Çağdaş Britanya Tiyatrosunda Çokkültürlülük Temsilleri
Özet
Bu çalışma, kültür ve çokkültürlülük kavramlarının sosyo-politik kodlarını öne çıkarmayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu doğrultuda, Britanya gündelik hayatının inşasında belirleyici rol oynayan tahakküm yapıları ve iktidar ilişkileri sorgulanmaktadır. En nihayetinde, İngiliz tarihindeki toplumsal ve siyasi olayların kültürle etkileşimlerini, seçilen iki tiyatro oyunu aracılığıyla tartışmaktadır: Richard Bean’in İngiltere İnsanları Pek Kibar ve Tanika Gupta’nın Anita ve Ben adlı oyunları. Her iki oyunda da, elitist kültür kavrayışlarının çepere ittiği proletarya, göçmen ve kadın deneyimi kültür tartışmasının odağına yerleştirilmiştir. Böylelikle; etnisite, sınıf, kültür ve toplumsal cinsiyet temelli tahakküm ve ayrımcılık biçimleri ile eşitsizlikler deşifre edilmiştir.
Referanslar
Adams, Stephen. “National Theatre Faces Further Action over ‘Racist’ Play.” Telegraph. 3 Mart 2009. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/theatre/4933145/National-Theatre-faces-further- action-over-racist-play.html
Anderson, Benedict. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. Londra: Verso, 1981.
Arnold, Matthew (2006). Culture and Anarchy. Londra: Oxford UP.
Ashcroft, Richard T. ve Mark Bevir. “Multiculturalism in Contemporary Britain: Policy, Law and Theory.” Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy, 21:1, 2018, ss. 1-21, DOI: 10.1080/13698230.2017.1398443
BBCNEWS. “Jackie Magazine - How A ‘Teenage Bible’ Defined the 1970s.” 19 Eylül 2013. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-24054765
Bean, Richard. England People Very Nice. Londra: Oberon Books, 2009.
Brennan, Clare. “Anita and Me Review – Fragmented Adaptation of Meera Syal’s Novel.” The Guardian. 15 Ekim 2015.https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2015/oct/18/anita-and-me-review-fragmented-adaptation-meera-syal-novel
Brooker, Peter. A Glossary of Cultural Theory. 2. Baskı. Londra ve New York: Arnold Publishers, 2003.
Chambers, Iain. Göç, Kültür, Kimlik. İsmail Türkmen ve Mehmet Beşikçi (çev.) İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları, 2005.
Dijk, Teun Van. “Söylem ve İdeoloji: Çok Alanlı Bir Yaklaşım,” Söylem ve İdeoloji. 2. Baskı. Barış Çoban, Zeynep Özarslan, vd. (çev.) İstanbul: Su Yayınları, 2015, ss. 15-100.
Dodd, Vikram. “Protesters Go on National Stage in Play Row.” The Guardian. 2 Mart 2009. https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2009/mar/02/protest-national-theatre-play-row
Edgar, Andrew ve Peter Sedgwick. Cultural Theory: The Key Concepts. 2. Baskı. Londra ve New York: Routledge, 2008.
Espiner, Mark. “What to Say About England People Very Nice.” The Guardian. 13 Şubat, 2009. https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2009/feb/13/england-people-very-nice-what-to-say
Fabian, Johannes. Time and the Other: How Antrolopogy Makes It Object. New York:Columbia UP, 1983.
Fraser, Nancy. “Rethinking the Public Sphere: A Contribution to the Critique of Actually Existing Democracy.” Social Text, No. 25/26, 1990, ss. 56-80.
Gupta, Tanika. Anita and Me. Londra: Oberon Books, 2015.
Hall, Stuart. “Cultural Studies and the Centre: Some Problematics and Problems,” Culture, Media, Language. Stuart Hall, Dorothy Hobson, Andrew Lowe, and Paul Willis (eds.) Londra & New York: Taylor & Francis, 2005.
-----. “Conclusion: The Multi-cultural Question,” Un/Settled Multiculturalisms: Diasporas, Entanglements, ‘Transruptions.’ Barnor Hesse (ed.) London: Zed Books, 2000, ss. 209-41.
Hay, Funda. “Transculturalism in Medieval Romance: Anonymous The Quest For The Holy Grail, The Song of Roland and Chaucer’s Troilus and Criseyde.” Doktora Tezi. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi, 2019.
-----. “Geoffrey Chaucer’ın Troilus ve Criseyde Eserinde Kültürötesilik.” DTCF Dergisi 57.1, 2017, ss 704-719.
Haydon, Andrew. “England People Very Nice Ridicules Racial Stereotypes.” The Guardian. 18 Şubat 2009. https://www.theguardian.com/stage/theatreblog/2009/feb/18/england-people-very-nice-racial-stereotypes
Kymlicka, Will. Multicultural Odysesses. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2007.
Marwick, Arthur. British Society Since 1945. 3. Baskı. Middlesex: Penguin Books, 1996.
Menteşe, Dilek. “Humour and Transnational Identity in Andrea Levy’s Fruit of the Lemon.” Humour in Western Literature. İstanbul: Kriter, 2016.
Modood, Tariq. “Remaking Multiculturalism after 7/7,” OpenDemocracy, 28 Eylül 2005. https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/multiculturalism_2879jsp/ Erişim Tarihi: 09.07.2023.
Mouffe, Chantal. Siyasal Üzerine. Mehmet Ratip (çev.) İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 2005.
Nicholson, Steve. Modern British Playwriting: the 1960s. London: Methuen, 2012.
Oruç, Mehmet Sebih. “Raymond Williams’ın Medya ve Kültür Teorisi Üzerine Bir İnceleme.” Humanitas, 8(16), 2020, ss. 332-353. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1027296
Parekh, Bhikhu. A New Politics of Identity: Political Principles for an Interdependent World. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008.
-----. Rethinking Multiculturalism: Cultural Diversity and Political Theory. 2. Baskı. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006.
Phillips, Caryl. Colour Me English: Selected Essays. London: Harvill Secker, 2011.
Pitcher, Ben. The Politics of Multiculturalism: Race and Racism in Contemporary Britain. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.
Said, Edward W. Culture and Imperialism. New York: Vintage Books, 1994.
Smith, Philip ve Alexander Riley. Kültürel Kurama Giriş. Selime Güzelsarı ve İbrahim Gündoğdu (çev.) Ankara: Dipnot Yayınları, 2016.
Taylor, Charles. “The Politics of Recognition.” Multiculturalism: Examining the Politics of Recognition. Amy Gutmann (ed.) Princeton & New Jersey: Princeton UP, 1994, ss. 25-73.
Thompson, John B. İdeoloji ve Modern Kültür: Kitle İletişimi Çağında Eleştirel Toplum Kuramı. İdil Çetin (çev.) Ankara: Dipnot Yayınları, 2013.
Williams, Raymond. Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society. New York: Oxford UP, 1983.
Yaylagül, Levent. “Kapitalizm ve Kitle İletişimi.” Medya, Popüler Kültür ve İdeoloji. Levent Yaylagül ve Nilüfer Korkmaz (Derleyenler). Ankara: Dipnot Yayınları, ss. 7-22.
Yudice, George. The Expediency of Culture: Uses of Culture in the Global Era. Durham and London: Duke UP, 2003.
Referanslar
Adams, Stephen. “National Theatre Faces Further Action over ‘Racist’ Play.” Telegraph. 3 Mart 2009. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/theatre/4933145/National-Theatre-faces-further- action-over-racist-play.html
Anderson, Benedict. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. Londra: Verso, 1981.
Arnold, Matthew (2006). Culture and Anarchy. Londra: Oxford UP.
Ashcroft, Richard T. ve Mark Bevir. “Multiculturalism in Contemporary Britain: Policy, Law and Theory.” Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy, 21:1, 2018, ss. 1-21, DOI: 10.1080/13698230.2017.1398443
BBCNEWS. “Jackie Magazine - How A ‘Teenage Bible’ Defined the 1970s.” 19 Eylül 2013. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-24054765
Bean, Richard. England People Very Nice. Londra: Oberon Books, 2009.
Brennan, Clare. “Anita and Me Review – Fragmented Adaptation of Meera Syal’s Novel.” The Guardian. 15 Ekim 2015.https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2015/oct/18/anita-and-me-review-fragmented-adaptation-meera-syal-novel
Brooker, Peter. A Glossary of Cultural Theory. 2. Baskı. Londra ve New York: Arnold Publishers, 2003.
Chambers, Iain. Göç, Kültür, Kimlik. İsmail Türkmen ve Mehmet Beşikçi (çev.) İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları, 2005.
Dijk, Teun Van. “Söylem ve İdeoloji: Çok Alanlı Bir Yaklaşım,” Söylem ve İdeoloji. 2. Baskı. Barış Çoban, Zeynep Özarslan, vd. (çev.) İstanbul: Su Yayınları, 2015, ss. 15-100.
Dodd, Vikram. “Protesters Go on National Stage in Play Row.” The Guardian. 2 Mart 2009. https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2009/mar/02/protest-national-theatre-play-row
Edgar, Andrew ve Peter Sedgwick. Cultural Theory: The Key Concepts. 2. Baskı. Londra ve New York: Routledge, 2008.
Espiner, Mark. “What to Say About England People Very Nice.” The Guardian. 13 Şubat, 2009. https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2009/feb/13/england-people-very-nice-what-to-say
Fabian, Johannes. Time and the Other: How Antrolopogy Makes It Object. New York:Columbia UP, 1983.
Fraser, Nancy. “Rethinking the Public Sphere: A Contribution to the Critique of Actually Existing Democracy.” Social Text, No. 25/26, 1990, ss. 56-80.
Gupta, Tanika. Anita and Me. Londra: Oberon Books, 2015.
Hall, Stuart. “Cultural Studies and the Centre: Some Problematics and Problems,” Culture, Media, Language. Stuart Hall, Dorothy Hobson, Andrew Lowe, and Paul Willis (eds.) Londra & New York: Taylor & Francis, 2005.
-----. “Conclusion: The Multi-cultural Question,” Un/Settled Multiculturalisms: Diasporas, Entanglements, ‘Transruptions.’ Barnor Hesse (ed.) London: Zed Books, 2000, ss. 209-41.
Hay, Funda. “Transculturalism in Medieval Romance: Anonymous The Quest For The Holy Grail, The Song of Roland and Chaucer’s Troilus and Criseyde.” Doktora Tezi. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi, 2019.
-----. “Geoffrey Chaucer’ın Troilus ve Criseyde Eserinde Kültürötesilik.” DTCF Dergisi 57.1, 2017, ss 704-719.
Haydon, Andrew. “England People Very Nice Ridicules Racial Stereotypes.” The Guardian. 18 Şubat 2009. https://www.theguardian.com/stage/theatreblog/2009/feb/18/england-people-very-nice-racial-stereotypes
Kymlicka, Will. Multicultural Odysesses. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2007.
Marwick, Arthur. British Society Since 1945. 3. Baskı. Middlesex: Penguin Books, 1996.
Menteşe, Dilek. “Humour and Transnational Identity in Andrea Levy’s Fruit of the Lemon.” Humour in Western Literature. İstanbul: Kriter, 2016.
Modood, Tariq. “Remaking Multiculturalism after 7/7,” OpenDemocracy, 28 Eylül 2005. https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/multiculturalism_2879jsp/ Erişim Tarihi: 09.07.2023.
Mouffe, Chantal. Siyasal Üzerine. Mehmet Ratip (çev.) İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 2005.
Nicholson, Steve. Modern British Playwriting: the 1960s. London: Methuen, 2012.
Oruç, Mehmet Sebih. “Raymond Williams’ın Medya ve Kültür Teorisi Üzerine Bir İnceleme.” Humanitas, 8(16), 2020, ss. 332-353. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1027296
Parekh, Bhikhu. A New Politics of Identity: Political Principles for an Interdependent World. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008.
-----. Rethinking Multiculturalism: Cultural Diversity and Political Theory. 2. Baskı. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006.
Phillips, Caryl. Colour Me English: Selected Essays. London: Harvill Secker, 2011.
Pitcher, Ben. The Politics of Multiculturalism: Race and Racism in Contemporary Britain. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.
Said, Edward W. Culture and Imperialism. New York: Vintage Books, 1994.
Smith, Philip ve Alexander Riley. Kültürel Kurama Giriş. Selime Güzelsarı ve İbrahim Gündoğdu (çev.) Ankara: Dipnot Yayınları, 2016.
Taylor, Charles. “The Politics of Recognition.” Multiculturalism: Examining the Politics of Recognition. Amy Gutmann (ed.) Princeton & New Jersey: Princeton UP, 1994, ss. 25-73.
Thompson, John B. İdeoloji ve Modern Kültür: Kitle İletişimi Çağında Eleştirel Toplum Kuramı. İdil Çetin (çev.) Ankara: Dipnot Yayınları, 2013.
Williams, Raymond. Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society. New York: Oxford UP, 1983.
Yaylagül, Levent. “Kapitalizm ve Kitle İletişimi.” Medya, Popüler Kültür ve İdeoloji. Levent Yaylagül ve Nilüfer Korkmaz (Derleyenler). Ankara: Dipnot Yayınları, ss. 7-22.
Yudice, George. The Expediency of Culture: Uses of Culture in the Global Era. Durham and London: Duke UP, 2003.
