Nanopartiküllerin Tanısal Tıbbi Biyokimyada Kullanımı
Özet
Tüm biyolojik insan sistemlerinde başta biyolojik ajanlara (bakteri, virüs, mantar ve parazit) olmak üzere fiziksel, kimyasal ve psikososyal faktörlere bağlı olarak ortaya çıkan patojenik belirteçlerin hızlı, seçici ve hassas tespit teknolojileri, klinik teşhis, hastalık kontrolü ve tedavisi açısından kritik öneme sahiptir. Nanopartiküller (NPs) klinik teşhiste duyarlılık, özgüllük, doğruluk ve etkinlik yönünden avantaj sağlamaktadır. Bu bölümde genel anlamda bir hastalığın veya hastalığa neden olan faktörlerin tespit edilmesini ve tanımlanmasını içeren tanı disiplini veya uygulaması olarak tanımlanan tanısal tıbbi biyokimyada nanopartiküllerin moleküler teşhis, bağışıklık sistemi hastalıkları (immünoanalizler), bakım noktası testi, manyetik rezonans görüntüleme (MRI), mikro-akışkanlar ve çip üzerinde laboratuvar cihazları uygulamalarından bahsedilmiştir. Moleküler teşhis başlığı altında metal/oksit nanopartiküller (özellikle altın nanopartikül, AuNP, platin nanopartikül, PtNP ve gümüş nanopartikül, AgNP), floresans nanopartiküller (özellikle kuantum noktaları, QDs) ve manyetik nanopartiküller ve uygulamaları açıklanmıştır. Biyomedikal teşhiste bağışıklık sistemi hastalık belirtilerinin birden fazla olması, farklı hastalıklar arasındaki benzerlikler ve erken belirtilerin önemsiz olması klinik olarak tanı konulmasını güçleştirdiği için NPs tabanlı tanı sistemlerinin avantajları bu bölümde açıklanmıştır. Bir başka önemli bir husus olan ve hastalıkların teşhisi ve izlenmesi için kullanılan bakım noktası (POC) teşhis cihazları ve uygulamalarında NPs tabanlı güncel yaklaşımlar ve cihaz üretimleri rağbet görmektedir. Çip üzerinde laboratuvar (LOC), çoklu örnek biyolojik ve biyokimyasal analizlerin tek bir platformda yürütülmesi çözümünü sunan minyatürleştirilmiş cihazlarda NPs’ler, hızlı, minyatür teşhis testleri için mikro-akışkan cihazlara ve çip üzerinde laboratuvar sistemlerine entegre edilir. Bu tür entegre sistemler potansiyel hastalıkları kesin olarak teşhis etmek için hastadan alınan tek bir damla kanı kullanarak binlerce biyokimyasal işlemi tek bir çipe entegre etmeyi hedeflemektedir. Tıbbi tanı alanında nanoteknoloji uygulamaları hastalıkların erken teşhisinde, kullanım ve maliyet açısından kolaylık sağlaması açısından avantaj sağlamaktadır. Nanodiagnostiğin geleceği açısından genetik çalışmalara bağlı etik kaygılara gereken özen gösterilerek ve uluslararası standartların oluşturulmasında küresel bir yönelimle, sağlık hizmeti sunumunun bu alanındaki olanaklar hızla artmaya devam edecektir.
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