Tiroid Kanserlerinde Epidemiyoloji
Özet
Tiroid kanseri, endokrin maligniteler içinde en sık görülen malignitedir. İnsidansı son yıllarda dramatik olarak artmıştır. Coğrafi bölgelere göre değişiklik göstermektedir. Bu artışa tiroid bezinin yoğun şekilde incelenmesi ve ultrasonografinin ve diğer modern teşhis tekniklerinin yaygın kullanımı, önceden saptanamayan, sessiz tiroid tümörlerinin tespit edilmesi katkı sağlamıştır. Bu zamana kadar tiroid kanseri için belirlenmiş iki risk faktörü vardır. Bunlar iyonize radyasyon ve aile öyküsüdür. Bununla birlikte yeni birtakım risk faktörlerine maruz kalmadaki artışın da tiroid kanser epidemisine katkıda bulunup bulunmadığı henüz netlik kazanmamıştır.
Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy. The incidence has increased dramatically in recent years. Varies depending on geographical regions. Intensive examination of the thyroid gland and the widespread use of ultrasonography and other modern diagnostic techniques have contributed to this increase, as has the detection of previously undetectable, silent thyroid tumors. Until recent years, there were two identified risk factors for thyroid cancer. These are ionizing radiation and family history. However, it is not yet clear whether increased exposure to some new risk factors also contributes to the thyroid cancer epidemic.
Referanslar
Brito JP, Davies L. Is there really an increased incidence of thyroid cancer? Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2014 Oct;21(5):405-8. doi: 10.1097/MED.0000000000000094. PMID: 25102407.
Li M, Brito JP, Vaccarella S. Long-Term Declines of Thyroid Cancer Mortality: An International Age-Period-Cohort Analysis. Thyroid. 2020 Jun;30(6):838-846. doi: 10.1089/thy.2019.0684. Epub 2020 Mar 2. PMID: 31964280.
Vaccarella S, Franceschi S, Bray F, Wild CP, Plummer M, Dal Maso L. Worldwide Thyroid-Cancer Epidemic? The Increasing Impact of Overdiagnosis. N Engl J Med. 2016 Aug 18;375(7):614-7. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp1604412. PMID: 27532827.
Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, Bray F. Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021 May;71(3):209-249. doi: 10.3322/caac.21660. Epub 2021 Feb 4. PMID: 33538338.
Kim J, Gosnell JE, Roman SA. Geographic influences in the global rise of thyroid cancer. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2020 Jan;16(1):17-29. doi: 10.1038/s41574-019-0263-x. Epub 2019 Oct 15. PMID: 31616074.
Simard EP, Ward EM, Siegel R, Jemal A. Cancers with increasing incidence trends in the United States: 1999 through 2008. CA Cancer J Clin. 2012 Mar-Apr;62(2):118-28. doi: 10.3322/caac.20141. Epub 2012 Jan 4. Erratum in: CA Cancer J Clin. 2012 Jul-Aug;62(4):277. PMID: 22281605.
Türkıye Kanser İstatıstıklerı. T.C.Sağlık Bakanlığı, Türkiye Halk Sağlığı Kurumu, Kanser Savaş Daire Başkanlığı. 2018.
Kanser Dairesi Başkanlığı. Tiroid Kanserleri, Dünyada ve Türkiye’de Tiroid Kanserleri. Rapor No:5, Ankara, 2016.
Davies L, Welch HG. Increasing incidence of thyroid cancer in the United States, 1973-2002. JAMA 2006;295(18):2164-7.
La Vecchia C, Malvezzi M, Bosetti C, el al. Thyroid cancer mortality and incidence: a global overview. Int J Cancer. 2015;136:2187-95.
Lim H, Devesa SS, Sosa JA, Check D, Kitahara CM. Trends in thyroid cancer ıncidence and mortality in the United States, 1974- 2013. JAMA. 2017;317:1338-48.
Schonfeld SJ, Lee C, Berrington de González A. Medical exposure to radiation and thyroid cancer. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 2011 May;23(4):244-50. doi: 10.1016/j.clon.2011.01.159. Epub 2011 Feb 5. PMID: 21296564.
Memon A, Darif M, Al-Saleh K, Suresh A. Epidemiology of reproductive and hormonal factors in thyroid cancer: evidence from a case-control study in the Middle East. Int J Cancer. 2002 Jan 1;97(1):82-9. doi: 10.1002/ijc.1573. PMID: 11774247.
Schmid D, Behrens G, Jochem C, Keimling M, Leitzmann M. Physical activity, diabetes, and risk of thyroid cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Epidemiol. 2013 Dec;28(12):945-58. doi: 10.1007/s10654-013-9865-0. Epub 2013 Nov 17. PMID: 24243033.
Samani AA, Yakar S, LeRoith D, Brodt P. The role of the IGF system in cancer growth and metastasis: overview and recent insights. Endocr Rev. 2007 Feb;28(1):20-47. doi: 10.1210/er.2006-0001. Epub 2006 Aug 24. PMID: 16931767.
Gharib, Hossein, et al. "American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, Associazione Medici Endocrinologi, and European Thyroid Association medical guidelines for clinical practice for the diagnosis and management of thyroid nodules: executive summary of recommendations." Journal of endocrinological investigation 33 (2010): 287-291.
Udelsman, Robert, and Yawei Zhang. "The epidemic of thyroid cancer in the United States: the role of endocrinologists and ultrasounds." Thyroid 24.3 (2014): 472-479.
Li M, Dal Maso L, Vaccarella S. Global trends in thyroid cancer incidence and the impact of overdiagnosis. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020 Jun;8(6):468-470. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(20)30115-7. PMID: 32445733.
Referanslar
Brito JP, Davies L. Is there really an increased incidence of thyroid cancer? Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2014 Oct;21(5):405-8. doi: 10.1097/MED.0000000000000094. PMID: 25102407.
Li M, Brito JP, Vaccarella S. Long-Term Declines of Thyroid Cancer Mortality: An International Age-Period-Cohort Analysis. Thyroid. 2020 Jun;30(6):838-846. doi: 10.1089/thy.2019.0684. Epub 2020 Mar 2. PMID: 31964280.
Vaccarella S, Franceschi S, Bray F, Wild CP, Plummer M, Dal Maso L. Worldwide Thyroid-Cancer Epidemic? The Increasing Impact of Overdiagnosis. N Engl J Med. 2016 Aug 18;375(7):614-7. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp1604412. PMID: 27532827.
Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, Bray F. Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021 May;71(3):209-249. doi: 10.3322/caac.21660. Epub 2021 Feb 4. PMID: 33538338.
Kim J, Gosnell JE, Roman SA. Geographic influences in the global rise of thyroid cancer. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2020 Jan;16(1):17-29. doi: 10.1038/s41574-019-0263-x. Epub 2019 Oct 15. PMID: 31616074.
Simard EP, Ward EM, Siegel R, Jemal A. Cancers with increasing incidence trends in the United States: 1999 through 2008. CA Cancer J Clin. 2012 Mar-Apr;62(2):118-28. doi: 10.3322/caac.20141. Epub 2012 Jan 4. Erratum in: CA Cancer J Clin. 2012 Jul-Aug;62(4):277. PMID: 22281605.
Türkıye Kanser İstatıstıklerı. T.C.Sağlık Bakanlığı, Türkiye Halk Sağlığı Kurumu, Kanser Savaş Daire Başkanlığı. 2018.
Kanser Dairesi Başkanlığı. Tiroid Kanserleri, Dünyada ve Türkiye’de Tiroid Kanserleri. Rapor No:5, Ankara, 2016.
Davies L, Welch HG. Increasing incidence of thyroid cancer in the United States, 1973-2002. JAMA 2006;295(18):2164-7.
La Vecchia C, Malvezzi M, Bosetti C, el al. Thyroid cancer mortality and incidence: a global overview. Int J Cancer. 2015;136:2187-95.
Lim H, Devesa SS, Sosa JA, Check D, Kitahara CM. Trends in thyroid cancer ıncidence and mortality in the United States, 1974- 2013. JAMA. 2017;317:1338-48.
Schonfeld SJ, Lee C, Berrington de González A. Medical exposure to radiation and thyroid cancer. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 2011 May;23(4):244-50. doi: 10.1016/j.clon.2011.01.159. Epub 2011 Feb 5. PMID: 21296564.
Memon A, Darif M, Al-Saleh K, Suresh A. Epidemiology of reproductive and hormonal factors in thyroid cancer: evidence from a case-control study in the Middle East. Int J Cancer. 2002 Jan 1;97(1):82-9. doi: 10.1002/ijc.1573. PMID: 11774247.
Schmid D, Behrens G, Jochem C, Keimling M, Leitzmann M. Physical activity, diabetes, and risk of thyroid cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Epidemiol. 2013 Dec;28(12):945-58. doi: 10.1007/s10654-013-9865-0. Epub 2013 Nov 17. PMID: 24243033.
Samani AA, Yakar S, LeRoith D, Brodt P. The role of the IGF system in cancer growth and metastasis: overview and recent insights. Endocr Rev. 2007 Feb;28(1):20-47. doi: 10.1210/er.2006-0001. Epub 2006 Aug 24. PMID: 16931767.
Gharib, Hossein, et al. "American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, Associazione Medici Endocrinologi, and European Thyroid Association medical guidelines for clinical practice for the diagnosis and management of thyroid nodules: executive summary of recommendations." Journal of endocrinological investigation 33 (2010): 287-291.
Udelsman, Robert, and Yawei Zhang. "The epidemic of thyroid cancer in the United States: the role of endocrinologists and ultrasounds." Thyroid 24.3 (2014): 472-479.
Li M, Dal Maso L, Vaccarella S. Global trends in thyroid cancer incidence and the impact of overdiagnosis. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020 Jun;8(6):468-470. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(20)30115-7. PMID: 32445733.
