Down Sendromlu Çocuklarda Kronik Egzersiz Programı: Vücut Kompozisyonu ve Biyokimyasal Parametreler
Özet
Bu kitap, Down sendromlu çocuklarda kronik egzersiz programının vücut kompozisyonu ve biyokimyasal parametreler üzerindeki etkilerini incelemektedir. Down sendromu, 21. kromozomun üç kopyasının olmasıyla ortaya çıkan bir kromozomal bozukluktur. DS'li bireylerde farklılıkların temel sebebi bu fazladan kromozomdur. Bu çalışmanın amacı, DS'li ve diğer engelli bireylerin doğuştan veya sonradan edindikleri eksikliklerin ve sağlık sorunlarının giderilmesine yardımcı olmaktır. Spor, engelli bireylerin günlük yaşamlarında bağımsızlıklarını artırarak topluma daha iyi uyum sağlamalarına yardımcı olabilir. Bu çalışmanın hazırlanmasında danışman Prof. Dr. Evrim Çakmakçı, antrenör N. Muhammet Çelik ve çalışmaya katılan öğrenciler ve ailelerine teşekkür edilmektedir. Bu kitap, Down sendromlu çocuklarda kronik egzersiz programının vücut kompozisyonu ve biyokimyasal parametreler üzerindeki etkilerini araştıran Burcu Yentürk'ün doktora tezinden türetilmiştir.
This book examines the effects of a chronic exercise program on body composition and biochemical parameters in children with Down syndrome. Down syndrome is a chromosomal disorder caused by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21. The fundamental cause of differences in individuals with DS is this extra chromosome. The aim of this study is to contribute to the alleviation of congenital or acquired deficiencies and health problems in individuals with DS and other disabilities. Sports can help enhance the independence of disabled individuals in their daily lives and facilitate better integration into society. The preparation of this study is acknowledged to advisor Prof. Dr. Evrim Çakmakçı, coach N. Muhammet Çelik, and the participating students and their families. This book is derived from Burcu Yentürk's doctoral thesis investigating the effects of a chronic exercise program on body composition and biochemical parameters in children with Down syndrome.
Referanslar
Adelekan T, Magge S, Shults J, Stallings V, Stettler N, 2012. Lipid pro- files of children with Down syndrome compared with their siblings. Pediatrics, 129(6):e1382-7.
Alexander M, Petri H, Ding Y, Wandel C, Khwaja O, Foskett N, 2015. Morbidity and medication in a large population of individuals with Down syndrome compared to the general population. Dev. Med. Child Neurol., 58(3):246-54.
Allam HH, Shafie A, Gharib AF, El Askary A, Almehmadi M, Alsayad T, Alziyadi AM, Elsayyad LK, 2021. Effect of application of diffe- rent exercise ıntensities on vitamin d and parathormone in children with Down’s syndrome. Appl. Bionics Biomech., 7424857.
Allison DB, Gomez JE, Heshka S, Babbitt RL, Geliebter A, Kreibich K, Heymsfield SB, 1995. Decreased resting metabolic rate among persons with Down Syndrome. Int. J Obes Relat Metab. Disord., 19(12):858-61.
Almeida GL, Corcos DM, Hasan Z, 2000. Horizontal-plane arm move- ments with direction reversals performed by normal individuals and individuals with down syndrome. J Neurophysiol, 84(4):1949-60.
American College of Sports Medicine, 2018. ACSM’s Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription [e-book], 60-70.
Antonarakis SE, Skotko BG, Rafii MS, Strydom A, Pape SE, Bianchi DW, Sherman SL, Reeves RH, 2020. Down syndrome. Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers, 6;6(1):9.
Arisi E, Forti S, Amadeo C, Fagnani E, Filipponi E, Iacona E, Ambro- setti U, Cesarani A, 2012. Auditory late potentials in normal-hearing adult subjects with Down’s syndrome. Otol. Neurotol., 33(7):1113-7. Ayhan S, 2016. Elit erkek futbolcularda müsabaka performanslarının seçilmiş biyokimyasal ve hematolojik parametreler üzerine etkileri.
Doktora Tezi, İnönü Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Malat- ya.
Balic MG, Mateos EC, Blasco CG, Fernhall BO, 2000. Physical fitness levels of physically active and sedentary adults with Down syndro- me. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 17(3), 310-321.
Ballard C, Mobley W, Hardy J, Williams G, Corbett A, 2016. Dementia in Down’s syndrome. Lancet Neurol., 15(6):622-36.
Batu ES, 2011. 0-6 Yaş Arası Down Sendromlu Çocuklar Ve Gelişimle- ri. Ankara, Kök Yayıncılık, s. 5-8.
Baynard T, Pitetti K, Guerra M, Unnithan V, Fernhall B, 2008. Age-rela- ted changes in aerobic capacity in individuals with mental retardati- on: a 20-yr review. Med. Sci. Sports. Exerc., 40:1984-1989.
Berg P, Becker T, Martian A, Primrose KD, Wingen J, 2012. Motor cont- rol outcomes following Nintendo Wii use by a child with Down sy- ndrome. Pediatr. Phys. Ther., 24(1):78-84.
Bilici F, 2018. Adolesan bayan sporcuların kan örneklerinde bazı hor- mon ve biyokimyasal parametrelerin incelenmesi. Doktora Tezi, Atatürk Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü. Erzurum.
Bittles AH, Glasson EJ, 2004. Clinical, social, and ethical implications of changing life expectancy in Down syndrome. Dev. Med. Child. Neurol., 46(4):282-6.
Blair D, Habicht JP, Sims EA, Sylwester D, Abraham S, 1984. Evidence for an increased risk for hypertension with centrally located body fat and the effect of race and sex on this risk. Am. J. Epidemiol., 119(4):526-40.
Branta C, Haubenstricker J, Seefeldt V, 1984. Age changes in motor skills during childhood and adolescence. Exerc. Sport. Sci. Rev., 12(1):467–520.
Brantmüller É, Gyuró M, Karácsony I, 2015. Development of walking and self-sufficiency ability related to nutrition among people with Down syndrome. Pract. Theory Syst. Educ., 10, 165–176.
Bredella MA, 2017. Sex differences in body composition. Adv. Exp.
Med. Biol., 1043(1), 9-27.
Bruni M, 1998. Fine Motor Skills in Children with Down Syndrome. 1. ed. Bethesda, Woodbine House.
Bunn L, Roy EA, Elliott D, 2007. Speech perception and motor control in children with Down syndrome. Child Neuropsychol, 13(3):262- 75.
Cai W, Baek SS, 2022. Effects of 24-week basketball programme on body composition and functional fitness on adults with Down synd- rome. J. Intellect. Disabil. Res., 66(12):939-951.
Calders P, Elmahgoub S, Roman de Mettelinge T, Vandenbroeck C, Dewandele I, Rombaut L, Vandevelde A, Cambier D, 2011. Effect of combined exercise training on physical and metabolic fitness in adults with intellectual disability: a controlled trial. Clin. Rehabil., 25(12):1097-108.
Cannell JJ, Hollis BW, Sorenson MB, Taft TN, Anderson JJ, 2009. Athletic performance and vitamin D. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 41:1102Y10.
Cannell JJ, Hollis BW, Zasloff M, Heaney RP, 2008a. Diagnosis and treatment of vitamin D deficiency. Expert Opin. Pharmacother., 9:107Y18.
Cannell JJ, Zasloff M, Garland CF, Scragg R, Giovannucci E, 2008b. On the epidemiology of influenza. Virol. J., 5:29.
Carmeli E, Kessel S, Bar-Chad S, Merrick J, 2004. A comparison betwe- en older persons with down syndrome and a control group- clinical characteristics, functional status and sensorimotor function. Downs Syndr. Res. Pract., 9: 17-24.
Chan DW, Booth RA, Diomondis EP, 2006. Tumor markers. In: Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Ed: Burtis CA, Ashwood ER, Bruns DE, 4th ed., Missouri, Elsevier Sa- unders, 745-95.
Chandler PD, Scott JB, Drake BF, Ng K, Chan AT, Hollis BW, Emmons KM, Giovannucci EL, Fuchs CS, Bennett GG, 2015. Impact of vi- tamin D supplementation on adiposity in African-Americans. Nutr. Diabetes. 15;5(6):e164.
Chen CJJ, Ringenbach SDR, 2019. Determinants of fine manual dexte- rity in adolescents and young adults with Down’s syndrome. Int. J. Dev. Disabil., 25;67(6):403-409.
Chin WW, Carr FE, Burnside J, Darling DS, 1993. Thyroid hormone regulation of thyrotropin gene expression. Recent Prog Horm Res., 48:393-414.
Cocchi G, Gualdi S, Bower C, Halliday J, Jonsson B, Myrelid A, Mast- roiacovo P, Amar E, Bakker MK, Correa A, Doray B, Melve KK, Koshnood B, Landau D, Mutchinick OM, Pierini A, Ritvanen A, Ruddock V, Scarano G, Sibbald B, Sípek A, Tenconi R, Tucker D, Annerén G, 2010. International trends of Down syndrome 1993- 2004: Births in relation to maternal age and terminations of pregnan- cies. Birth. Defects. Res. A Clin. Mol. Teratol., 88(6):474-9.
Cooley C, 2007. Down Sendromu. In: Pediatri. Ed: Murat Yurdakök, Ankara: Güneş.
Cowley PM, Ploutz-Snyder LL, Baynard T, Heffernan KS, Young Jae S, Hsu S, Fernhall B, 2011. The effect of progressive resistance tra- ining on leg strength, aerobic capacity and functional tasks of daily living in persons with Down syndrome. Disability and rehabilitation, 33(22-23), 2229-2236.
Croce RV, Pitetti KH, Horvat M, Miller J, 1996. Peak torque, avera- ge power, and hamstrings/ quadriceps ratios in nondisabled adults and adults with mental retardation. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil., 77(4):369-72.
Crotwell PL, Hoyme HE, 2012. Advances in whole-genome genetic tes- ting: from chromosomes to microarrays. Curr. Probl. Pediatr. Ado- lesc. Health Care. 42(3):47-73.
Çelik NM, 2022. Genç Kadın Judocuların Leptin Düzeylerine Müsaba- ka Dönemi Antrenmanının Etkisi, 1. Baskı. Ankara: Akademisyen Yayımevi.
Çelik NM, Beyleroğlu M, Soyal M, Çiriş V, 2017. The effect of liquid losses in trainings during competition period on some biochemical values of u18 male judokas age 15-17. Physical Education of Stu- dents, 21(5), 249–254.
Çelik NM, Soyal M, 2020. Comparing the hand grip power and creatine kinase levels of u-17 judo national team athletes before and after a 6-week strength training. Pedagogy of physical culture and sports, 24(4):163-168.
Çelik NM, Soyal M, 2020. The effect of exercise on homocysteine and some blood parameters in middle-aged sedentary individuals. Peda- gogy of Physical Culture and Sports, 24(5), 219–226.
De Gonzalo-Calvo D, Barroeta I, Nan MN, Rives J, Garzón D, Carmo- na-Iragui M, Benejam B, Videla L, Fernández S, Altuna M, Vallde- neu S, Blesa R, Lleó A, Blanco-Vaca F, Fortea J, Tondo M, 2020. Evaluation of biochemical and hematological parameters in adults with Down syndrome. Sci. Rep. 13;10(1):13755.
De Rubens Figueroa J, del Pozzo Magaña B, Pablos Hach JL, Calderón Jiménez C, Castrejón Urbina R, 2003. Malformaciones cardíacas en los niños con síndrome de Down [Heart malformations in children with Down syndrome]. Rev Esp Cardiol., 56(9):894-9.
De S, Small J, Baur LA, 2008. Overweight and obesity among children with developmental disabilities. J. Intellect. Dev. Disabil., 33:43e7.
De Winter CF, Bastiaanse LP, Hilgenkamp TIM, Evenhuis HM, Echteld MA, 2012. Overweight and obesity in older people with intellectual disability. Res. Dev. Disabil., 33:398Y405.
Delamarche P, Gratas A, Beillot J, Dassonville J, Rochcongar P, Lessard Y, 1987. Extent of lactic anaerobic metabolism in handballers. Int. J. Sports Med., 8(1):55-9.
Dierssen M, Herault Y, Estivill X, 2009. Aneuploidy: from a physio- logical mechanism of variance to Down syndrome. Physiol. Rev.,89: 887–920.
Ding Y, Tian Y, Guo M, Liu J, Heng D, Zhu B, Yang Y, Zhang C, 2016. Regulation of glucose transport by thyroid hormone in rat ovary. Cell Tissue Res., 366(2):455-466.
Dixon AK, 1983. Abdominal fat assessed by computed tomography: sex difference in distribution. Clin. Radiol., 34:189.
Dodd KJ, Shields N, 2005. A systematic review of the outcomes of cardiovascular exercise programs for people with Down syndrome. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil., 86: 2051-2058.
Donnelly JE, Hill JO, Jacobsen DJ, Potteiger J, Sullivan DK, Johnson SL, Heelan K, Hise M, Fennessey PV, Sonko B, Sharp T, Jakicic JM, Blair SN, Tran ZV, Mayo M, Gibson C, Washburn RA, 2003. Effects of a 16-month randomized controlled exercise trial on body weight and composition in young, overweight men and women: the Midwest Exercise Trial. Arch. Intern. Med. 9;163(11):1343-50.
Draheim CC, Stanish HI, Williams DP, McCubbin JA, 2007. Dietary intake of adults with mental retardation who reside in community settings. Am. J. Ment. Retard., 112(5):392Y400.
Ebbeling CB, Pawlak DB, Ludwig DS, 2002. Childhood obesity: pub- lic-health crisis, common sense cure. Lancet., 10;360(9331):473-82. Elliott D, Hansen S, Grierson LE, Lyons J, Bennett SJ, Hayes SJ, 2010. Goal-directed aiming: two components but multiple processes. Psy-
chol. Bull., 136(6):1023-44.
Elliott D, Hansen S, Mendoza J, Tremblay L, 2004. Learning to op- timize speed, accuracy, and energy expenditure: a framework for understanding speed-accuracy relations in goal-directed aiming. J. Mot. Behav., 36(3):339-51.
Erol Z, 2017. Down sendromlu bireylerde submaksimal egzersizin ti- roid hormon değerleri ve obezite üzerine etkisi. Doktora Tezi, Gazi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
Fernandez JR, Redden DT, Pietrobelli A, Allison DB, 2004. Waist cir- cumference percentiles in nationally representative samples of Afri- can-American, European-American, and Mexican-American child- ren and adolescents. J. Pediatr., 145:439-44.
Fernhall B, Pitetti KH, Rimmer JH, McCubbin JA, Rintala P, Millar AL, Kittredge J, Burkett LN, 1996. Cardiorespiratory capacity of indivi- duals with mental retardation including Down syndrome. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 28(3):366-71.
Ferrozzi F, Zuccoli G, Tognini G, Castriota-Scanderbeg A, Bacchini E, Bernasconi S, Campani R, 1999. An assessment of abdominal fatty tissue distribution in obese children. A comparison between echog- raphy and computed tomography. Radiol. Med., 98(6):490-4.
Fort P, Lifshitz F, Bellisario R, Davis J, Lanes R, Pugliese M, Richman R, Post EM, David R, 1984. Abnormalities of thyroid function in infants with Down syndrome. J Pediatr., 104(4):545-9.
Foss ML, Keteyian SJ, Fox EL, 1998. Fox’s Physiological Basis for Exercise and Sport. Boston, WCB/McGraw-Hill, p. 350-600.
Fox CS, Massaro JM, Hoffmann U, Pou KM, Maurovich-Horvat P, Liu CY, Vasan RS, Murabito JM, Meigs JB, Cupples LA, D’Agostino RB Sr, O’Donnell CJ, 2007. Abdominal visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue compartments: association with metabolic risk factors in the Framingham Heart Study. Circulationaha, 3;116(1):39-48.
Frederich RC, Hamann A, Anderson S, Löllmann B, Lowell BB, Flier JS, 1995. Leptin levels reflect body lipid content in mice: evidence for diet-induced resistance to leptin action. Nat Med., 1(12):1311-4.
Freeman SB, Bean LH, Allen EG, Tinker SW, Locke AE, Druschel C, Hobbs CA, Romitti PA, Royle MH, Torfs CP, Dooley KJ, Sherman SL, 2008. Ethnicity, sex, and the incidence of congenital heart de- fects: a report from the National Down Syndrome Project. Genet. Med., 10(3):173–18.
Frey GC, Stanish HI, Temple VA, 2008. Physical activity of youth with intellectual disability: Review and research agenda. Adapted Physi- cal Activity Quarterly, 25(2), 95-117.
Fujioka S, Matsuzawa Y, Tokunaga K, Tarui S, 1987. Contribution of intra-abdominal fat accumulation to the impairment of glucose and lipid metabolism in human obesity. Metabolism., 36(1):54-9.
Fujiura GT, Fitzsimons N, Marks B, Chicoine B, 1997. Predictors of BMI among adults with Down syndrome: the social context of he- alth promotion. Res Dev Disabil., 18(4):261-74.
Gallahue DL, Cleland-Donnelly F, 2003. Developmental physical edu- cation for all children. 4th ed. Champaign: Human Kinetics, 220- 400.
Garner C, Page S, 2005. Applying the transtheoretical model to exercise behaviors of stroke patients. Top Stroke Rehabil., 12:69–75.
George EK, Mearin ML, Bouquet J, von Blomberg BM, Stapel SO, van Elburg RM, de Graaf EA, 1996. High frequency of celiac disease in Down syndrome. J Pediatr. 128(4):555-7.
Gereben B, Zavacki AM, Ribich S, Kim BW, Huang SA, Simonides WS, Zeöld A, Bianco AC, 2008. Cellular and molecular basis of deiodinase-regulated thyroid hormone signaling. Endocr Rev., 29(7):898-938.
Gioia GA, Isquith PK, Guy SC, 2001. Assessment of executive func- tions in children with neurological impairment. Psychological and
developmental assessment: Children with disabilities and chronic conditions, 317-356.
Gonzalez-Agüero A, Ara I, Moreno LA, Vicente-Rodríguez G, Casajús JA, 2011a. Fat and lean masses in youths with Down syndrome: gen- der differences. Res Dev Disabil., 32(5):1685-93.
Gonzalez-Agüero A, Vicente-Rodríguez G, Gómez-Cabello A, Ara I, Moreno LA, Casajús JA, 2011b. A combined training intervention programme increases lean mass in youths with Down syndrome. Res. Dev. Disabil., 32:2383-8.
Graber E, Chacko E, Regelmann MO, Costin G, Rapaport R, 2012. Down syndrome and thyroid function. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am., 41(4):735-45.
Guazzo GM, 2007. Psychomotor Rehabilitation in Down Syndrome. In: Therapies and Rehabilitation in Down Syndrome. Eds: Rondal JA, Rasore Quartino A, Chichester: Wiley, p. 15 - 124.
Gubern G, Imperial S, Busquets M, Cortés A, 1990. Partial characteri- zation of the alanine aminotransferase isoenzymes from human liver. Biochem Soc Trans., 18(6):1288-9.
Guo F, Bakal K, Minokoshi Y, Hollenberg AN, 2004. Leptin signaling targets the thyrotropin-releasing hormone gene promoter in vivo. Endocrinology., 145(5):2221-7.
Guralnick MJ, Connor RT, Johnson LC, 2009. Home-based peer social networks of young children with Down syndrome: A developmental perspective. American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 114(5), 340-355.
Günay M, 1999. Egzersiz Fizyojisi, 2. Baskı. Ankara: Bağırgan Yayı- mevi.
Hacıhamdioğlu B, 2011. Obez adölesanlarda erken mikrovasküler yağ- lanma ve kardiyovasküler performansın denetimi. Tıpta Yan Dal Uz- manlık Tezi. Ankara Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara. Hardee JP, Fetters L, 2017. The effect of exercise intervention on daily life activities and social participation in individuals with Down sy- ndrome: a systematic review. Research in Developmental Disa bilities 62, 81-103.
Hardy LL, Reinten-Reynolds T, Espinel P, Zask A, Okely AD, 2012. Prevalence and correlates of low fundamental movement skill com- petency in children. Pediatrics, 130(2):e390-8.
Hayek A, 1979. Unimpaired gluconeogenesis in congenital hypothyroi- dism. Horm Metab Res., 11(3):256.
Henderson S, Sugden D, 1992. Movement assessment battery for child- ren. London: The Psychological Corporation.
Hodges NJ, Cunningham SJ, Lyons J, Kerr TL, Elliott D, 1995. Visu- al feedback processing and goal-directed movement in adults with Down syndrome. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 12, 176-186. Holick MF, 2007. Vitamin D deficiency. N. Engl. J. Med., 357:266Y81. Horvat M, Pitetti K.H, Croce R, 1997. Isokinetic torque, average power, and flexion/extension ratios in nondisabled adults and adults with mental retardation. The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical
Therapy, 25, 395–399.
Hsia SH, 2006. Disorders of lipid metabolism. In: Norman L. Manual of Endocrinology and Metabolism. 3th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams &Wilkins, 520-46.
Hsieh SD, Yoshinaga H, 1995. Abdominal fat distribution and coronary heart disease risk factors in men-waist/height ratio as a simple and useful predictor. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord., 19: 585–589. 3. Hulteen RM, Lander NJ, Morgan PJ, Barnett LM, Robertson SJ, Lubans DR, 2015. Validity and Reliability of Field-Based Measures for As- sessing Movement Skill Competency in Lifelong Physical Activi-
ties: A Systematic Review. Sports Med., 45(10):1443-54.
Irving BA, Davis CK, Brock DW, Weltman JY, Swift D, Barrett EJ, Gaesser GA, Weltman A, 2008. Effect of exercise training intensity on abdominal visceral fat and body composition. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 40(11):1863-72.
Izquierdo-Gomez R, Martínez-Gómez D, Fernhall B, Sanz A, Veiga ÓL, 2016. The role of fatness on physical fitness in adolescents with and without Down syndrome: The UP&DOWN study. Int. J. Obes. Lond. 40(1):22-7.
Izquierdo-Gomez R, Martínez-Gómez D, Tejero-Gonzalez CM, Ca- banas-Sánchez V, Ruiz Ruiz J, Veiga ÓL, 2013. Are poor physical fitness and obesity two features of the adolescent with Down synd- rome? Nutr Hosp., 28(4):1348-51.
Jobling A, 1998. Motor development in school-aged children with Down syndrome: a longitudinal perspective. International Journal of Disability, Development and Educatio, 45: 283-93.
Jones KL, 1997. Smith’s recognizable patterns of human malforma-tion.
5th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders, p. 8-13
Jones KL, 2006. Down syndrome. In: Smith’s recognizable patterns of human malformation, 6th ed, Philadelphia; Elsevier Saunders, p. 7-14.
Kalan I, Yeşil Y, 2010. Obezite ile ilişkili kronik hastalıklar. Diyabet ve obezite, 23,34.78
Kalkhoff RK, Hartz AH, Rupley D, Kissebah AH, Kelber S, 1983. Re- lationship of body fat distribution to blood pressure, carbohydrate tolerance, and plasma lipids in healthy obese women. J. Lab. Clin. Med., 102(4):621-7.
Kandemir D, 2000. Obezitenin sınıflandırması ve klinik özellikleri. Kat- kı Pediatri Dergisi, 21(4):500-506.
Kelminson KL, Elias ER, Goldson E, 2011. ‘Down syndrome’, in Ber- man’s Pediatric Decision Making. 5th ed. (Internet). Philadelphia: Elsevier Mosby, 680.
Kesslak JP, Nagata SF, Lott I, Nalcioglu O, 1994. Magnetic resonance imaging analysis of age-related ges in the brains of individuals with Down’s syndrome. Neurology, 44: 1039–45.
Khan K, McKay H, Kannus P, Bailey D, Wark J, Bennell K, 2001. Phy- sical Activity and Bone Health. British Journal of Sports Medici- ne, 36(1), 76-77.
Kılıç Y, 2016. Elit boksörlerin maç öncesi ve maç sonrası bazı hemato- lojik paremetrelerinin karşılaştırılması. Doktora Tezi, Sakarya Üni- versitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Sakarya.
Kraemer WJ, Comstock BA, Clark JE, 2018. Cognitive Conditions and Disorders. In: NSCA’s Essentials of Training Special Populations. Ed: Jacobs PL. 1st. Ed. Human Kinetics. 365-425.
Kuriyan R, 2018. Body composition techniques. Indian J Med Res., 148(5):648-658.
Küçükyetgin M, 2010. Aşırı kilolu ve obez adölesanlarda direnç ant- renmanlarının bazal metabolizma hızı ve serum leptin seviyesine etkisi. Doktora tezi, Marmara üniversitesi SağlıkBilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
Lai F, Williams RS, 1989. A prospective study of Alzheimer disease in Down syndrome. Arch Neurol. 46(8):849-53.
Lal C, White DR, Joseph JE, van Bakergem K, LaRosa A, 2015. Sle- ep-disordered breathing in Down syndrome. Chest., 147(2):570-579. Lanfranchi S, Jerman O, Dal Pont E, Alberti A, Vianello R, 2010. Exe- cutive function in adolescents with Down Syndrome. J. Intellect. Di-
sabil. Res., 54(4):308-19.
Lange R, Guenther T, Busch R, Hess J, Schreiber C, 2007. The pre- sence of Down syndrome is not a risk factor in complete atriovent- ricular septal defect repair. Journal Thorac Cardiovasc Surgenal, 134(2),304–310.
Lanteri P, Lombardi G, Colombini A, Banfi G, 2013. Vitamin D in exercise: physiologic and analytical concerns. Clin Chim Acta., 16;415:45-53.
Lauteslager PE, 2004. Children with down’s syndrome. Motor develop- ment and intervention. Amesfoort: Heeren Loo Zorggroep, p. 11- 144.
Lauteslager PEM, Vermeer A, Helders PJM, 1998. Disturbances in the motor behaviour of children with Down’s syndrome: the need for a theoretical framework. Physiotherapy, 84(1), 5-13.
Lee JS, Aoki K, Kawakubo K, Gunji A, 1995. A study on indices of body fat distribution for screening for obesity. J. Occup. Health, 37: 9–18. 2.
Leitao A, Boudry P, Thiriot-Quiévreux C, 2001. Evidence of differen- tial chromosome loss in aneuploid karyotypes of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. Genome. 44(4):735-7.
Lin HC, Wuang YP, 2012. Strength and agility training in adolescents with Down syndrome: A randomized controlled trial. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 33(6), 2236–2244.
Lott IT, Dierssen M, 2010. Cognitive deficits and associated neuro- logical complications in individuals with Down’s syndrome. Lancet Neurol. 9(6):623-33.
Lubans DR, Morgan PJ, Cliff DP, Barnett LM, Okely AD, 2010. Funda- mental movement skills in children and adolescents: review of asso- ciated health benefits. Sports Med., 1;40(12):1019-35.
Lubkowska A, Radecka A, Bryczkowska I, Rotter I, Laszczyńska M, Dudzińska W, 2015. Serum Adiponectin and Leptin Concentra- tions in Relation to Body Fat Distribution, Hematological Indices and Lipid Profile in Humans. Int J Environ Res Public Health., 14;12(9):11528-48.
Luke A, Roizen NJ, Sutton M, Schoeller DA, 1994. Energy expenditure in children with Down syndrome: correcting metabolic rate for mo- vement. J Pediatr., 125: 829–38.
Maffei M, Halaas J, Ravussin E, Pratley RE, Lee GH, Zhang Y, Fei H, Kim S, Lallone R, Ranganathan S, Kern PA, Friedman JM, 1995. Leptin levels in human and rodent: measurement of plasma lep- tin and ob RNA in obese and weight-reduced subjects. Nat Med., 1(11):1155-61.
Magnusson I, Persson RG, Page RC, DeRouen TA, Crawford JM, Cohen RL, Chambers DA, Alves ME, Clark WB, 1996. A multi-center cli- nical trial of a new chairside test in distinguishing between diseased and healthy periodontal sites. II. Association between site type and test outcome before and after therapy. J Periodontol., 67(6):589-96.
Manikam L, Schilder AGM, Lakhanpaul M, Littlejohns P, Alexander EC, Hayward A, 2020. Respiratory tract infection-related healthcare
utilisation in children with Down’s syndrome. Infection., 48(3):403- 410.
Mantzoros CS, Ozata M, Negrao AB, Suchard MA, Ziotopoulou M, Caglayan S, Elashoff RM, Cogswell RJ, Negro P, Liberty V, Wong ML, Veldhuis J, Ozdemir IC, Gold PW, Flier JS, Licinio J, 2001. Synchronicity of frequently sampled thyrotropin (TSH) and leptin concentrations in healthy adults and leptin-deficient subjects: evi- dence for possible partial TSH regulation by leptin in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab., 86(7):3284-91.
Masumoto J, Abe T, Inui N, 2012. Adolescents with Down syndrome exhibit greater force and delay in onset of tapping movements. Per- ceptual and Motor Skills, 114(3), 826-836.
McCarron M, McCallion P, Reilly E, Mulryan N, 2014. A prospective 14-year longitudinal follow-up of dementia in persons with Down syndrome. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 58(1), 61-70. McCarron M, Swinburne J, Burke E, McGlinchey E, Mulryan N, And- rews Foran, S. and McCallion, P, 2011. Growing Older withan Intel- lectual Disability in Ireland; First Results from theIntellectual Disa- bility Supplement to the Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing. School
of Nursing & Midwifery,Trinity College Dublin, Dublin.
Mckenna MC, Hopkins IB, Lindauer SL, Bamford P, 2006. Aspartate aminotransferase in synaptic and nonsynaptic mitochondria: diffe- rential effect of compounds that influence transient hetero-enzyme complex (metabolon) formation. Neurochem Int., 48(6): 629-636.
Meegan S, Maraj BK, Weeks D, Chua R, 2006. Gross motor skill acqui- sition in adolescents with Down syndrome. Downs Syndr Res Pract., 9(3):75-80.
Mendonca GV, Pereira FD, Fernhall B, 2011. Effects of combined aero- bic and resistance exercise training in adults with and without Down syndrome. Arch Phys Med Rehabil., 92:37-45.
Menear S, 2007. Parents’ perceptions of health and physical activity ne- eds of children with Down syndrome. Downs Syndr. Res. Pract., 12: 60-68.
Miribrahimova N, 2020. Çukurova Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Çocuk Kardiyoloji Bilim Dalı’nda doğuştan kalp hastalığı nedeniyle izle- nen down sendromlu hastaların retrospektif değerlendirilmesi. Uz- manlık Tezi. Çukurova Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Çocuk Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Anabilim Dalı, Adana.
Mittelman SD, Klier K, Braun S, Azen C, Geffner ME, Buchanan TA, 2010. Obese adolescents show impaired meal responses of the appe-
tite-regulating hormones ghrelin and PYY. Obesity (Silver Spring). 18(5):918-25.
Moreau M, Benhaddou S, Dard R, Tolu S, Hamzé R, Vialard F, Movas- sat J, Janel N, 2021. Metabolic Diseases and Down Syndrome: How Are They Linked Together? Biomedicines. 22;9(2):221.
Mullur R, Liu YY, Brent GA, 2014. Thyroid hormone regulation of me- tabolism. Physiol Rev., 94(2):355-82.
Nedvidkova J, Haluzik M, Bartak V, Dostalova I, Vlcek P, Racek P, Taus M, Behanova M, Svacina S, Alesci S, Pacak K, 2004. Changes of noradrenergic activity and lipolysis in the subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue of hypo- and hyperthyroid patients: an in vivo micro- dialysis study. Ann N Y Acad Sci., 1018:541-9.
Nelson L, Johnson JK, Freedman M, Lott I, Groot J, Chang M, Milgram NW, Head E, 2005. Learning and memory as a function of age in Down syndrome: a study using animal-based tasks. Prog. Neuropsy- chopharmacol Biol. Psychiatry, 29(3):443-53.
Nishiwaki M, Kawakami R, Saito K, Tamaki H, Ogita F, 2016. The effects of exercise training under mild hypoxic conditions on body composition and circulating adiponectin in postmenopausal women. Clin. Physiol. Funct. Imaging., 36(6):468-475.
Oppenheimer JH, Schwartz HL, Lane JT, Thompson MP, 1991. Functi- onal relationship of thyroid hormone-induced lipogenesis, lipolysis, and thermogenesis in the rat. J Clin Invest., 87(1):125-32.
Ordonez FJ, Rosety M, Rosety-Rodriguez M, 2006. Influence of 12- week exercise training on fat mass percentage in adolescents with Down syndrome. Med. Sci. Monit., 12(10):CR416-9.
Ordonez FJ, Rosety MA, Camacho A, Rosety I, Diaz AJ, Fornieles G, Garcia N, Rosety-Rodriguez M, 2014. Aerobic training improved low-grade inflammation in obese women with intellectual disability.
J. Intellect. Disabil. Res., 58(6):583-90.
Özben T, 2002. Lipitler, İnsan Biyokimyası. Ankara, Palme Yayıncılık.
Öztürk Ç, 2009. Sporcularda ve sedanter bireylerde akut egzersiz öncesi gliserol takviyesinin bazı biyokimyasal parametreler ile laktat ve ae- robik güç üzerine etkileri. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Selçuk Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Konya.
Pathak K, Soares MJ, Calton EK, Zhao Y, Hallett J, 2014. Vitamin D supplementation and body weight status: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Obes. Rev., 5(6):528- 37.
Pennington BF, Moon J, Edgin J, Stedron J, Nadel L, 2003. The neurops- ychology of Down syndrome: evidence for hippocampal dysfuncti- on. Child Dev., 74: 75–93.
Pierce MJ, LaFranchi SH, Pinter JD, 2017. Characterization of Thyroid Abnormalities in a Large Cohort of Children with Down Syndrome. Horm Res Paediatr., 87(3):170-178.
Pikora TJ, Bourke J, Bathgate K, Foley KR, Lennox N, and Leonard H, 2014. Health conditions and their impact among adolescents and young adults with Down syndrome. PLoS One 9: e96868.
Pitchford EA, Adkins C, Hasson RE, Hornyak JE, Ulrich DA, 2018. Association between Physical Activity and Adiposity in Adolescents with Down Syndrome. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 50(4):667-674.
Pitetti K, Baynard T, Agiovlasitis S, 2013. Children and adolescents with Down syndrome, physical fitness and physical activity. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 2, 47-57.
Pitetti KH, Rimmer JH, Fernhal B, 1993. Physical fitness and adults with mental retardation. Sports medicine, 16(1), 23-56.
Prasher V, 1995. Overweight and obesity amongst down’s syndrome adults. J. Intellect. Disabil. Res., 39:437e41.
Prasher V, 1999. Down syndrome and thyroid disorders: a review. Down Syndrome Research and Practice, 6(1):25-42.
Prasher VP, Krishnan VHR, 1993. Age of onset andduration of demen- tia in people with Down syndrome: integration of 98 reported ca- ses in the literature. Interna-tional Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 8,915–22.
Pueschel SM, 1998. Should children with Down syndrome be screened for atlantoaxial instability?. Archives of pediatrics & adolescent me- dicine, 152(2), 123-125.
Ram G, Chinen J, 2011. Infections and immunodeficiency in Down sy- ndrome. Clinical & Experimental Immunology, 164(1):9-16.
Ravel A, Mircher C, Rebillat AS, Cieuta-Walti C, Megarbane A, 2020. Feeding problems and gastrointestinal diseases in Down syndrome. Arch Pediatr., 27(1):53-60.
Real de Asua D, Parra P, Costa R, Moldenhauer F, Suarez C, 2014. Evaluation of the impact of abdominal obesity on glucose and lipid metabolism disorders in adults with Down syndrome. Res. Dev. Di- sabil., 35(11):2942-9.
Reilly N, 2014. Enhancing motor skill acquisition in individuals with a learning disability. Bangor University. PhD, School of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, Bangor.
Resnick LM, Militianu D, Cunnings AJ, Pipe JG, Evelhoch JL, Soulen RL, 1997. Direct magnetic resonance determination of aortic disten- sibility in essential hypertension: relation to age, abdominal visceral fat, and in situ intracellular free magnesium. Hypertension, 30(3 Pt 2):654-9.
Rimmer JH, Heller T, Wang E, Valerio I, 2004. Improvements in phy- sical fitness in adults with Down syndrome. Am. J. Ment. Retard., 109:165-74.
Roizen N, Patterson D, 2003. Down’s syndrome. Lancet, 361, 1281– 1289.
Rosenstreich SJ, Rich C, Volwiler W, 1971. Deposition in and release of vitamin D3 from body fat: evidence for a storage site in the rat. J Clin Invest., 50: 679-87.
Ross R, Shaw KD, Martel Y, de Guise J, Avruch L, 1993. Adipose tis- sue distribution measured by magnetic resonance imaging in obese women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., Apr;57(4):470-5.
Rowlands AV, Ingledew DK, Eston RG, 2000. The effect of type of phy- sical activity measure on the relationship between body fatness and habitual physical activity in children: a meta-analysis. Ann. Hum. Biol., 27(5):479-97.
Rubin SS, Rimmer JH, Chicoine B, Braddock D, McGuire DE, 1998. Overweight prevalence in persons with Down syndrome. Ment. Re- tard., 36(3):175-81.
Sabir N, Pakdemirli E, Sermez Y, Zencir M, Kazil S, 2003. Sonographic assessment of changes in thickness of different abdominal fat layers in response to diet in obese women. J. Clin. Ultrasound. 31(1):26-30.
Sacks B, Buckley SJ, 2003. Motor Development for Individuals with Down syndrome – An overview. Down Syndrome Issues and Infor- mation, (Online).
Sacks DB, 2006. Carbohydrates. In: Tietz Textbook of Clinical Che- mistry and Molecular Diagnostics Eds: Burtis CA, Ashwood ER, Bruns DE. 4th ed. Missouri: Elsevier Saunders, 837- 901.
Sakagishi Y, 1995. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Nippon Rinsho 53: 1146–1150.
Santos P, Costa, P., Santos, C., Santos D, 2015. Obesity and vitamin D deficiency: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes. Rev., 16(4): 341-349.
Schmidt-Sidor B, Wisniewski KE, Shepard TH, Sersen EA, 1990. Brain growth in Down syndrome subjects 15 to 22 weeks of gestational age and birth to 60 months. Clin. Neuropathol, 9: 181–90.
Seamans KM, Cashman KD, 2009. Existing and potentially novel functional markers of vitamin D status: a systematic review. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 89(6):1997S-2008S. doi:
Selikowitz M, 2008. Down syndrome the facts. Oxford: Oxford Univer- sity Press.
Seron BB, Silva RA, Greguol M, 2014. Effects of two programs of exer- cise on body composition of adolescents with Down syndrome. Rev Paul Pediatr., 32(1):92-8.
Shields N, Dodd KJ, Ablitt C, 2009. Do children with Down syndrome perform sufficient physical activity to maintain good health? A pilot study. Adapt. Phys. Act. Quart., 26:307–20.
Shields N, Taylor N, and Fernhall B, 2010. A study protocol of a ran- domised controlled trial to investigate if a community based stren- gth training programme improves work task performance in young adults with Down syndrome. BMC Pediatrics, 10.
Shields N, Taylor NF, Wee E, Wollersheim D, O’Shea SD, Fernhall B, 2013. A community-based strength training programme inc- reases muscle strength and physical activity in young people with Down syndrome: a randomised controlled trial. Res. Dev. Disabil., 34(12):4385-94.
Shimizu H, Shimomura Y, Hayashi R, Ohtani K, Sato N, Futawatari T, Mori M, 1997. Serum leptin concentration is associated with total body fat mass, but not abdominal fat distribution. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord., 21(7):536-41.
Shin M, Siffel C, Correa A, 2010. Survival of children with mosaic Down syndrome. Am. J. Med. Genet A 152A: 800-801, 2010.
Shott SR, Joseph A, Heithaus D, 2001. Hearing loss in children with Down syndrome. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryn- gology, 61(3):199-205.
Sillence KA, Madgett TE, Roberts LA, Overton TG, Avent ND, 2013. Non-Invasive Screening Tools for Down’s Syndrome: A Review. Di- agnostics, 31;3(2):291-314.
Simon DA, Elliot D, Anson JG, 2003. Perceptual-Motor behaviour in children with Down syndrome. In: Development of movement coor- dination in children; Applications in the fields of ergonomics, health sciences and sport. Eds: G. Savelbergh, K. Davids, J. van der Kamp, and S. Bennett, London, UK: Routledge, p. 133-155.
Smith BA, Kubo M, Ulrich BD, 2012. Gait parameter adjustments for walking on a treadmill at preferred, slower, and faster speeds in older adults with down syndrome. Curr Gerontol Geriatr Res., 782671
Sprague JE, Arbelaez AM, 2011. Glucose counterregulatory responses to hypoglycemia. Pediatr. Endocrinol Rev., 9(1):463-73.
Stagi S, Lapi E, Romano S, Bargiacchi S, Brambilla A, Giglio S, Se- minara S, de Martino M, 2015. Determinants of vitamin d levels in children and adolescents with down syndrome. Int. J. Endocrinol., 896758.
Stallone DD, Stunkard AJ, Wadden TA, Foster GD, Boorstein J, Arger P, 1991. Weight loss and body fat distribution: a feasibility study using computed tomography. Int. J. Obes. 15(11):775-80.
Stephen E, Dickson J, Kindley AD, Scott CC, Charleton PM, 2007. Sur- veillance of vision and ocular disorders in children with Down synd- rome. Dev. Med. Child. Neurol., 49(7):513-5.
Suarez-Villadat B, Luna-Oliva L, Acebes C, Villagra A, 2020. The effe- ct of swimming program on body composition levels in adolescents with Down syndrome. Res. Dev. Disabil., 102:103643.
Suzuki R, Watanabe S, Hirai Y, Akiyama K, Nishide T, Matsushima Y, Murayama H, Ohshima H, Shinomiya M, Shirai K, Saito Y, Yoshida S, Saisho H, Ohto M, 1993. Abdominal wall fat index, estimated by ultrasonography, for assessment of the ratio of visceral fat to subcu- taneous fat in the abdomen. Am J Med., 95(3):309-14.
Şentürk H, Canbakan B, Hatemi İ, 2004. Karaciğer enzim yükseklikle- rine klinik yaklaşım gastroenterolojide klinik yaklaşım. Sempozyum Dizisi, 38: 9-13.
Tadokoro N, Murano S, Nishide T, Suzuki R, Watanabe S, Murayama H, Morisaki N, Saito Y, 2000. Preperitoneal fat thickness determined by ultrasonography is correlated with coronary stenosis and lipid disor- ders in non-obese male subjects. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord., 24(4):502-7.
Tamura A, Mori T, Hara Y, Komiyama A, 2000. Preperitoneal fat thick- ness in childhood obesity: association with serum insulin concentra- tion. Pediatric International., 42: 155-159.
Taşkın C, 2007. 10 - 12 Yas Obez Çocuklarda 12 Haftalık Düzenli Eg- zersizin Vücut Kompozisyonu ve Kan Lipid Düzeyleri Üzerine Et- kisi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Gaziantep Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Gaziantep.
Tayama K, Inukai T, Shimomura Y, 1999. Preperitoneal fat deposition estimated by ultrasonography in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract., 43(1):49-58.
Taylor RW, Jones IE, Williams SM, Goulding A, 2000. Evaluation of waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, and the conicity index as screening tools for high trunk fat mass, as measured by dual-ener- gy X-ray absorbtiometry, in children aged 3-19 years. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 72: 490-495.
Terblanche E, Boer PH, 2013. The functional fitness capacity of adults with Down syndrome in South Africa. Journal of Intellectual Disabi- lity Research, 57(9), 826-836.
Tığlı D, 2016. Down sendromlu çocukların beslenme alışkanlıkları, boya göre ağırlık düzeyleri ve ailelerinin beslenme bilgilerinin de- ğerlendirilmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Haliç Üniversitesi Sağlık Bi- limleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
Tiryaki G, 2002. Egzersiz ve Spor Fizyolojisi. Birlik Matbaacılık Yayın- cılık, Ankara, s.3-114.
Tsimaras VK, Fotiadou EG, 2004. Effect of training on the muscle stren- gth and dynamic balance ability of adults with down syndrome. J. Strength. Cond. Res., 18(2):343-7.
Tsuzuku S, Kajioka T, Endo H, Abbott RD, Curb JD, Yano K, 2007. Favorable effects of non-instrumental resistance training on fat dist- ribution and metabolic profiles in healthy elderly people. Eur J Appl Physiol. 99(5):549-55.
Türkiye Endokrinoloji ve Metabolizma Derneği, 2015. Lipid Metabo- lizma Bozuklukları Tanı ve Tedavi Kılavuzu. Ankara, Bayt Bilimsel Araştırmalar Basın ve Yayınları, 20-62.
Tyrrell J, Cosgrave M, McCarron M, McPherson J, Calvert J, Kelly A, McLaughlin M, Gill M, Lawlor BA, 2001. Dementia in people with Down’s syndrome. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry, 16(12):1168-74.
Ulrich DA, Burghardt AR, Lloyd M, Tiernan C, Hornyak JE, 2011. Physical activity benefits of learning to ride a two-wheel bicycle for children with Down syndrome: a randomized trial. Phys. Ther., 91(10):1463-77.
Valentini D, Alisi A, di Camillo C, Sartorelli MR, Crudele A, Bartuli A, Nobili V, Villani A, 2017. Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Italian Children with Down Syndrome: Prevalence and Correlation with Obesity-Related Features. J Pediatr., 189:92-97.
Varela AM, Sardinha LB, Pitetti KH, 2001. Effects of an aerobic rowing training regimen in young adults with Down syndrome. Am. J. Ment. Retard., 106:135-44.
Vimercati SL, Galli M, Rigoldi C, Ancillao A, Albertini G, 2013. Feed- back reliance during an arm-tapping task with obstacle avoidance in adults with Down syndrome. Exp. Brain Res., 226(4):631-8.
Virji-Babul N, Jobling A, Elliot D, Weeks D, 2011. Aspects of motor development in Down syndrome. Neurocognitive Rehabilitation of Down Syndrome: Early Years, 153.
Virji-Babul N, Lloyd J, Van Gyn G, 2003. Performing movement sequ- ences with knowledge of results under different visual conditions in adults with Down syndrome. Down Syndrome Research and Practi- ce, 8(3), 110-114.
Vlachos IS, Hatziioannou A, Perelas A, Perrea DN, 2007. Sonog- raphic assessment of regional adiposity. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 189(6):1545-53.
Westcott W, 2012. Resistance Training is Medicine- Effects of Strength Training on Health. Current Sports Medicine Reports 11: 209-214.
Winders P, Wolter-Warmerdam K, Hickey F, 2019. A schedule of gross motor development for children with Down syndrome. J Intellect Disabil Res., 63(4):346-356.
Wortsman J, Matsuoka LY, Chen TC, Lu Z, Holick MF, 2000. Decreased bioavailability of vitamin D in obesity. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 72: 690-3. Xavier AC, Ge Y, Taub JW, 2009. Down syndrome and malignancies: a unique clinical relationship: a paper from the 2008 william beau- mont hospital symposium on molecular pathology. The Journal of
Molecular Diagnostics, 11(5):371-80.
Yahia S, El-Farahaty RM, El-Hawary AK, El-Hussiny MA, Abdel-Ma- seih H, El-Dahtory F, El-Gilany AH, 2012. Leptin, insulin and thyro- id hormones in a cohort of Egyptian obese Down syndrome children: a comparative study. BMC Endocr Disord., 15;12:22.
Zamorano A, Guzmán M, Aspillaga M, Avendaño A, Gatica M, 1991. Concentrations of serum lipids in children with Down’s syndrome. Arch. Biol. Med. Exp., 24(1):49–55.
Zhu JL, Hasle H, Correa A, Schendel D, Friedman JM, Olsen J, Rasmus- sen SA, 2013. Survival among people with Down syndrome: a nati- onwide population-based study in Denmark. Genet. Med. 15: 64-69.
Zipursky A, Poon A, Doyle J, 2009. Leukemia in Down syndrome: a review. Pediatric Hematology and Oncology. 9(2):139-49.
Zittermann A, 2003. Vitamin D in preventive medicine: are we ignoring the evidence? Br. J. Nutr. 89(5):552-72.
Yayınlanan
Lisans
LisansBu İnternet Sitesi içeriğinde yer alan tüm eserler (yazı, resim, görüntü, fotoğraf, video, müzik vb.) Akademisyen Kitabevine ait olup, 5846 sayılı Fikir ve Sanat Eserleri Kanunu ve 5237 sayılı Türk Ceca Kanunu kapsamında korunmaktadır. Bu hakları ihlal eden kişiler, 5846 sayılı Fikir ve Sanat eserleri Kanunu ve 5237 sayılı Türk Ceza Kanununda yer alan hukuki ve cezai yaptırımlara tabi olurlar. Yayınevi ilgili yasal yollara başvurma hakkına sahiptir.