19. Yüzyılda İtalyan Romantik Operası
Özet
Bugün Gioacchino Rossini, Gaetano Donizetti, Vincenzo Bellini ve Giuseppe Verdi’nin eserleri neredeyse opera ile eş anlamlıdır, ancak bu eserler farklı sosyo-ekonomik unsurların etkisinde ortaya çıkmıştı. Orta sınıf konser izleyicisi artmış, yeni izlerkitle yeni bir repertuvar talep eder hâle gelmiş, opera, pek çok Avrupa ülkesini birbirine bağlayan bir iş kolu hâline gelmişti. Bestecilerin, librettistlerin, şarkıcıların ve siyasi otoritelerin bir arada olduğu bu sahnede başvurulan kaynaklar, öncesinden daha kozmopolitti; konular, çok daha uzak coğrafyalarda geçiyordu; bununla beraber ulusalcı idealler, uzak görünen olgular ve kişilerde dahi gözlemlenebiliyor ya da kolayca böyle yorumlanabiliyordu.
Referanslar
Ambrose, M. (1981). Walter Scott, Italian Opera and Romantic Stage-Setting. Italian Studies, 36 (1), 58-78, Doi: 10.1179/its.1981.36.1.58.
Apel, W. (2000). Harvard Dictionary of Music (Second edition). Cambridge & Massachusetts: Belknap Press.
Bernstein, J. A. (2002). ‘Bewitched, bothered and bewildered’: Lady Macbeth, sleepwalking, and the demonic in Verdi’s Scottish Opera. Cambridge Opera Journal, 14 (1-2), 31-46. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954586702000034.
Budden, J. (1973). The Operas of Verdi (Vol. 1). Oxford: A Clarendon Press Publication.
Budden, J. (2001). Opera semiseria. Grove Music Online. (03.03.2024 tarihinde https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000020384 adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
Celletti, R. (1979). On Verdi’s Vocal Writing. William Weaver & Martin Chusid (Ed.), The Verdi Companion (216-238). New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
Clark, P. (t.y.) From the Archives: Norma at the Met. (26.02.2024 tarihinde https://www.metopera.org/discover/archives/notes-from-the-archives/from-the-archives-norma-at-the-met/ adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
Dahlhaus, C. (1980). Die Musik des 19. Jahrhunderts. Laaber: Laaber-Verlag.
Dahlhaus, D. (1985). Realism in Nineteenth Century Music (First English Edition). Mary Whitall (Çev. Ed.). Cambridge & New York: Cambridge University Press.
Finscher, L. (1983-1984). Weber’s ‘Freischütz’: Conceptions and Misconceptions. Royal Musical Association, 110, 79-90.
Friedheim, P. (1973). Formal Patterns in Verdi’s Il Trovatore. Studies in Romanticism, 12 (1), 406-425. Doi: 10.2307/25599872.
Gauthier, C. R. & Jennifer McFarlane-Harris, J. (2012). Nationalism, Racial Difference, and ‘Egyptian’ Meaning in Verdi’s Aida. Naomi Andre, Karen M. Bryan, Eric Saylor (Ed.), Blackness in Opera (Champaign, IL, 2012; Illinois Scholarship Online, 2017), (03.03.2024 tarihinde https://doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036781.003.0004 adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
Humbert, J. M. (2015). Mariette Pacha and Verdi’s Aïda. Antiquity, 59 (226), 101-105. Doi: 10.1017/S0003598X0005691X.
Jander, O. & Harris, E. T. (2001). Bel canto. Grove Music Online. (26.02.2024 tarihinde https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000002551 adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
Kimbell, D. R. B. (1974). The Young Verdi and Shakespeare. Royal Musical Association, 101(1), 59-60.
Kimbell, D. R. B. (2001). Vincenzo Bellini: Norma. Amanda Holden (Ed.), The New Penguin Opera Guide (46-55), New York: Penguin Putnam.
Klein, J. W. (1926). Verdi and ‘Falstaff’. The Musical Times, 67 (1001), 605-607. Doi: 10.2307/911833.
Denise Gallo, “ ‘Repatriating’ Falstaff: Boito, Verdi and Shakespeare (in Translation). Nineteenth-Century Music Review, 7(02), 13-15.
Lang, P. H. (1941). Music in Western Civilization (First Edition). New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
Miller, R. (2008). Securing Baritone, Bass-Baritone, and Bass Voices. New York: Oxford University Press.
Osborne, C. (1977). The Complete Operas of Verdi. New York: Da Capo Press.
Carmen Pardo, C. (2021). About an inthymn. Reflections on Va, pensiero by Giuseppe Verdi. Carlos João Correia, Emília Ferreira (Ed.), Aesthetics, Art and Intimacy (187-203). Lisboa: Centro de Filosofia da Universidade de Lisboa.
Parker, R. (2012). Verdi politico: a wounded cliché regroups. Journal of Modern Italian Studies, 17 (4), 427-436. Doi: 10.1080/1354571X.2012.690581.
Parker, R. (2001). Verdi, Giuseppe. Grove Music Online. (03.03.2024 tarihinde https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/978156159 adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
Philips-Matz, M. J. (1993). Verdi: A Biography, London & New York: Oxford University Press.
Rutherford, S. (2016). The Genesis of Norma. Gary Kahn (Ed.), Overture Opera Guides (9-24). Richmond: Overture Publishing.
Robinson, P. (1993). Is Aida an orientalist opera?. Cambridge Opera Journal, 5 (2), 133-140.
Sadie, S. & Macy, L. (ed., 1996). The Grove Book of Operas (First Edition). New York: Oxford University Press.
Said, E. W. (1987). The Imperial Spectacle. Grand Street, 6 (2), 82-104. Doi: 10.2307/25006961.
Schmidgall, G. (1977). Literature as Opera. New York: Oxford University Press.
Stallknecht, F. A. (2001). Dramenmodell und ideologische Entwicklung der italienischen Oper im frühen Ottocento. Stuttgart & Weimar: Verlag J. B. Metzler.
Stark, J. (1999). Bel Canto: A History of Vocal Pedagogy, Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Tucci, G. (1967). Viva Verdi!. Music Journal, 25 (10), 23.
Watson, R. N. (2003). Tragedy. A. R. Braunmuller & Michael Hattaway (Ed.), The Cambridge Companion to English Renaissance Drama (292-343), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Weaver, W. (1977). Verdi: A Documentary Study. London: Thames and Hudson.
Weinstock, H. (1971). Bellini: His Life and His Operas. New York: Knopf.
(2002). Da capo (opera). Grove Music Online. (03.03.2024 tarihinde https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-5000901241 adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
Referanslar
Ambrose, M. (1981). Walter Scott, Italian Opera and Romantic Stage-Setting. Italian Studies, 36 (1), 58-78, Doi: 10.1179/its.1981.36.1.58.
Apel, W. (2000). Harvard Dictionary of Music (Second edition). Cambridge & Massachusetts: Belknap Press.
Bernstein, J. A. (2002). ‘Bewitched, bothered and bewildered’: Lady Macbeth, sleepwalking, and the demonic in Verdi’s Scottish Opera. Cambridge Opera Journal, 14 (1-2), 31-46. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954586702000034.
Budden, J. (1973). The Operas of Verdi (Vol. 1). Oxford: A Clarendon Press Publication.
Budden, J. (2001). Opera semiseria. Grove Music Online. (03.03.2024 tarihinde https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000020384 adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
Celletti, R. (1979). On Verdi’s Vocal Writing. William Weaver & Martin Chusid (Ed.), The Verdi Companion (216-238). New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
Clark, P. (t.y.) From the Archives: Norma at the Met. (26.02.2024 tarihinde https://www.metopera.org/discover/archives/notes-from-the-archives/from-the-archives-norma-at-the-met/ adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
Dahlhaus, C. (1980). Die Musik des 19. Jahrhunderts. Laaber: Laaber-Verlag.
Dahlhaus, D. (1985). Realism in Nineteenth Century Music (First English Edition). Mary Whitall (Çev. Ed.). Cambridge & New York: Cambridge University Press.
Finscher, L. (1983-1984). Weber’s ‘Freischütz’: Conceptions and Misconceptions. Royal Musical Association, 110, 79-90.
Friedheim, P. (1973). Formal Patterns in Verdi’s Il Trovatore. Studies in Romanticism, 12 (1), 406-425. Doi: 10.2307/25599872.
Gauthier, C. R. & Jennifer McFarlane-Harris, J. (2012). Nationalism, Racial Difference, and ‘Egyptian’ Meaning in Verdi’s Aida. Naomi Andre, Karen M. Bryan, Eric Saylor (Ed.), Blackness in Opera (Champaign, IL, 2012; Illinois Scholarship Online, 2017), (03.03.2024 tarihinde https://doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036781.003.0004 adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
Humbert, J. M. (2015). Mariette Pacha and Verdi’s Aïda. Antiquity, 59 (226), 101-105. Doi: 10.1017/S0003598X0005691X.
Jander, O. & Harris, E. T. (2001). Bel canto. Grove Music Online. (26.02.2024 tarihinde https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000002551 adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
Kimbell, D. R. B. (1974). The Young Verdi and Shakespeare. Royal Musical Association, 101(1), 59-60.
Kimbell, D. R. B. (2001). Vincenzo Bellini: Norma. Amanda Holden (Ed.), The New Penguin Opera Guide (46-55), New York: Penguin Putnam.
Klein, J. W. (1926). Verdi and ‘Falstaff’. The Musical Times, 67 (1001), 605-607. Doi: 10.2307/911833.
Denise Gallo, “ ‘Repatriating’ Falstaff: Boito, Verdi and Shakespeare (in Translation). Nineteenth-Century Music Review, 7(02), 13-15.
Lang, P. H. (1941). Music in Western Civilization (First Edition). New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
Miller, R. (2008). Securing Baritone, Bass-Baritone, and Bass Voices. New York: Oxford University Press.
Osborne, C. (1977). The Complete Operas of Verdi. New York: Da Capo Press.
Carmen Pardo, C. (2021). About an inthymn. Reflections on Va, pensiero by Giuseppe Verdi. Carlos João Correia, Emília Ferreira (Ed.), Aesthetics, Art and Intimacy (187-203). Lisboa: Centro de Filosofia da Universidade de Lisboa.
Parker, R. (2012). Verdi politico: a wounded cliché regroups. Journal of Modern Italian Studies, 17 (4), 427-436. Doi: 10.1080/1354571X.2012.690581.
Parker, R. (2001). Verdi, Giuseppe. Grove Music Online. (03.03.2024 tarihinde https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/978156159 adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
Philips-Matz, M. J. (1993). Verdi: A Biography, London & New York: Oxford University Press.
Rutherford, S. (2016). The Genesis of Norma. Gary Kahn (Ed.), Overture Opera Guides (9-24). Richmond: Overture Publishing.
Robinson, P. (1993). Is Aida an orientalist opera?. Cambridge Opera Journal, 5 (2), 133-140.
Sadie, S. & Macy, L. (ed., 1996). The Grove Book of Operas (First Edition). New York: Oxford University Press.
Said, E. W. (1987). The Imperial Spectacle. Grand Street, 6 (2), 82-104. Doi: 10.2307/25006961.
Schmidgall, G. (1977). Literature as Opera. New York: Oxford University Press.
Stallknecht, F. A. (2001). Dramenmodell und ideologische Entwicklung der italienischen Oper im frühen Ottocento. Stuttgart & Weimar: Verlag J. B. Metzler.
Stark, J. (1999). Bel Canto: A History of Vocal Pedagogy, Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Tucci, G. (1967). Viva Verdi!. Music Journal, 25 (10), 23.
Watson, R. N. (2003). Tragedy. A. R. Braunmuller & Michael Hattaway (Ed.), The Cambridge Companion to English Renaissance Drama (292-343), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Weaver, W. (1977). Verdi: A Documentary Study. London: Thames and Hudson.
Weinstock, H. (1971). Bellini: His Life and His Operas. New York: Knopf.
(2002). Da capo (opera). Grove Music Online. (03.03.2024 tarihinde https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-5000901241 adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
