper T, Zampi G, Rosai J. Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. A study of 70 cases. Am J Clin Pathol. 1985 Feb;83(2):135–58.
Nel CJ, van Heerden JA, Goellner JR, Gharib H, McConahey WM, Taylor WF, et al. Anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid: a clinicopathologic study of 82 cases. Mayo Clin Proc. 1985 Jan;60(1):51–8.
Moore JH, Bacharach B, Choi HY. Anaplastic transformation of metastatic follicular carcinoma of the thyroid. J Surg Oncol. 1985 Aug;29(4):216–21.
Ito T, Seyama T, Mizuno T, Tsuyama N, Hayashi Y, Dohi K, et al. Genetic alterations in thyroid tumor progression: association with p53 gene mutations. Jpn J Cancer Res. 1993 May;84(5):526–31.
Ito T, Seyama T, Mizuno T, Tsuyama N, Hayashi T, Hayashi Y, et al. Unique association of p53 mutations with undifferentiated but not with differentiated carcinomas of the thyroid gland. Cancer Res. 1992 Mar 1;52(5):1369–71.
Nakamura T, Yana I, Kobayashi T, Shin E, Karakawa K, Fujita S, et al. p53 gene mutations associated with anaplastic transformation of human thyroid carcinomas. Jpn J Cancer Res. 1992 Dec;83(12):1293–8.
Komoike Y, Tamaki Y, Sakita I, Tomita N, Ohue M, Sekimoto M, et al. Comparative genomic hybridization defines frequent loss on 16p in human anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. Int J Oncol. 1999 Jun;14(6):1157–62.
Smallridge RC, Marlow LA, Copland JA. Anaplastic thyroid cancer: molecular pathogenesis and emerging therapies. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2009 Mar;16(1):17–44.
Quiros RM, Ding HG, Gattuso P, Prinz RA, Xu X. Evidence that one subset of anaplastic thyroid carcinomas are derived from papillary carcinomas due to BRAF and p53 mutations. Cancer. 2005 Jun 1;103(11):2261–8.
Tennvall J, Lundell G, Wahlberg P, Bergenfelz A, Grimelius L, Akerman M, et al. Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: three protocols combining doxorubicin, hyperfractionated radiotherapy and surgery. Br J Cancer. 2002 Jun 17;86(12):1848–53.
Aldinger KA, Samaan NA, Ibanez M, Hill CS. Anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid: a review of 84 cases of spindle and giant cell carcinoma of the thyroid. Cancer. 1978 Jun;41(6):2267–75.
Hussey HH. Editorial: Evils of excessive application of technology in medicine. JAMA. 1975 Oct 6;234(1):81–2.
Chang TC, Liaw KY, Kuo SH, Chang CC, Chen FW. Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: review of 24 cases, with emphasis on cytodiagnosis and leukocytosis. Taiwan Yi Xue Hui Za Zhi. 1989 Jun;88(6):551–6.
Hanslik T, Gepner P, Franc B, Baglin AC, Blétry O, Baglin A. [Anaplastic cancer of the thyroid gland disclosed by prolonged fever or hyperleukocytosis. Two cases]. Ann Med Interne (Paris). 1996;147(2):122–4.
Glikson M, Feigin RD, Libson E, Rubinow A. Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma in a retrosternal goiter presenting as fever of unknown origin. Am J Med. 1990 Jan;88(1):81–2.
Lip GY, Jaap AJ, McCruden DC. A presentation of anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid with symptomatic intra-abdominal metastases. Br J Clin Pract. 1992;46(2):143–4.
Oppenheim A, Miller M, Anderson GH, Davis B, Slagle T. Anaplastic thyroid cancer presenting with hyperthyroidism. Am J Med. 1983 Oct;75(4):702–4.
Murakami T, Noguchi S, Murakami N, Tajiri J, Ohta Y. Destructive thyrotoxicosis in a patient with anaplastic thyroid cancer. Endocrinol Jpn. 1989 Dec;36(6):905–7.
Nishiyama RH, Dunn EL, Thompson NW. Anaplastic spindle-cell and giant-cell tumors of the thyroid gland. Cancer. 1972 Jul;30(1):113–27.
Kang K, Park JH, Ryu JY, Lee SY, Ko GJ, Kwon YJ. Acute pyelonephritis with anaplastic thyroid carcinoma producing granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. Blood Res. 2013;48(1):63-66.
Sato T, Omura M, Saito J, Hirasawa A, Kakuta Y, Wakabayashi Y, Nishikawa T. Neutrophilia associated with anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid: production of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and interleukin-6. Thyroid. 2000;10(12):1113-1118.
Janczak D, Pawlowski W, Dorobisz T, Janczak D, Dorobisz K, Leśniak M, et al. An evaluation of the diagnostic efficacy of fine needle aspiration biopsy in patients operated for a thyroid nodular goiter. OncoTargets Ther. 2016;9:5819-5823.
Jin M, Jakowski J, Wakely PE Jr. Undifferentiated (anaplastic) thyroid carcinoma and its mimics: a report of 59 cases. J Am Soc Cytopathol. 2016;5(2):107-115.
Bogsrud TV, Karantanis D, Nathan MA, Mullan BP, Wiseman GA, Kasperbauer JL, et al. 18F-FDG PET in the management of patients with anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid. 2008;18(7):713-719.
Poisson T, Deandreis D, Leboulleux S, Bidault F, Bonniaud G, Baillot S, et al. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography and computed tomography in anaplastic thyroid cancer. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2010;37:2277-2285.
Khan N, Oriuchi N, Higuchi T, Endo K. Review of fluorine-18-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) in the follow-up of medullary and anaplastic thyroid carcinomas. Cancer Control. 2005;12(4):254-260.
Nguyen BD, Ram PC. PET/CT staging and posttherapeutic monitoring of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. Clin Nucl Med. 2007;32(2):145-149.
Smith AL, Williams MD, Stewart J, Wang WL, Krishnamurthy S, Cabanillas ME, Roy-Chowdhuri S. Utility of the BRAF p.V600E immunoperoxidase stain in FNA direct smears and cell block preparations from patients with thyroid carcinoma. Cancer Cytopathol. 2018;126(6):406-413.
Hu S, Helman SN, Hanly E, Likhterov I. The role of surgery in anaplastic thyroid cancer: A systematic review. Am J Otolaryngol. 2017;38(3):337-350.
Troch M, Koperek O, Scheuba C, Dieckmann K, Hoffmann M, Niederle B, Raderer M. High efficacy of concomitant treatment of undifferentiated (anaplastic) thyroid cancer with radiation and docetaxel. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95(9):E54-E57.
Beckham TH, Romesser PB, Groen AH, Sabol C, Shaha AR, Sabra M, et al. Intensity-modulated radiation therapy with or without concurrent chemotherapy in nonanaplastic thyroid cancer with unresectable or gross residual disease. Thyroid. 2018;28(9):1180-1189.
Haddad R, Mahadevan A, Posner MR, Sullivan C. Long term survival with adjuvant carboplatin, paclitaxel, and radiation therapy in anaplastic thyroid cancer. Am J Clin Oncol. 2005;28(1):104.
Sherman EJ, Lim SH, Ho AL, Ghossein RA, Fury MG, Shaha AR, et al. Concurrent doxorubicin and radiotherapy for anaplastic thyroid cancer: a critical re-evaluation including uniform pathologic review. Radiother Oncol. 2011;101(3):425-430.
Levendag PC, De Porre PM, Van Putten WL. Anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid gland treated by radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1993;26(1):125-128.
Prasongsook N, Foote RL, Molina JR, Kasperbauer JC, Garces YI, Ma D, et al. Impact of aggressive combined-modality primary therapy in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC): An updated single-institution experience.
Chintakuntlawar AV, Yin J, Foote RL, Kasperbauer JL, Rivera M, Asmus E, et al. A phase 2 study of pembrolizumab combined with chemoradiotherapy as initial treatment for anaplastic thyroid cancer. Thyroid. 2019;29(11):1615-1622.
De Crevoisier R, Baudin E, Bachelot A, Leboulleux S, Travagli JP, Caillou B, et al. Combined treatment of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma with surgery, chemotherapy, and hyperfractionated accelerated external radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004;60(4):1137-1143.
Kim JH, Leeper RD. Treatment of locally advanced thyroid carcinoma with combination doxorubicin and radiation therapy. Cancer. 1987;60(10):2372-2375.
Foote RL, Molina JR, Kasperbauer JL, Lloyd RV, McIver B, Morris JC, et al. Enhanced survival in locoregionally confined anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: a single-institution experience using aggressive multimodal therapy. Thyroid. 2011;21(1):25-30.
Sherman EJ, Harris J, Bible KC, Xia P, Ghossein RA, Chung CH, et al. Radiotherapy and paclitaxel plus pazopanib or placebo in anaplastic thyroid cancer (NRG/RTOG 0912): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2023;24(2):175-186.
Wang JR, Zafereo ME, Dadu R, Ferrarotto R, Busaidy NL, Lu C, et al. Complete surgical resection following neoadjuvant dabrafenib plus trametinib in BRAFV600E-mutated anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid. 2019;29(8):1036-1043.
Cabanillas ME, Ferrarotto R, Garden AS, Ahmed S, Busaidy NL, Dadu R, et al. Neoadjuvant BRAF-and immune-directed therapy for anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid. 2018;28(7):945-95
Subbiah V, Kreitman RJ, Wainberg ZA, Cho JY, Schellens JHM, Soria JC, et al. Dabrafenib plus trametinib in patients with BRAF V600E-mutant anaplastic thyroid cancer: updated analysis from the phase II ROAR basket study. Ann Oncol. 2022;33(4):406-415.
Waguespack SG, Drilon A, Lin JJ, Brose MS, McDermott R, Almubarak M, et al. Efficacy and safety of larotrectinib in patients with TRK fusion-positive thyroid carcinoma. Eur J Endocrinol. 2022;186(6):631-643.
Cabanillas ME, Drilon A, Farago AF, Brose MS, McDermott R, Sohal D, et al. Larotrectinib treatment of advanced TRK fusion thyroid cancer. Ann Oncol. 2020;31:S1086.
Wirth LJ, Sherman E, Robinson B, Solomon B, Kang H, Lorch J, et al. Efficacy of selpercatinib in RET-altered thyroid cancers. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(9):825-835.
Wagle N, Grabiner BC, Van Allen EM, Amin-Mansour A, Taylor-Weiner A, Rosenberg M, et al. Response and acquired resistance to everolimus in anaplastic thyroid cancer. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(15):1426-1433.
Godbert Y, de Figueiredo BH, Bonichon F, Chibon F, Hostein I, Pérot G, et al. Remarkable response to crizotinib in woman with anaplastic lymphoma kinase-rearranged anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33(20):e84-e87.
Drilon A, Laetsch TW, Kummar S, DuBois SG, Lassen UN, Demetri GD, et al. Efficacy of larotrectinib in TRK fusion–positive cancers in adults and children. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(8):731-739.
Doebele RC, Drilon A, Paz-Ares L, Siena S, Shaw AT, Farago AF, et al. Entrectinib in patients with advanced or metastatic NTRK fusion-positive solid tumours: integrated analysis of three phase 1–2 trials. Lancet Oncol. 2020;21(2):271-282.
Dierks C, Ruf J, Seufert J, Kreissl M, Klein C, Spitzweg C, et al. Phase II ATLEP trial: Final results for lenvatinib/pembrolizumab in metastasized anaplastic and poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Ann Oncol. 2022;33:S1295.
Tallroth, E., Wallin, G., Lundell, G., Löwhagen, T., & Einhorn, J. (1987). Multimodality treatment in anaplastic giant cell thyroid carcinoma. Cancer, 60(7), 1428-1431
Kebebew, E., Greenspan, F. S., Clark, O. H., Woeber, K. A., & McMillan, A. (2005). Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: treatment outcome and prognostic factors. Cancer, 103(7), 1330-1335.
Akslen, L. A., Haldorsen, T., Thoresen, S. Ø., & Glattre, E. (1991). Survival and causes of death in thyroid cancer: a population-based study of 2479 cases from Norway. Cancer research, 51(4), 1234-1241.
