Kariyer Psikolojik Danışması Uygulamalarında Etik
Özet
Kariyer danışmanları uygulamaları boyunca çeşitli türdeki etik sorunlarla karşılaşmakta ve bu sorunlara uygun çözümler üretmek durumunda kalmaktadırlar. Kariyer psikolojik danışmanlığında etik ilke ve kurallar ile ilgili Türk PDR Derneği, ACA, NCDA, NICE gibi birçok uluslar arası ve ulusal meslek örgüt ve kuruluşunda açıklamalar yapılmıştır. Karşılaşılan sorun ne olursa olsun kariyer danışmanları; özerkliğe ve bağımsız karar vermeye saygı duyma, zarar vermeme, zarar verecek eylemlerden kaçınma, faydalılık, adalet, sadakat ve dürüstlük gibi bazı temel ilkeleri her türlü uygulamanın üzerinde tutmalıdırlar. Bununla birlikte profesyonel yeterlilikler etik konularda en merkezi konumdaki kavramlar arasındadır. Kariyer psikolojik danışmanları mesleklerini icra ederken sınırları belirlenmiş bilgi ve becerilere sahip olmalı, bu bilgi ve becerilerini güncel tutmak amacıyla gerekli eğitimlere katılmalı ve gözetim altında uygulamalar gerçekleştirmelidirler. Kariyer danışmanlarının, danışanları ile ilişkilerinde de danışma ilişkisine girildiği andan itibaren başlayan ve sürecin tamamı boyunca devam eden sorumlulukları da vardır. Güven, ikili ilişkiler ve sınırlar, değerler, danışanın bağımsızlığının korunması ve güçlendirilmesi gibi başlıklar altında açıklanabilen bu sorumluluklar danışma sürecinin tamamına etki edebilecek öneme sahiptir. Etik konularda neredeyse her meslek grubunda öne çıkan kavramlardan bir diğeri de gizlilik ile ilgili konulardır. Danışanın mahremiyetini esas alan bu kavram, danışma sürecinde bilgilendirilmiş onam ile yaplandırılır. Özellikle son dönemlerde çok kültürlülük ile ilgili konular ve teknoloji ve sosyal medyanın kariyer psikolojik danışması uygulamasında oluşturabileceği sorun alanlarına yönelik duyarlılık da önemli bir konu olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır.
Referanslar
American Counseling Association. (2003). Code of ethics and standards of practice. Alexandria, VA: Author.
Bond, T. (2000). Standards and ethics for counselling in action (2nd ed.). London: Sage.
Cook, E. P., Heppner, M. J. ve O’Brien, K. M. (2002). Career development of women of color and White women: Assumptions, conceptualization, and intervention from an ecological perspective. The Career Development Quarterly, 50, 291–305.
Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (2016). CACREP Standards. Erişim adresi: https://www.cacrep.org/
Corey, G., Corey, M. S., Corey, C. ve Callanan, P. (2015). Issues and ethics in the helping professions (9th ed.) Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning.
Debatin, B., Lovejoy, J. P., Horn, A. K., & Hughes, B. N. (2009). Facebook and online privacy: Attitudes, behaviors, and unintended consequences. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 15(1), 83-108.
DiLillo, D. ve Gale, E. B. (2011). To Google or not to Google: Graduate students’ use of the Internet to access personal information about clients. Training and Education in Professional Psychology, 5(3), 160-166.
Dorn, F. J. (1992). Occupational wellness: The integration of career identity and personal identity. Journal of Counseling & Development, 71, 176–178.
Dugger, S.M. (2016). Foundations of career counseling: A case-based approach. US: Pearson Education, Inc.
European Union. (2009). Professionalising career guidance: Practitioner competences and qualification routes in Europe. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Erişim adresi: https://www.cedefop.europa.eu/files/5193_en.pdf
Evans, K. (2008). Gaining cultural competence in career counseling. Boston : Lahaska Press.
Fisher, C. B. ve Oransky, M. (2008). Informed consent to psychotherapy: Protecting the dignity and respecting the autonomy of patients. Journal of Clinical Psychology: In Session, 64, 576–588.
Flores, L. Y. (2007). Introduction to a special issue. Journal of Career Development, 34, 3–4.
Flores, L. Y. ve Heppner, M. J. (2002). Multicultural career counseling: Ten essentials for training. Journal of career development, 28(3), 181-202.
Fouad, N. A. ve Bingham, R. P. (1995). Career counseling with racial and ethnic minorities. W. B. Walsh ve S. H. Osipow (Eds.), Handbook of vocational psychology: Theory, research, and practice (2. Bs.) içinde (ss. 331–365). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Glosoff, H. L., Herlihy, B. ve Spence, B. (2000). Privileged communication in the counselor–client relationship. Journal of Counseling & Development, 78, 454–462 http://onlinelibrary. wiley.com/doi/10.1002/j.1556-6676.2000.tb01929.x/ abstract John Wiley & Sons.
Gysbers, N. C., Heppner, M. J. ve Johnston, J. A. (2003). Career counseling: Process, issues, and techniques (2nd Ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Handelsman, M. M. (2001). Accurate and effective informed consent. In E. R. Welfel ve R. E. Engersoll (Eds.), The mental health desk reference (pp. 453–458). New York: Wiley.
Haberstroh, S. (2009). Strategies and resources for conducting online counseling. Journal of Professional Counseling: Practice, Theory & Research, 37(2), 1–20.
Herlihy, B. ve Corey, G. (2015). ACA ethical standards casebook (7th. Ed.). VA: John Wiley & Sons.
International Association for Educational and Vocational Guidance. (2003). International competencies for educational and vocational guidance practitioners. Bern, Switzerland: Author.
Kidd, J. M. (2006). Understanding career counselling: Theory, research and practice. London: Sage.
Lent, R. E. ve Brown, S. D. (2013). Understanding and facilitating career development in the 21st century. S. D. Brown ve R. W. Lent (Ed.), Career development and counseling içinde (ss. 1–26). NJ: Wiley.
Maheu, M. M., Pulier, M. L., McMenamin, J. P. ve Posen, L. (2012). Future of telepsychology, telehealth, and various technologies in psychological research and practice. Professional Psychotherapy: Research and Practice, 43(6), 613-621.
Margolin, G., Chien, D., & Duman, S. E. (2005). Ethical issues in couple and family research. Journal of Family Psychology, 19, 157–167.
McLeod, J. (2003). Introduction to counselling. Buckingham: Open University Press.
McMahon, M. ve Patton, W. (2002). Supervision in the helping professions: A practical approach. N.S.W.: Pearson Education.
Mesleki Yeterlilik Kurumu. (2017). Kariyer Psikolojik Danışmanı Seviye 7 Ulusal Meslek Standardı. Erişim adresi: https://portal.myk.gov.tr/index.php?option=com_meslek_std_taslak&view=taslak_revizyon&task=indir&id=4&standart_id=3091
National Career Development Association. (2009, Güncelleme 2020). Minimum Competencies for Multicultural Career Counseling and Development. Erişim adresi: https://www.ncda.org/aws/NCDA/asset_manager/get_file/26627
NCDA (2015). Code of Ethics. https://www.ncda.org/aws/NCDA/asset_manager/get_file/3395
Network for Innovation in Career Guidance and Counselling in Europe. (2016). European competence standards for the academic training of career practitioners. NICE Handbook Vol. II. Erişim adresi: https://nice-network.eu/.cm4all/uproc.php/0/Publications/NICE%20Handbook%20II%20Open%20Access.pdf?cdp=a&_=174ca20ed1a
O’Brien, K. M., Heppner, M. J., Flores, L. Y. ve Bikos, L. H. (1997). The career counseling self-efficacy scale: Instrument development and training applications. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 44, 20-31.
Offer, M. (1997). Supporting careers guidance in an information society. Dublin: National Centre for Guidance in Education.
Offer, M. (2000). Careers professionals’ guide to the internet. Richmond: Trotman.
Özyürek, R. (2013). Kariyer psikolojik danışmanlığı kuramları: Çocuk ve ergenler için kariyer rehberliği uygulamaları. Ankara: Nobel.
Pope, K.S. (1991). Dual relationships in psychotherapy. Ethics and Behavior, 1, 21–34.
Pope, K. S. ve Vasquez, M. J. (2007). Ethics in psychotherapy and counseling: A practical guide (3rd. Ed.). CA: John Wiley & Sons.
Remley, T. P. ve Herlihy, B. (2016). Ethical, legal, and professional issues in counseling (5th. Ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.
Sametz, R. R. ve Joseph, M. A. M. (2021). Career counseling: A holistic view of lifespan and special populations. San Diego: Cognella.
Türk PDR Derneği (2021). Psikolojik Danışma Etik Kodları. Ankara: Türk PDR Derneği Yayınları.
Van Hoose, W. H. ve Paradise, L. V. (1979). Ethics in counseling and psychotherapy: Perspectives in issues and decision making. USA: Carroll Press.
Vespia, K. M., Fitzpatrick, M. E., Fouad, N. A., Kantamneni, N. ve Chen, Y. L. (2010). Multicultural career counseling: A national survey of competencies and practices. The Career Development Quarterly, 59(1), 54-71.
Welfel, E. R. (2002). Ethics counseling psychotherapy (2nd ed.). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
Welfel, E. R. (2013). Ethics in counseling and psychotherapy: Standards, research, and emerging issues (5th ed.). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
Young, R. A. ve Domene, J. F. (2012). Creating a research agenda in career counselling: The place of action theory. British Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 40(1), 15–30.
Zunker, V. G. (2006). Career counseling: A holistic approach. Thomson Brooks/Cole.
Referanslar
American Counseling Association. (2003). Code of ethics and standards of practice. Alexandria, VA: Author.
Bond, T. (2000). Standards and ethics for counselling in action (2nd ed.). London: Sage.
Cook, E. P., Heppner, M. J. ve O’Brien, K. M. (2002). Career development of women of color and White women: Assumptions, conceptualization, and intervention from an ecological perspective. The Career Development Quarterly, 50, 291–305.
Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (2016). CACREP Standards. Erişim adresi: https://www.cacrep.org/
Corey, G., Corey, M. S., Corey, C. ve Callanan, P. (2015). Issues and ethics in the helping professions (9th ed.) Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning.
Debatin, B., Lovejoy, J. P., Horn, A. K., & Hughes, B. N. (2009). Facebook and online privacy: Attitudes, behaviors, and unintended consequences. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 15(1), 83-108.
DiLillo, D. ve Gale, E. B. (2011). To Google or not to Google: Graduate students’ use of the Internet to access personal information about clients. Training and Education in Professional Psychology, 5(3), 160-166.
Dorn, F. J. (1992). Occupational wellness: The integration of career identity and personal identity. Journal of Counseling & Development, 71, 176–178.
Dugger, S.M. (2016). Foundations of career counseling: A case-based approach. US: Pearson Education, Inc.
European Union. (2009). Professionalising career guidance: Practitioner competences and qualification routes in Europe. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Erişim adresi: https://www.cedefop.europa.eu/files/5193_en.pdf
Evans, K. (2008). Gaining cultural competence in career counseling. Boston : Lahaska Press.
Fisher, C. B. ve Oransky, M. (2008). Informed consent to psychotherapy: Protecting the dignity and respecting the autonomy of patients. Journal of Clinical Psychology: In Session, 64, 576–588.
Flores, L. Y. (2007). Introduction to a special issue. Journal of Career Development, 34, 3–4.
Flores, L. Y. ve Heppner, M. J. (2002). Multicultural career counseling: Ten essentials for training. Journal of career development, 28(3), 181-202.
Fouad, N. A. ve Bingham, R. P. (1995). Career counseling with racial and ethnic minorities. W. B. Walsh ve S. H. Osipow (Eds.), Handbook of vocational psychology: Theory, research, and practice (2. Bs.) içinde (ss. 331–365). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Glosoff, H. L., Herlihy, B. ve Spence, B. (2000). Privileged communication in the counselor–client relationship. Journal of Counseling & Development, 78, 454–462 http://onlinelibrary. wiley.com/doi/10.1002/j.1556-6676.2000.tb01929.x/ abstract John Wiley & Sons.
Gysbers, N. C., Heppner, M. J. ve Johnston, J. A. (2003). Career counseling: Process, issues, and techniques (2nd Ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Handelsman, M. M. (2001). Accurate and effective informed consent. In E. R. Welfel ve R. E. Engersoll (Eds.), The mental health desk reference (pp. 453–458). New York: Wiley.
Haberstroh, S. (2009). Strategies and resources for conducting online counseling. Journal of Professional Counseling: Practice, Theory & Research, 37(2), 1–20.
Herlihy, B. ve Corey, G. (2015). ACA ethical standards casebook (7th. Ed.). VA: John Wiley & Sons.
International Association for Educational and Vocational Guidance. (2003). International competencies for educational and vocational guidance practitioners. Bern, Switzerland: Author.
Kidd, J. M. (2006). Understanding career counselling: Theory, research and practice. London: Sage.
Lent, R. E. ve Brown, S. D. (2013). Understanding and facilitating career development in the 21st century. S. D. Brown ve R. W. Lent (Ed.), Career development and counseling içinde (ss. 1–26). NJ: Wiley.
Maheu, M. M., Pulier, M. L., McMenamin, J. P. ve Posen, L. (2012). Future of telepsychology, telehealth, and various technologies in psychological research and practice. Professional Psychotherapy: Research and Practice, 43(6), 613-621.
Margolin, G., Chien, D., & Duman, S. E. (2005). Ethical issues in couple and family research. Journal of Family Psychology, 19, 157–167.
McLeod, J. (2003). Introduction to counselling. Buckingham: Open University Press.
McMahon, M. ve Patton, W. (2002). Supervision in the helping professions: A practical approach. N.S.W.: Pearson Education.
Mesleki Yeterlilik Kurumu. (2017). Kariyer Psikolojik Danışmanı Seviye 7 Ulusal Meslek Standardı. Erişim adresi: https://portal.myk.gov.tr/index.php?option=com_meslek_std_taslak&view=taslak_revizyon&task=indir&id=4&standart_id=3091
National Career Development Association. (2009, Güncelleme 2020). Minimum Competencies for Multicultural Career Counseling and Development. Erişim adresi: https://www.ncda.org/aws/NCDA/asset_manager/get_file/26627
NCDA (2015). Code of Ethics. https://www.ncda.org/aws/NCDA/asset_manager/get_file/3395
Network for Innovation in Career Guidance and Counselling in Europe. (2016). European competence standards for the academic training of career practitioners. NICE Handbook Vol. II. Erişim adresi: https://nice-network.eu/.cm4all/uproc.php/0/Publications/NICE%20Handbook%20II%20Open%20Access.pdf?cdp=a&_=174ca20ed1a
O’Brien, K. M., Heppner, M. J., Flores, L. Y. ve Bikos, L. H. (1997). The career counseling self-efficacy scale: Instrument development and training applications. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 44, 20-31.
Offer, M. (1997). Supporting careers guidance in an information society. Dublin: National Centre for Guidance in Education.
Offer, M. (2000). Careers professionals’ guide to the internet. Richmond: Trotman.
Özyürek, R. (2013). Kariyer psikolojik danışmanlığı kuramları: Çocuk ve ergenler için kariyer rehberliği uygulamaları. Ankara: Nobel.
Pope, K.S. (1991). Dual relationships in psychotherapy. Ethics and Behavior, 1, 21–34.
Pope, K. S. ve Vasquez, M. J. (2007). Ethics in psychotherapy and counseling: A practical guide (3rd. Ed.). CA: John Wiley & Sons.
Remley, T. P. ve Herlihy, B. (2016). Ethical, legal, and professional issues in counseling (5th. Ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.
Sametz, R. R. ve Joseph, M. A. M. (2021). Career counseling: A holistic view of lifespan and special populations. San Diego: Cognella.
Türk PDR Derneği (2021). Psikolojik Danışma Etik Kodları. Ankara: Türk PDR Derneği Yayınları.
Van Hoose, W. H. ve Paradise, L. V. (1979). Ethics in counseling and psychotherapy: Perspectives in issues and decision making. USA: Carroll Press.
Vespia, K. M., Fitzpatrick, M. E., Fouad, N. A., Kantamneni, N. ve Chen, Y. L. (2010). Multicultural career counseling: A national survey of competencies and practices. The Career Development Quarterly, 59(1), 54-71.
Welfel, E. R. (2002). Ethics counseling psychotherapy (2nd ed.). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
Welfel, E. R. (2013). Ethics in counseling and psychotherapy: Standards, research, and emerging issues (5th ed.). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
Young, R. A. ve Domene, J. F. (2012). Creating a research agenda in career counselling: The place of action theory. British Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 40(1), 15–30.
Zunker, V. G. (2006). Career counseling: A holistic approach. Thomson Brooks/Cole.
