Viyanalı Ustalar ve Sonat Formu
Özet
On sekizinci yüzyıl Avrupa’da Aydınlanma felsefesinin ve ona bağlı gelişen rasyonel düşüncenin toplumsal-ekonomik hemen her alana yayıldığı bir çağ oldu. Bu gelişmeleri büyük toplumsal devrimler izledi. Böyle bir ortamda müzik dünyasının da yüzyılın ikinci yarısıyla beraber yeni bir evreye girmesi gecikmedi. Bugün “Viyanalı Klasikler” ya da “Viyana Okulu” gibi ifadeler üzerinden andığımız Haydn, Mozart ve Beethoven gibi Ortak Uygulamanın üç büyük ismi de tam bu döneme denk geldiler. Bu çalışmada adı geçen Viyanalı Ustaların gerek kendi hikâyeleri gerek kesişen yolları ele alınırken aynı zamanda dönemin en bilinen biçimlerinden biri olan sonat allegrosu formunun temel özelliklerine de kısaca yer verilmiştir.
Referanslar
Clive, H. P. (2001). Beethoven and his world: a biographical dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Cooper, B. (2008). Beethoven. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Einstein, A. (1958). Essays on music. London: Faber and Faber. Einstein, A. (1962). Mozart, his character, his work. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Eisen, C. Keefe, S. P. eds. (2006). The Cambridge Mozart encyclopedia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gutman, R. (2000). Mozart: A cultural biography. London: Harcourt Brace.
Hadden, J. C. (2008). Haydn. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
Heartz, D. (2009). Mozart, Haydn and early Beethoven, 1781–1802. New York: W. W. Norton.
Irving, J. (1998). Mozart: The Haydn Quartets. Cambridge University Press.
Jones, D. W. ed. (1996). Music in eighteenth-century Austria. Cambridge University Press.
Jones, D. W. (1998). The life of Beethoven. Cambridge University Press.
Jones, D. W. (2006). The symphony in Beethoven's Vienna. Cambridge University Press.
Jones, D. W. (2009). The life of Haydn. Cambridge University Press. Jones, D. W. (2016). Music in Vienna: 1700, 1800, 1900. Boydell Press.
Leichtentritt, H. (1951). Musical form. Harvard University Press. Lockwood, L. (2005). Beethoven: The music and the life. New York: W.W. Norton.
Morris, E. (2010). Beethoven: The universal composer. London: Harper Collins.
Rosen, C. (1988). Sonata forms. WW Norton & Company.
Rosen, C. (1998). The classical style: Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven.
New York City: W. W. Norton & Company.
Sadie, S. ed. (1998). The New Grove Dictionary of Opera. New York: Grove's Dictionaries of Music.
Sadie, S. (2006). Mozart. Oxford University Press, UK.
Sisman, E. (1993). Haydn and the classical variation. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Solomon, M. (1998). Beethoven. New York: Schirmer Trade Books.
Stanley, G. ed. (2000). The Cambridge companion to Beethoven. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Swafford, J. (2014). Beethoven: Anguish and triumph. London: Faber & Faber.
Thayer, A. W. (1967). Thayer's Life of Beethoven. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Usmanbaş, İ. (1974). Müzikte biçimler. İstanbul: MEB.
Referanslar
Clive, H. P. (2001). Beethoven and his world: a biographical dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Cooper, B. (2008). Beethoven. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Einstein, A. (1958). Essays on music. London: Faber and Faber. Einstein, A. (1962). Mozart, his character, his work. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Eisen, C. Keefe, S. P. eds. (2006). The Cambridge Mozart encyclopedia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gutman, R. (2000). Mozart: A cultural biography. London: Harcourt Brace.
Hadden, J. C. (2008). Haydn. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
Heartz, D. (2009). Mozart, Haydn and early Beethoven, 1781–1802. New York: W. W. Norton.
Irving, J. (1998). Mozart: The Haydn Quartets. Cambridge University Press.
Jones, D. W. ed. (1996). Music in eighteenth-century Austria. Cambridge University Press.
Jones, D. W. (1998). The life of Beethoven. Cambridge University Press.
Jones, D. W. (2006). The symphony in Beethoven's Vienna. Cambridge University Press.
Jones, D. W. (2009). The life of Haydn. Cambridge University Press. Jones, D. W. (2016). Music in Vienna: 1700, 1800, 1900. Boydell Press.
Leichtentritt, H. (1951). Musical form. Harvard University Press. Lockwood, L. (2005). Beethoven: The music and the life. New York: W.W. Norton.
Morris, E. (2010). Beethoven: The universal composer. London: Harper Collins.
Rosen, C. (1988). Sonata forms. WW Norton & Company.
Rosen, C. (1998). The classical style: Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven.
New York City: W. W. Norton & Company.
Sadie, S. ed. (1998). The New Grove Dictionary of Opera. New York: Grove's Dictionaries of Music.
Sadie, S. (2006). Mozart. Oxford University Press, UK.
Sisman, E. (1993). Haydn and the classical variation. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Solomon, M. (1998). Beethoven. New York: Schirmer Trade Books.
Stanley, G. ed. (2000). The Cambridge companion to Beethoven. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Swafford, J. (2014). Beethoven: Anguish and triumph. London: Faber & Faber.
Thayer, A. W. (1967). Thayer's Life of Beethoven. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Usmanbaş, İ. (1974). Müzikte biçimler. İstanbul: MEB.
