Tiroid Kanserlerinde Radyolojik Tanı Yöntemleri
Özet
Tiroid kanseri tüm endokrin neoplaziler içerisinde en sık görülendir. Radyolojik tanı yöntemlerinin de kullanım sıklığının artmasıyla tiroid kanserinin görülme sıklığı günümüzde 2000’li yıllara kıyasla 2 kat artmıştır. Artan radyolojik yöntemlerin kullanılmasıyla beraber saptanan nodüllerin benign veya malign ayrımını doğru yapmak ve doğru hastada doğru radyolojik tanı aracı kullanmak gerekmektedir. Bu yazıda, kullanılan radyolojik tanı yöntemleri ve saptanan nodüllerin malign ve benign ayrımının nasıl yapılabileceği anlatılacaktır.
Thyroid cancer is the most common of all endocrine neoplasias. With the increasing use of radiological diagnostic methods, the incidence of thyroid cancer has doubled today compared to the 2000s. With the increasing use of radiological methods, it is necessary to correctly differentiate the detected nodules as benign or malignant and to use the correct radiological diagnostic tool. In this article, radiological diagnostic methods and how to differentiate malignant and benign nodules will be explained.
Referanslar
Bonjoc KJ, Young H, Warner S, Gernon T, Maghami E, Chaudhry A. Thyroid cancer diagnosis in the era of precision imaging. J Thorac Dis. 2020;12(9):5128-5139. doi:10.21037/jtd.2019.08.37
Haymart MR, Banerjee M, Reyes-Gastelum D, Caoili E, Norton EC. Thyroid Ultrasound and the Increase in Diagnosis of Low-Risk Thyroid Cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018;104(3):785-792. doi:10.1210/jc.2018-01933
Moon JH, Hyun MK, Lee JY, et al. Prevalence of thyroid nodules and their associated clinical parameters: A large-scale, multicenter-based health checkup study. Korean J Intern Med. 2018;33(4):753-762. doi:10.3904/kjim.2015.273
Brauckhoff K, Biermann M. Multimodal imaging of thyroid cancer. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2020;27(5):335-344. doi:10.1097/MED.0000000000000574
Ram N, Hafeez S, Qamar S, et al. Diagnostic validity of ultrasonography in thyroid nodules. J Pak Med Assoc. 2015;65(8):875-878.
Tessler FN, Middleton WD, Grant EG, et al. ACR Thyroid Imaging, Reporting and Data System (TI-RADS): White Paper of the ACR TI-RADS Committee. J Am Coll Radiol. 2017;14(5):587-595. doi:10.1016/j.jacr.2017.01.046
Grant EG, Tessler FN, Hoang JK, et al. Thyroid ultrasound reporting lexicon: White paper of the ACR thyroid imaging, reporting and data system (TIRADS) committee. J Am Coll Radiol. 2015;12(12):1272-1279. doi:10.1016/j.jacr.2015.07.011
Durante C, Costante G, Lucisano G, et al. The natural history of benign thyroid nodules. JAMA - J Am Med Assoc. 2015;313(9):926-935. doi:10.1001/jama.2015.0956
Ghervan C. Thyroid and parathyroid ultrasound. Med Ultrason. 2011;13(1):80-84.
Chudgar A V., Shah JC. Pictorial review of false-positive results on radioiodine scintigrams of patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. Radiographics. 2017;37(1):298-315. doi:10.1148/rg.2017160074
Xue YL, Qiu ZL, Perotti G, Salvatori M, Luo QY. 131I SPECT/CT: A one-station imaging modality in the management of differentiated thyroid cancer. Clin Transl Imaging. 2013;1(3):163-173. doi:10.1007/s40336-013-0020-4
Ahmed S, Horton KM, Jeffrey RB, Sheth S, Fishman EK. Incidental thyroid nodules on chest CT: Review of the literature and management suggestions. Am J Roentgenol. 2010;195(5):1066-1071. doi:10.2214/AJR.10.4506
Miyakoshi A, Dalley RW, Anzai Y. Magnetic resonance imaging of thyroid cancer. Top Magn Reson Imaging. 2007;18(4):293-302. doi:10.1097/RMR.0b013e318572b76
Abraham T, Schöder H. Thyroid cancer-indications and opportunities for positron emission tomography/computed tomography imaging. Semin Nucl Med. 2011;41(2):121-138. doi:10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2010.10.006
Gavrila A. CLINICAL THYROIDOLOGY FOR THE PUBLIC Thyroid Awareness Monthly Campaigns The ATA will be highlighting a distinct thyroid. 2015;8(3):3-4.
King AD, Ahuja AT, To EWH, Tse GMK, Metreweli C. Staging papillary carcinoma of the thyroid: Magnetic resonance imaging vs ultrasound of the neck. Clin Radiol. 2000;55(3):222-226. doi:10.1053/crad.1999.0373
Binse I, Poeppel TD, Ruhlmann M, et al. Imaging with 124I in differentiated thyroid carcinoma: is PET/MRI superior to PET/CT? Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2016;43(6):1011-1017. doi:10.1007/s00259-015-3288-y
Haugen BR, Alexander EK, Bible KC, et al. 2015 American Thyroid Association Management Guidelines for Adult Patients with Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: The American Thyroid Association Guidelines Task Force on Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer. Thyroid. 2016;26(1):1-133. doi:10.1089/thy.2015.0020
Referanslar
Bonjoc KJ, Young H, Warner S, Gernon T, Maghami E, Chaudhry A. Thyroid cancer diagnosis in the era of precision imaging. J Thorac Dis. 2020;12(9):5128-5139. doi:10.21037/jtd.2019.08.37
Haymart MR, Banerjee M, Reyes-Gastelum D, Caoili E, Norton EC. Thyroid Ultrasound and the Increase in Diagnosis of Low-Risk Thyroid Cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018;104(3):785-792. doi:10.1210/jc.2018-01933
Moon JH, Hyun MK, Lee JY, et al. Prevalence of thyroid nodules and their associated clinical parameters: A large-scale, multicenter-based health checkup study. Korean J Intern Med. 2018;33(4):753-762. doi:10.3904/kjim.2015.273
Brauckhoff K, Biermann M. Multimodal imaging of thyroid cancer. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2020;27(5):335-344. doi:10.1097/MED.0000000000000574
Ram N, Hafeez S, Qamar S, et al. Diagnostic validity of ultrasonography in thyroid nodules. J Pak Med Assoc. 2015;65(8):875-878.
Tessler FN, Middleton WD, Grant EG, et al. ACR Thyroid Imaging, Reporting and Data System (TI-RADS): White Paper of the ACR TI-RADS Committee. J Am Coll Radiol. 2017;14(5):587-595. doi:10.1016/j.jacr.2017.01.046
Grant EG, Tessler FN, Hoang JK, et al. Thyroid ultrasound reporting lexicon: White paper of the ACR thyroid imaging, reporting and data system (TIRADS) committee. J Am Coll Radiol. 2015;12(12):1272-1279. doi:10.1016/j.jacr.2015.07.011
Durante C, Costante G, Lucisano G, et al. The natural history of benign thyroid nodules. JAMA - J Am Med Assoc. 2015;313(9):926-935. doi:10.1001/jama.2015.0956
Ghervan C. Thyroid and parathyroid ultrasound. Med Ultrason. 2011;13(1):80-84.
Chudgar A V., Shah JC. Pictorial review of false-positive results on radioiodine scintigrams of patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. Radiographics. 2017;37(1):298-315. doi:10.1148/rg.2017160074
Xue YL, Qiu ZL, Perotti G, Salvatori M, Luo QY. 131I SPECT/CT: A one-station imaging modality in the management of differentiated thyroid cancer. Clin Transl Imaging. 2013;1(3):163-173. doi:10.1007/s40336-013-0020-4
Ahmed S, Horton KM, Jeffrey RB, Sheth S, Fishman EK. Incidental thyroid nodules on chest CT: Review of the literature and management suggestions. Am J Roentgenol. 2010;195(5):1066-1071. doi:10.2214/AJR.10.4506
Miyakoshi A, Dalley RW, Anzai Y. Magnetic resonance imaging of thyroid cancer. Top Magn Reson Imaging. 2007;18(4):293-302. doi:10.1097/RMR.0b013e318572b76
Abraham T, Schöder H. Thyroid cancer-indications and opportunities for positron emission tomography/computed tomography imaging. Semin Nucl Med. 2011;41(2):121-138. doi:10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2010.10.006
Gavrila A. CLINICAL THYROIDOLOGY FOR THE PUBLIC Thyroid Awareness Monthly Campaigns The ATA will be highlighting a distinct thyroid. 2015;8(3):3-4.
King AD, Ahuja AT, To EWH, Tse GMK, Metreweli C. Staging papillary carcinoma of the thyroid: Magnetic resonance imaging vs ultrasound of the neck. Clin Radiol. 2000;55(3):222-226. doi:10.1053/crad.1999.0373
Binse I, Poeppel TD, Ruhlmann M, et al. Imaging with 124I in differentiated thyroid carcinoma: is PET/MRI superior to PET/CT? Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2016;43(6):1011-1017. doi:10.1007/s00259-015-3288-y
Haugen BR, Alexander EK, Bible KC, et al. 2015 American Thyroid Association Management Guidelines for Adult Patients with Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: The American Thyroid Association Guidelines Task Force on Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer. Thyroid. 2016;26(1):1-133. doi:10.1089/thy.2015.0020
