Bir Küçük Adadan Diğerine: Andrea Levy’nin Küçük Ada Romanında Kimliğini Arayan Küçük Adalılar
Özet
Bu çalışmanın amacı, Jamaika asıllı Britanyalı yazar Andrea Levy’nin Küçük Ada (2004) adlı romanında ele aldığı çokkültürlü Britanya toplumunda çoklu Britanyalı kimliklerinin oluşumunu ve bu süreçte hem siyahilerin hem de beyazların yaşadıkları sorunları tartışmaktır. Levy, Windrush jenerasyonun başlangıcı kabul edilen 1948 yılı ve öncesi arasında gidip gelen çok katmanlı anlatısı sayesinde siyahi Britanyalıların II. Dünya Savaşına katkılarını gözler önüne sererek İngiltere’de siyahilerin varlığının Windrush’tan çok öncesine dayandığını göstermiştir. Dahası siyahi ana karakterlerden birini erkek diğerini kadın seçerek Windrush’ın salt erkek deneyimi olduğu fikrine de meydan okumuştur. En önemlisi ana karakterlerin diğer ikisini beyaz bir çift seçerek sadece siyahi Britanyalıların değil aynı zamanda beyazların da ortaya çıkan melez kültüre ve kimliklere adaptasyon sürecinde yaşadıkları zorlukları irdelemiştir. Bu sebeple çalışmanın ilk kısmında savaş sonrası İngiltere’ye göç ve Windrush jenerasyonuna kısaca değinildikten sonra Levy’nin kimlik bunalımı ve kimlik oluşumu hakkındaki düşünceleri tartışılmaktadır. Levy, Britanyalılığı ırksal kimlik etiketinden kurtararak imparatorluğun emperyalist faaliyetleri sonucu ortaya çıkan melez bir kültürel kimlik olarak yeniden tanımlamaya çalışmaktadır. Yazarın bu yaklaşımı siyahi Britanyalı kültür kuramcısı Stuart Hall’un kültürel kimlik kavramıyla benzerlik gösterdiği için bir sonraki bölümde Hall’un kimlik hakkındaki fikirleri kısaca ele alınmaktadır. En son kısımdaysa karakterlerin kimlik arayışları, bu süreçte yaşadıkları zorluklar ve özellikle siyahi karakterlerin Britanyalı kimliklerinin tanınırlığı için beyaz topluma karşı verdikleri savaş incelenmektedir.
Referanslar
Andermahr, Sonya. “Decolonizing Cultural Memory in Andrea Levy’s Small Island.” Journal of Postcolonial Writing, vol. 55, no. 4, 2019, pp. 555-69. Taylor and Francis, doi:10.1080/17449855.2019.1633554.
Bhabha, Homi. “Of Mimicry and Man: The Ambivalence of Colonial Discourse.” October, Discipleship: a special issue on psychoanalysis, vol. 28, Spring 1984, pp. 125-33. JSTOR, doi: 10.2307/778467.
Birk Laursen, Ole. “‘Telling Her a Story’: Remembering Trauma in Andrea Levy’s Writing.” EnterText, special issue on Andrea Levy, no. 9, 2012, pp. 53-68, https://www.brunel.ac.uk/creative-writing/research/entertext/documents/entertext09/5-Laursen-Remembering-Trauma-in-Andrea-Levy-FINAL.pdf.
Brace, Marianne. “Andrea Levy: Notes from a Small Island.” The Independent, 12 Jun. 2004, https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/andrea-levy-notes-from-a-small-island-732211.html.
Courtman, Sandra. “Women Writers and the Windrush Generation: A Contextual Reading of Beryl Gilroy’s In Praise of Love and Children and Andrea Levy’s Small Island.” EnterText, special issue on Andrea Levy, no. 9, 2012, pp. 84-104, https://www.brunel.ac.uk/creative-writing/research/entertext/documents/entertext09/7-Courtman-Women-Writers-and-the-Windrush-Generation-FINAL.pdf.
Duboin, Corinne. “Contested Identities: Migrant Stories and Liminal Selves in Andrea Levy’s ‘Small Island.’” Obsidian, vol. 12, no.1, Spring/Summer 2011, pp. 14-33. JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/44489338.
Ellis, Alicia E. “Identity as Cultural Production in Andrea Levy’s Small Island.” EnterText, special issue on Andrea Levy, no. 9, 2012, pp. 69-83, https://www.brunel.ac.uk/creative-writing/research/entertext/documents/entertext09/6-AliciaEllis-Identity-as-Cultural-ProductionLevy-FINAL1.pdf.
“Enoch Powell’s ‘Rivers of Blood’ Speech.” The Telegraph, 6 Nov. 2007, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/3643823/Enoch-Powells-Rivers-of-Blood-speech.html.
Evelyn, Kim. “Claiming a Space in the Thought-I-Knew-You-Place: Migrant Domesticity,
Diaspora, and Home in Andrea Levy’s ‘Small Island.’” South Atlantic Review, vol. 78, no.3/4, 2013, pp. 129-49. JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/i40150802.
Fanon, Frantz. Black Skin, White Masks. Translated by Charles Lam Markmann, Pluto P, 2008.
Fischer, Susan Alice. “‘Andrea Levy in Conversation with Susan Alice Fischer’ (2005 and 2012).” Andrea Levy, edited by Jeanette Baxter and David James, Bloomsbury, 2014. pp. 121- 138.
Fryer, Peter. Staying Power: The History of Black People in Britain. Pluto P, 2018. Print.
Graham, Shane. “Memories of Empire: The Empire Exhibition in Andrea Levy’s Small Island and Hari Kunzru’s The Impressionist.” The Journal of Commenwealth Literature, vol. 48, no. 3, 2013, pp. 441-52, https://doi.org/10.1177/0021989413481033.
Greer, Bonnie. “Empire’s Child: Andrea Levy on Small Island.” The Guardian, 31 Jan. 2004, https://www.theguardian.com/books/2004/jan/31/fiction.race.
Hall, Stuart. “Cultural Identity and Diaspora.” Identity: Community, Culture, Difference, edited by Jonathan Rutherford, Lawrence & Wishart, 1990, pp. 222-37.
---. “The Local and the Global: Globalization and Ethnicity.” Culture, Globalization and the World-System: Contemporary Conditions for the Representation of Identity, edited by Anthony D. King, U of Minnesota P, 1997. pp. 19-39.
---. “The Question of Cultural Identity.” Modernity and Its Futures, edited by Stuart Hall et al., The Open University, 1992, pp. 273-325.
--- and Bill Schwartz. Familiar Stranger: A Life between Two Islands. Duke UP, 2017.
James, Cynthia. “‘You’ll Soon Get Used to Our Language’: Language, Parody and West Indian Identity in Andrea Levy’s Small Island.” Journal of West Indian Literature, vol. 18, no.2, April 2010, pp. 45-64, https://www.jstor.org/stable/23019917.
Knepper, Wendy. “Introduction: Andrea Levy’s Dislocating Narratives.” EnterText, special issue on Andrea Levy, no. 9, 2012, pp. 1-13, https://www.brunel.ac.uk/creative-writing/research/entertext/documents/entertext09/2-Introduction-FINAL.pdf.
Levy, Andrea. “Back to My Own Country: An Essay by Andrea Levy.” British Library: Windrush Stories, https://www.bl.uk/windrush/articles/back-to-my-own-country-an-essay-by-andrea-levy.
---. Küçük Ada. Çeviren Emre Ağanoğlu, Merkez Kitaplar, 2006.
---. “This is My England.” The Guardian Weekend, 19 Feb. 2000, https://www.theguardian.com/books/2000/feb/19/society1.
---. “Small Island by Andrea Levy.” The Guardian, 22 Jan. 2011, https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/jan/22/book-club-week-three-small-island.
--- and Blake Morrison. “Andrea Levy Interviewed by Blake Morrison.” Women: A Cultural Review, vol. 220, no.3, 2009, pp. 325-38. Taylor and Francis, doi: 10.1080/09574040903285859.
--- and Marina Salandy-Brown. “Andrea Levy: ‘This was not a small story.’” Caribbean Beat Magazine, 70, November/December 2004, https://www.caribbean-beat.com/issue-70/was-not-small-story.
MacPhee, Graham. Postwar British Literature and Postcolonial Studies. Edinburgh UP, 2011.
McMann, Mindi. “‘You’re black’: Transnational Perceptions of Race in Chimimanda Ngozi Adichie’s Americanah and Andrea Levy’s Small Island.” Critique: Studies in Contemporary Fiction, vol. 59, no.2, 2018, pp. 200-12, doi:10. 1080/00111619.2017.1369387.
Muñoz-Valdivieso, Sofía. “Africa in Europe: Narrating Black British History in Contemporary Fiction.” Journal of European Studies, vol. 40, no. 2, 2010, pp. 159-74, doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/004724411036242.
---. “Metaphors of Belonging in Andrea Levy’s Small Island.” Metaphor
and Diaspora in Contemporary Writing, edited by Jonathan P. A. Sell, Palgrave Macmillan, 2012, pp. 99-116.
Murphy, Ann. “Stranger in the Empire: Language and Identity in the ‘Mother Country.’” EnterText, special issue on Andrea Levy, no. 9, 2012, pp. 122-34, https://www.brunel.ac.uk/creative-writing/research/entertext/documents/entertext09/9-Murphy-Stranger-in-the-Empire-FINAL.pdf.
“Off the Page: Andrea Levy.” Washington Post, 24 Jun. 2004.
Öztabak-Avcı, Elif. “Andrea Levy’s ‘World-Themed’ Fiction: Curating the World Wars in Small Island and ‘Uriah’s War.’” Ariel: A Review of International English Literature, vol. 53, no.1-2, 2022, pp. 139-65. Project Muse, doi: https://doi.org/10.1353/ari.2022.0006.
Page, Benedicte. “Andrea Levy: After the Windrush.” The Bookseller, 9 Oct. 2003, https://www.thebookseller.com/author-interviews/after-windrush.
Pérez Fernández, Irene. “(Re)mapping London: Gender and Racial Relations in Andrea Levy’s Small Island.” Interactions, special issue on the role of female voices in constructing fictional maps of contemporary Britain, vol. 19, no. 1-2, 2010, pp. 27-40.
Samantrai, Ranu. “History’s Subjects: Forming the Nation in Andrea Levy’s Small Island.” Identity and Form in Contemporary Literature, edited by Ana María Sánchez-Arce, Routledge, 2014, pp. 70-88.
Walters, Tracey L. “Andrea Levy Interview.” Mosaic, 6 Nov. 2011, https://mosaicmagazine.org/andrea-levy/.
Woodcock, Bruce. “Small Island, Crossing Cultures.” Wasafiri, vol. 23, no. 2, 2008, pp. 50-55. Taylor and Francis, doi: 10.1080/02690050801954385.
Younge, Gary. “Andrea Levy Interviewed by Gary Younge.” The Guardian, 30 Jan. 2010, https://www.theguardian.com/books/2010/jan/30/andrea-levy-long-song-interview.
Referanslar
Andermahr, Sonya. “Decolonizing Cultural Memory in Andrea Levy’s Small Island.” Journal of Postcolonial Writing, vol. 55, no. 4, 2019, pp. 555-69. Taylor and Francis, doi:10.1080/17449855.2019.1633554.
Bhabha, Homi. “Of Mimicry and Man: The Ambivalence of Colonial Discourse.” October, Discipleship: a special issue on psychoanalysis, vol. 28, Spring 1984, pp. 125-33. JSTOR, doi: 10.2307/778467.
Birk Laursen, Ole. “‘Telling Her a Story’: Remembering Trauma in Andrea Levy’s Writing.” EnterText, special issue on Andrea Levy, no. 9, 2012, pp. 53-68, https://www.brunel.ac.uk/creative-writing/research/entertext/documents/entertext09/5-Laursen-Remembering-Trauma-in-Andrea-Levy-FINAL.pdf.
Brace, Marianne. “Andrea Levy: Notes from a Small Island.” The Independent, 12 Jun. 2004, https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/andrea-levy-notes-from-a-small-island-732211.html.
Courtman, Sandra. “Women Writers and the Windrush Generation: A Contextual Reading of Beryl Gilroy’s In Praise of Love and Children and Andrea Levy’s Small Island.” EnterText, special issue on Andrea Levy, no. 9, 2012, pp. 84-104, https://www.brunel.ac.uk/creative-writing/research/entertext/documents/entertext09/7-Courtman-Women-Writers-and-the-Windrush-Generation-FINAL.pdf.
Duboin, Corinne. “Contested Identities: Migrant Stories and Liminal Selves in Andrea Levy’s ‘Small Island.’” Obsidian, vol. 12, no.1, Spring/Summer 2011, pp. 14-33. JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/44489338.
Ellis, Alicia E. “Identity as Cultural Production in Andrea Levy’s Small Island.” EnterText, special issue on Andrea Levy, no. 9, 2012, pp. 69-83, https://www.brunel.ac.uk/creative-writing/research/entertext/documents/entertext09/6-AliciaEllis-Identity-as-Cultural-ProductionLevy-FINAL1.pdf.
“Enoch Powell’s ‘Rivers of Blood’ Speech.” The Telegraph, 6 Nov. 2007, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/3643823/Enoch-Powells-Rivers-of-Blood-speech.html.
Evelyn, Kim. “Claiming a Space in the Thought-I-Knew-You-Place: Migrant Domesticity,
Diaspora, and Home in Andrea Levy’s ‘Small Island.’” South Atlantic Review, vol. 78, no.3/4, 2013, pp. 129-49. JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/i40150802.
Fanon, Frantz. Black Skin, White Masks. Translated by Charles Lam Markmann, Pluto P, 2008.
Fischer, Susan Alice. “‘Andrea Levy in Conversation with Susan Alice Fischer’ (2005 and 2012).” Andrea Levy, edited by Jeanette Baxter and David James, Bloomsbury, 2014. pp. 121- 138.
Fryer, Peter. Staying Power: The History of Black People in Britain. Pluto P, 2018. Print.
Graham, Shane. “Memories of Empire: The Empire Exhibition in Andrea Levy’s Small Island and Hari Kunzru’s The Impressionist.” The Journal of Commenwealth Literature, vol. 48, no. 3, 2013, pp. 441-52, https://doi.org/10.1177/0021989413481033.
Greer, Bonnie. “Empire’s Child: Andrea Levy on Small Island.” The Guardian, 31 Jan. 2004, https://www.theguardian.com/books/2004/jan/31/fiction.race.
Hall, Stuart. “Cultural Identity and Diaspora.” Identity: Community, Culture, Difference, edited by Jonathan Rutherford, Lawrence & Wishart, 1990, pp. 222-37.
---. “The Local and the Global: Globalization and Ethnicity.” Culture, Globalization and the World-System: Contemporary Conditions for the Representation of Identity, edited by Anthony D. King, U of Minnesota P, 1997. pp. 19-39.
---. “The Question of Cultural Identity.” Modernity and Its Futures, edited by Stuart Hall et al., The Open University, 1992, pp. 273-325.
--- and Bill Schwartz. Familiar Stranger: A Life between Two Islands. Duke UP, 2017.
James, Cynthia. “‘You’ll Soon Get Used to Our Language’: Language, Parody and West Indian Identity in Andrea Levy’s Small Island.” Journal of West Indian Literature, vol. 18, no.2, April 2010, pp. 45-64, https://www.jstor.org/stable/23019917.
Knepper, Wendy. “Introduction: Andrea Levy’s Dislocating Narratives.” EnterText, special issue on Andrea Levy, no. 9, 2012, pp. 1-13, https://www.brunel.ac.uk/creative-writing/research/entertext/documents/entertext09/2-Introduction-FINAL.pdf.
Levy, Andrea. “Back to My Own Country: An Essay by Andrea Levy.” British Library: Windrush Stories, https://www.bl.uk/windrush/articles/back-to-my-own-country-an-essay-by-andrea-levy.
---. Küçük Ada. Çeviren Emre Ağanoğlu, Merkez Kitaplar, 2006.
---. “This is My England.” The Guardian Weekend, 19 Feb. 2000, https://www.theguardian.com/books/2000/feb/19/society1.
---. “Small Island by Andrea Levy.” The Guardian, 22 Jan. 2011, https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/jan/22/book-club-week-three-small-island.
--- and Blake Morrison. “Andrea Levy Interviewed by Blake Morrison.” Women: A Cultural Review, vol. 220, no.3, 2009, pp. 325-38. Taylor and Francis, doi: 10.1080/09574040903285859.
--- and Marina Salandy-Brown. “Andrea Levy: ‘This was not a small story.’” Caribbean Beat Magazine, 70, November/December 2004, https://www.caribbean-beat.com/issue-70/was-not-small-story.
MacPhee, Graham. Postwar British Literature and Postcolonial Studies. Edinburgh UP, 2011.
McMann, Mindi. “‘You’re black’: Transnational Perceptions of Race in Chimimanda Ngozi Adichie’s Americanah and Andrea Levy’s Small Island.” Critique: Studies in Contemporary Fiction, vol. 59, no.2, 2018, pp. 200-12, doi:10. 1080/00111619.2017.1369387.
Muñoz-Valdivieso, Sofía. “Africa in Europe: Narrating Black British History in Contemporary Fiction.” Journal of European Studies, vol. 40, no. 2, 2010, pp. 159-74, doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/004724411036242.
---. “Metaphors of Belonging in Andrea Levy’s Small Island.” Metaphor
and Diaspora in Contemporary Writing, edited by Jonathan P. A. Sell, Palgrave Macmillan, 2012, pp. 99-116.
Murphy, Ann. “Stranger in the Empire: Language and Identity in the ‘Mother Country.’” EnterText, special issue on Andrea Levy, no. 9, 2012, pp. 122-34, https://www.brunel.ac.uk/creative-writing/research/entertext/documents/entertext09/9-Murphy-Stranger-in-the-Empire-FINAL.pdf.
“Off the Page: Andrea Levy.” Washington Post, 24 Jun. 2004.
Öztabak-Avcı, Elif. “Andrea Levy’s ‘World-Themed’ Fiction: Curating the World Wars in Small Island and ‘Uriah’s War.’” Ariel: A Review of International English Literature, vol. 53, no.1-2, 2022, pp. 139-65. Project Muse, doi: https://doi.org/10.1353/ari.2022.0006.
Page, Benedicte. “Andrea Levy: After the Windrush.” The Bookseller, 9 Oct. 2003, https://www.thebookseller.com/author-interviews/after-windrush.
Pérez Fernández, Irene. “(Re)mapping London: Gender and Racial Relations in Andrea Levy’s Small Island.” Interactions, special issue on the role of female voices in constructing fictional maps of contemporary Britain, vol. 19, no. 1-2, 2010, pp. 27-40.
Samantrai, Ranu. “History’s Subjects: Forming the Nation in Andrea Levy’s Small Island.” Identity and Form in Contemporary Literature, edited by Ana María Sánchez-Arce, Routledge, 2014, pp. 70-88.
Walters, Tracey L. “Andrea Levy Interview.” Mosaic, 6 Nov. 2011, https://mosaicmagazine.org/andrea-levy/.
Woodcock, Bruce. “Small Island, Crossing Cultures.” Wasafiri, vol. 23, no. 2, 2008, pp. 50-55. Taylor and Francis, doi: 10.1080/02690050801954385.
Younge, Gary. “Andrea Levy Interviewed by Gary Younge.” The Guardian, 30 Jan. 2010, https://www.theguardian.com/books/2010/jan/30/andrea-levy-long-song-interview.
