İnsan Kaynakları Yönetimi Uygulamalarında Estetik Emeğin Rolü: Konuya İlişkin Nitel Bir Araştırma

Yazarlar

Özet

Bu çalışmada, insan kaynakları yönetimi uygulamalarında estetik emeğin rolü incelenmiş ve estetik emek deneyimlerine ilişkin betimsel bir çerçeve sunulmuştur. Araştırma, havacılık ve perakende sektöründe çalışan kabin memurları, satış danışmanları, insan kaynakları yöneticileri ve mağaza yöneticileriyle mülakatlar gerçekleştirilerek gerçekleştirilmiştir. Estetik emek, kadınların görünümleri sebebiyle işe alınmaması veya işten çıkarılması gibi durumları temsil etmektedir. Bu çalışma, estetik emek ve insan kaynakları yönetimi uygulamalarının rolü üzerine düşünmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Araştırma sürecinde, katılımcılara ulaşmakta zorluklar yaşanmış olsa da, gönüllü katılımcıların desteğiyle çalışma tamamlanmıştır. Bu çalışma, estetik emek ve insan kaynakları yönetimi uygulamaları konusundaki bilimsel sorulara cevap aramayı hedeflemektedir.

In this study, the role of aesthetic labor in human resource management practices is examined and a descriptive framework is presented for experiences of aesthetic labor. Interviews were conducted with cabin crew members, sales consultants, human resource managers, and store managers working in the aviation and retail sectors. Aesthetic labor represents situations such as women not being hired or being fired due to their appearance. This study aims to provoke thinking about the role of aesthetic labor and human resource management practices. Despite difficulties in reaching participants during the research process, the study was completed with the support of voluntary participants. This study aims to seek answers to scientific questions regarding aesthetic labor and human resource management practices.

Referanslar

Abubakar, Mohammed A., Elham Anasori, Temitope T. Lasisi: “Physical Attractiveness and Managerial Favoritism in The Hotel Industry: The Light And Dark Side of Erotic Capital,” Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, C. XXXVIII, Mart 2019, pp. 16-26.

Acar, Ahmet C.: “İnsan Kaynakları Planlaması ve İşgören Seçimi”, İnsan Kaynakları Yönetimi, Cavide Uyargil, Ömer Sadullah, Ahmet C. Acar, Gönen İ. Dündar, İsmail D. Atay, Zeki Adal ve Vala L. Tüzüner, 8. bs., İstanbul, Beta Basım, 2018.

Adkins, Lisa: Gendered Work: Sexuality, Family and the Labour Market, London, Open University Press, 1995.

Armstrong, Michael: Armstrong’s Handbook of Reward Management Practice, 3. bs., London, Kogan Page, 2010.

Armstrong, Michael, Stephen Taylor: Armstrong’s Handbook of Human Resource Management Practice, 13. bs., London, Kogan Page, 2014.

Ashforth, Blake E., Ronald H. Humphrey: “Emotional Labor in Service Roles: The Influence of Identity”, The Academy of Management Review, C. XVIII, No: 1, Ocak 1993, pp. 88-115.

Ataay, İsmail D., Acar Ahmet C.: “Ücret Yönetimi,” İnsan Kaynakları Yönetimi, Cavide Uyargil, Ömer Sadullah, Ahmet C. Acar, Gönen İ. Dündar, İsmail D. Atay, Zeki Adal ve Vala L. Tüzüner, 8. bs., İstanbul, Beta Basım, 2018.

Avery, Dianne, Marion G. Crain: “Branded: Corporate Image, Sexual Stereotyping, and the New Face of Capitalism,” Duke Journal of Gender Law & Policy, C. XIV, Ocak 2007, pp.1-165.

Aydınlı, K. Fulya: “İzlenim Yönetimi Taktikleri,” Örgütlerde Davranışın Karanlık ve Aydınlık Yüzü, Ed. by. Pelin Kanten, Selahattin Kanten, Ankara, Nobel Kitap, 2016, pp. 809-835.

Bakır, Uğur: Güzel İse “Evet”: Reklam, İkna ve Güzellik Kültürü, İstanbul, Say Yayınları, 2017.

Barry, David, Mary A. Hazen: “Do you take your body to work?”, Postmodern Management and Organization Theory, Ed. by. David M. Boje, Robert P. Gephart, Tojo J. Thatchenkery, London, Sage, 1996, pp. 140-153.

Bartky, Sandra L.: Femininity and Domination: Studies in the Phenomenology of Oppression, New York, Routledge, 1990.

Baudrillard, Jean: Tüketim Toplumu, 11. bs., Çev. Nilgün Tutal, Ferda Keskin, İstanbul, Ayrıntı Yayınları, 2018.

Bauman, Zygmunt: Parçalanmış Hayat: Postmodern Ahlak Denemeleri, 3. bs., Çev. İsmail Türkmen, İstanbul, Ayrıntı Yayınları, 2018.

Berg, Bruce L., Howard Lune: Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri, 8. bs., Çev. Ed. by. Hasan Aydın, Konya, Eğitim Kitabevi, 2015.

Benson, Susan P.: Counter Cultures: Saleswomen, Managers, and Customers in American Department Stores, 1890-1940, Urbana, University of Illinois Press, 1986.

Besen, Yasemin: “Exploitation or Fun? The Lived Experience of Teenage Employment in Suburban America,” Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, C. XXXV, No: 3, Haziran 2006, pp. 319-340.

Biech, Elaine: Training For Dummies, Indianapolis, Wiley Publishing, 2005.

Bilgin, Rıfat: “Tüketim Kültüründe Kadın Bedeninin Cinsel Kurgu Olarak Konumlandırılması ve Sunumu,” The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies, No: 36, Ağustos 2015, pp. 309-329.

Black, Paula: The Beauty Industry: Gender, Culture, Pleasure, London, Routledge, 2004.

Bolino, Mark C., K. Michele Kacmar, William H. Turnley, J. Bruce Gilstrap:

“A Multi-Level Review of Impression Management Motives and Behaviors,” Journal of Management, C. XXXIV, No: 6, Aralık 2008, pp. 1080-1109.

Bonafini, B. A., P. Pozzilli: “Body Weight And Beauty: The Changing Face Of The Ideal Female Body Weight,” Obesity Reviews, C. 12, No: 1, 2011, pp. 62-65.

Bourdieu, Pierre, Loic Wacquant: Düşünümsel Bir Antropoloji İçin Cevaplar, Çev. Nazlı Ökten, İstanbul, İletişim Yayınları, 2003.

Bourdieu, Pierre: Pratik Nedenler, Çev. Hülya Uğur Tanrıöver, İstanbul, Hil Yayın, 2015.

Bourdieu, Pierre: Ayrım, Çev. D. Fırat Şannan, A. Günce Berkkurt, Ankara, Heretik Yayınları, 2017.

Bourdieu, Pierre: Eril Tahakküm, 4. bs., Çev. Bediz Yılmaz, İstanbul, Bağlam Yayıncılık, 2018.

Bozkurt, Nejat: Sanat ve Estetik Kuramları, 11. bs., Ankara, Sentez Yayıncılık, 2014.

Bradley, Harriet, Mark Erickson, Carol Stephenson, Steve Williams: Myths at Work, Cambridge, Polity Press, 2000.

Brotheritge, Celeste M. ve Alicia A. Grandey: “Emotional Labor and Burnout: Comparing Two Perspectives of “People Work,” Journal of Vocational Behavior, C. LX, No: 1, Şubat 2002, pp. 17-39.

Brown, Barbara K., Michael A. Campion: “Biodata Phenomenology: Recruiters’ Perceptions and Use Of Biographical Information in Resume Screening,” Journal of Applied Psychology, C. LXXIX, No: 6, Aralık 1994, pp. 897-908.

Burns, Peter M.: “Hard-skills, Soft-skills: Undervaluing Hospitality’s ‘Service with a Smile’,” Progress in Tourism and Hospitality Research, C. III, No: 3, 1997, pp. 239-248.

Bustamama, Farah L., Sze S. Teng, Fakhrul Z. Abdullah: “Reward Management and Job Satisfaction among Frontline Employees in Hotel Industry in Malaysia,” Procedia- Social and Behavioral Sciences, C. CXLIV, Ağustos 2014, pp. 392-402.

Butler, Clare, Joanne Harris: “Pills, İlls and The Ugly Face Of Aesthetic Labour: ‘They Should’ve Discriminated Against Me’,” Work, Employment and Society, C. XXIX, No: 3, 2015, pp. 508-516.

Cambridge Dictionary: “New words-11 March 2013,” (Çevrim içi) https://dictionaryblog.cambridge.org/2013/03/11/new-words-11-march-2013/, 26 Ekim 2020.

Cascio, Wayne F.: Managing Human Resources: Productivity, Quality of Work Life, Profits, New York, McGraw-Hill, 2010.

Cavico, Frank J., Stephen C. Muffler, Bahaudin G. Mujtaba:

“Appearance Discrimination in Employment Legal and Ethical Implications of “Lookism” and “Lookphobia,” Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal, C. XXXII, No: 1, 2013, pp. 83-119.

Cevizci, Ahmet: Paradigma Felsefe Sözlüğü, 3.bs., İstanbul, Paradigma Yayınları, 1999.

Chang, Yu-Hern, Chung-Hsing Yeh: “A Survey Analysis of Service Quality for Domestic Airlines,” European Journal of Operational Research, No: 139, 2002, pp. 166-177.

Charmaz, Kathy: Gömülü (Grounded) Teori Yapılandırması, 2. bs., Çev. Ed. by. Rabia Hoş, Ankara, Seçkin Yayıncılık, 2015.

Christensen, Larry B., R. Burke Johnson, Lisa A. Turner: Araştırma Yöntemleri Desen ve Analiz, 3.bs., Çev. Ed. by. Ahmet Alpay, Ankara, Anı Yayıncılık, 2020.

Choi, Eun-Kyong (Cindy), Hyun-Woo Joung: “Employee Job Satisfaction and Customer-Oriented Behavior: A Study Of Frontline Employees in The Foodservice Industry,” Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality & Tourism, C. XVI, No: 3, Haziran 2017, pp. 235-251.

Cockburn, Cynthia: In the Way of Women: Men’s Resistance to Sex Equality in Organizastions, London, Macmillan, 1991.

Cohen, Marlene Z.: “A Historical Overview of the Phenomenologic Movement,” Image: Journal of Nursing Scholarship, C. XIX, No: 1, 1987.

Creswell, John W.: Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri: Beş Yaklaşıma Göre Nitel Araştırma ve Araştırma Deseni, 4. bs., Çev. Ed. Mesut Bütün, Selçuk B. Demir, Ankara, Siyasal Kitabevi, 2018.

Creswell, John W., Dana L. Miller: “Determining Validity in Qualitative Inquiry,” Theory Into Practice, C. XXXIX, No:3, Haziran 2010, pp. 124-130.

Çabuklu, Yaşar: Toplumsal Kurgular ve Cinsiyetçilik, İstanbul, Everest Yayınları, 2007.

Çavdar, Hava, Mehmet Çavdar:

“İşletmelerde İşgören Bulma ve Seçme Aşamaları,” Journal of Naval Science and Engineering, C. VI, No: 1, Nisan 2010, pp. 79-93.

Çetin, Ebru:

“Çalışma Hayatında Bedenin Değişen Görünümü,” Uluslararası İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi, C. VI, No: 1, 2009, pp. 73-83.

Dashper, Katherine L.:

Dean, Deborah: “The “Right” Person for the Job: Exploring the Aesthetics of Labor Within the Events Industry,” Event Management, C. XVII, No: 2, 2013, pp. 135-144.

“Recruiting a Self: Women Performers And Aesthetic Labour,” Work, Employment and Society, C. XIX, No: 4, 2005, pp. 761-774.

DeCenzo, David A., Stephen P. Robbins, Susan L. Verhulst: İnsan Kaynakları Yönetiminin Temelleri, 12. bs., Çev. Ed. by. Canan Çetin, M. Lütfi Arslan, Ankara, Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık, 2017.

Demirhan, Sezen: “Kabin Memurluğunun ‘Havada Kalan’ Tarihi ve Mesleğin Cinsiyetli İnşası,” Akdeniz Kadın Çalışmaları ve Toplumsal Cinsiyet Dergisi, C. II, No: 1, Mayıs 2019, pp. 19-47.

Denzin, Norman K.: The Research Act: A Theoretical Introduction to Sociological Methods, 3.bs., New Jersey, Prentice Hall, 1989.

Dessler, Gary: Human Resource Management, 15. bs., London, Pearson, 2016.

Di Mascio, Rita: “The Service Models of Frontline Employees,” Journal of Marketing, C. LXXIV, No: 4, Temmuz 2010, pp. 63-80.

Dion, Karen, Ellen Berscheid, Elaine Walster: “What Is Beautiful Is Good,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, C. XXIV, No: 3, 1972, pp. 285-290.

Eco, Umberto: Güzelliğin Tarihi, Çev. A. Cevat Akkoyunlu, İstanbul, Doğan Yayıncılık, 2016.

Entwistle, Joanne, Elizabeth Wissinger: “Keeping up Appearances: Aesthetic Labour in The Fashion Modelling Industries of London and New York,” The Sociological Review, C. LIV, No: 4, Kasım 2006, pp. 774-794.

Erlandson, David A., Edward L. Harris, Barbara L. Skipper, Steve D. Allen: Doing Naturalistic Inquiry, Newbury Park, CA, Sage, 1993.

Estes, Clarissa P.: Kurtlarla Koşan Kadınlar: Vahşi Kadın Arketipine Dair Mit ve Öyküler, Çev. Hakan Atalay, 49. bs., İstanbul, Ayrıntı Yayınları, 2020.

Fischer, Constance T.: “Bracketing in Qualitative Research: Conceptual and Practical Matters,” Psychotherapy Research Methods, C. XIX, No: 4-5, Eylül 2009, pp. 583-590.

Fiske, John: Popüler Kültürü Anlamak, Çev. Süleyman İrvan, Ark Yayınları, 1998. Folgerø, Ingebjørg S., Ingrid H. Fjeldstad:

“On Duty-Off Guard: Cultural Norms and Sexual Harassment in Service Organizations”, Organization Studies, C. XVI, No: 2, Mart 1995, pp. 299-313.

Foster, Joshua D.: “Beauty Is Mostly in the Eye of the Beholder: Olfactory Versus Visual Cues of Attractiveness,” The Journal of Social Psychology, C. CXLVIII, No: 6, 2008, pp. 765-773.

Frankel, Stephen J., Marek Korczynski, Karen A. Shire, May Tam: On The Front Line: Organization of Work in the Information Economy, New York, Cornell University Press, 1999.

Gatewood, Robert D., Hubert S. Feild, Murray Barrick: Human Resource Selection, 7. bs., Mason OH, Cengage Learning, 2011.

Giddens, Anthony: Sociology, 5. bs., Cambridge, Polity Press, 2006.

Giet, Sylvette: Özgürleşin! Bu Bir Emirdir: Kadın ve Erkek Dergilerinde Beden, Çev. İdil Engindeniz, İstanbul, Dharma Yayınları, 2006.

Gimlin, Debra: “What Is ‘Body Work’? A Review of the Literature,” Sociology Compass, C. I, No: 1, Ağustos 2007, pp. 353-370.

Glesne, Corrine: Nitel Araştırmaya Giriş, 6.bs., Çev. Ed. by. Ali Ersoy, Pelin Yalçınoğlu, Ankara, Anı Yayıncılık, 2020.

Goffman, Erving: Günlük Hayatta Benliğin Sunumu, 2.bs., Çev. Barış Sezar, İstanbul, Metis Yayıncılık, 2018.

Goffman, Erving: “Yüz Yüze Etkileşimin Yapısı,” Sosyoloji: Başlangıç Okumaları, 8.bs., Ed. by. Anthony Giddens, Çev. Günseli Altaylar, İstanbul, Say Yayınları, 2020, pp. 85- 92.

Gomez-Mejia, Luls, R., David B. Balkin, Robert L. Cardy: Managing Human Resources, 8. bs., London, Pearson, 2016.

Grandey, Alica A.: “Emotion Regulation in the Workplace: A New Way to Conceptualize Emotional Labor,” Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, C. V, No: 1, 2000, pp. 95-110.

Gross, James J.: “The Emerging Field of Emotion Regulation: An Integrative Review,” Review of General Psychology, C. II, No: 3, 1998a, pp. 271-299.

Gross, James J.: “Antecedent and Response-Focused Emotion Regulation: Divergent Consequences for Experience, Expression, and Physiology,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, C. LXXIV, No: 1, 1998b, pp. 224-237.

Grove, Stephen J., Raymond P. Fisk:

“Impression Management in Services Marketing: A Dramaturgical Perspective,” Impression Management in The Organization, Ed. by. Robert A. Giacalone, Paul Rosenfeld, Hillsdale, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1989, pp. 427-438.

Gruys, E. Kjerstin: “Properly Attired, Hired, or Fired: Aesthetic Labor and Social Inequality,” Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Los Angeles, University Of California, 2014.

Guadagno, Rosanna E., Robert B. Cialdini: “Gender Differences in Impression Management in Organizations: A Qualitative Review,” Sex Roles, C. LVI, Mart 2007, pp. 483-494.

Güngör, Pınar: “The Relationship between Reward Management System and Employee Performance with the Mediating Role of Motivation: A Quantitative Study on Global Banks,” Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, C. XXIV, 2011, pp. 1510-1520.

Hall, Richard, Diane van den Broek:

“Aestheticising Retail Workers: Orientations Of Aesthetic Labour in Australian Fashion Retail,” Economic and Industrial Democracy, C. XXXIII, No: 1, Aralık 2011, pp. 85-102.

Hamermesh, Daniel S., Jeff E. Biddle: “Beauty and Labour Market,” Nber Working Paper Series, Kasım 1993.

Hakim, Catherine: “Erotic Capital,” European Sociological Review, C. XXVI, No: 5, Mart 2010, pp. 499-518.

Hakim, Catherine: Erotic Capital: The Power of Attraction in the Boardroom and the Bedroom, New York, Basic Books, 2011.

Hancock, Philip, Melissa Tyler:

“The Look of Love’: Gender and the Organization of Aesthetics,” Body and Organization, Ed. by. John Hassard, Ruth Holliday, Hugh Willmott, London, Sage, 2000, pp. 108-129.

Harper, Barry: “Beauty, Stature and Labour Market: A British Cohort Study,” Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, C. LXII, No: 1, 2000, pp. 771-800.

Hatfield, Elaine, Susan Sprecher: Mirror, Mirror…The Importance of Looks in Everyday Life, Albany, State University of New York, 1986.

Hochschild, Arlie R.:

The Managed Heart: The Managed Heart Commercialization Of Human Feeling, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1983.

Hoskins, Tansy E.: Foya, Çev. Derya Bayraktaroğlu, Ankara, Ütopya Yayınevi, 2015.

Hung, Chia-Hung: “The Effect of Brand Image on Public Relations Perceptions and Customer Loyalty,” International Journal of Management, C. XXV, No: 2, Haziran 2008, pp. 237-246.

Husserl, Edmund: Fenomenoloji Üzerine Beş Ders, 4.bs., Çev. Harun Tepe, Ankara, Bilgesu Yayıncılık, 2017.

Ineson, Elizabeth M., Simon H. P. Brown: “The Use of Biodata for Hotel Employee Selection,” International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, C. IV, No: 2, Şubat 1992, pp. 8-12.

İnceoğlu, Yasemin, Altan Kar: “Yeni Güzellik İkonları: İnsan Bedeninin Özgürlüğü mü, Mahkumiyeti mi?,” Dişillik, Güzellik ve Şiddet Sarmalında Kadın ve Bedeni, Yasemin İnceoğlu, Altan Kar, İstanbul, Ayrıntı Yayınları, 2016, pp. 73-100.

Jobsonthemenu, 2020:

(Çevrim içi) http://www.jobsonthemenu.com/en-us/job/United-States/Customer-Service-Entry-Level- FULLTIME/J3T6YF6PWN7J7FSGKWN/, 26 Ekim 2020.

Johnston, Allanah, Jörgen Sandberg: ‘Looking Good, Feeling Beter’: Aesthetics and Exclusivity in the Service Encounter, 4th International Critical Management Studies Conference, Judge Institute of Management, 4-6 July 2005, U.K., University of Cambridge, pp. 1-28.

Johnston, Allanah, Jörgen Sandberg: “Controlling Service Work: An Ambiguous Accomplishment Between Employees, Management and Customers,” Journal of Consumer Culture, C. VIII, No: 3, Kasım 2008, pp. 389-417.

Kacmar, K. Michele, Kenneth J. Harris, Brian G. Nagy: “Further Validation of the Bolino and Turnley Impression Management Scale,” Institute of Behavioral and Applied Management, C. IX, No: 1, Ocak 2007, pp. 16-32.

Kent, Jacqueline C.: Business Builders in Cosmetics, Minneapolis, The Oliver Press, 2004.

Kesim, Sevgi, Altan Kar: “Plastik Cerrahi, “Tanrım Beni Baştan Yarat!” Metaforunu Mümkün Kılabilir Mi?,” Kadın ve Bedeni, Yasemin İnceoğlu, Altan Kar, İstanbul, Ayrıntı Yayınları, 2016, pp. 191-217.

Kinnunen, Taina, Jaana Parviainen: “Feeling the Right Personality. Recruitment Consultants’ Affective Decision Making in Interviews With Employee Candidates,” Nordic Journal of Working Life Studies, C. VI, No: 3, Eylül 2016, pp. 5-21.

Kristof-Brown, Amy, Murray R. Barrick, Melinda Franke:

“Applicant Impression Management: Dispositional Influences and Consequences for Recruiter Perceptions of Fit and Similarity,” Journal of Management, C. XXVIII, No: 1, Şubat 2002, pp. 27-46.

Kruml, Susan M., Deanna Geddes: “Exploring The Dimensions of Emotional Labor: The Heart of Hochschild’s Work,” Management Communication Quarterly, C. XIV, No: 1, Ağustos 2000, pp. 8-49.

Korczynksi, Marek: “The Contradictions of Service Work: Call Centre as Customer-Oriented Bureaucracy”, Customer Service: Empowerment and Entrapment, Ed. by. Andrew Sturdy, Irena Grugulis, Hugh Willmott, New York, Palgrave, 2001, pp. 79-101.

Korczynksi, Marek: “Skills in Service Work: An Overview”, Human Resource Management Journal, C. XV, No: 2, 2005, pp. 3-14.

Korczynksi, Marek: “Understanding the Contradictory Lived Experience of Service Work: The Customer-Oriented Bureaucracy,” Service Work: Critical Perspectives, Ed. by. Marek Korczynski, Cameron L. Macdonald, New York, Routledge, 2009, pp. 73-90.

Lan, Pei-Chia: “The Body as a Contested Terrain for Labor Control,” The Critical Study of Work: Labour, Technology and Global Production, Ed. by. Rick Baldoz, Charles Koaber, Philip Kraft, Philadelphia, Temple University Press, 2001, pp. 83-105.

Lan, Pei-Chia: “Working in a Neon Cage: Bodily Labor of Cosmetics Saleswomen in Taiwan,” Feminist Studies, C. XXIX, No: 1, 2003, pp. 21-45.

Leary, Mark R., Kowalski, Robin M.: “Impression Management: A Literature Review and Two-Component Model,” Psychological Bulletin, C. CVII, No: 1, 1990, pp. 34-47.

Leidner, Robin: “Serving Hamburgers and Selling Insurance: Gender, Work, and Identity in Interactive Service Jobs,” Gender and Society, C. V, No: 2, Haziran 1991, pp. 154-177.

Leidner, Robin: Fast Food, Fast Talk: Service Work and The Routinization of Everyday Life, Los Angeles, University of California Press, 1993.

Lessor, Roberta: “Consciousness of Time and Time for the Development of Consciousness: Health Awareness Amongwomen Flight Attendants,” Sociology of Health & Illness, C. VII, No: 2, Temmuz 1985, pp. 191-213.

Levashina, Julia, Michael A. Campion: “Measuring Faking in the Employment Interview: Development and Validation Of An Interview Faking Behavior Scale,” Journal of Applied Psychology, C. XCII, No: 6, 2007, pp. 1638-1656.

Lievens, Filip, Helga Peeters: “Interviewers’ Sensitivity to Impression Management Tactics in Structured Interviews,” European Journal of Psychological Assessment, C. XXIV, No: 3, Ocak 2008, pp. 174-180.

Lincoln, Yvonna S., Egon G. Guba: Naturalistic Inquiry, Beverly Hills, CA, Sage, 1985.

Liu, Xing M., Eva Sierminska: “Evaluating the Effect of Beauty on Labor Market Outcomes: A Review of the Literature,” IZA Discussion Paper No. 8526, Ekim 2014.

Lopez, Kay A., Danny G. Willis: “Descriptive Versus Interpretive Phenomenology: Their Contributions to Nursing Knowledge,” Qualitative Health Research, C. XIV, No: 5, Mayıs 2004, pp. 726-735.

Man, Fuat: “Çalışma Hayatında “Fiziksel Görüntü ve Sosyal Sermaye” ya da “Dördüncü Sermaye,” Çalışma İlişkileri Dergisi, C. VIII, No: 1, Ocak 2017, pp. 46-61.

Mears, Ashley: “Aesthetic Labor for the Sociologies of Work, Gender and Beauty,” Sociology Compass, C. VIII, No: 12, Aralık 2014, pp. 1330-1343.

Merriam, Sharan B.: Nitel Araştırma: Desen ve Uygulama İçin Bir Rehber, 3. bs., Çev. Ed. by. Selahattin Turan, Ankara, Nobel Kitap, 2015.

Miles, Matthew B., A. Michael Huberman: Nitel Veri Analizi, 3. bs., Çev. Ed. by. Sadegül A. Altun, Ali Ersoy, Ankara, Pegem Akademi, 2019.

Mills, Wright C.: White Collar: The American Middle Classes, London, Oxford University Press, 1969.

Morris, J. Andrew, Daniel C. Feldman: “The Dimensions, Antecedents and Consequences of Emotional Labor,” Academy of Management Review, C. XXI, No: 4, Ekim 1996, pp. 986-1010.

Moustakas, Clark: Phenomenological Research Methods, Thousand Oaks, SAGE Publications, 1994.

Mesleki Yeterlilik Kurumu: Ulusal Meslek Standardı, Uçak Kabin Memuru, 2015, (Çevrim içi) https://www.myk.gov.tr/images/articles/editor/ 201112/MesStand_UcakKabinMEM.pdf, 25 Nisan 2021.

Mesleki Yeterlilik Kurumu: Ulusal Meslek Standardı, Satış Danışmanı, 2015, (Çevrim içi),

file:///C:/Users/Zehra/Downloads/16UMS0519- 3%20Rev%2000%20Sat%C4%B1%C5%9F%20Dan %C4%B1%C5%9Fman%C4%B1.pdf, 6 Mayıs 2021.

Neuman, Lawrence W.: Toplumsal Araştırma Yöntemleri: Nicel ve Nitel Yaklaşımlar, C. II, Çev. Özlem Akkaya, Ankara, Siyasal Kitabevi, 2020.

Nickson, Dennis, Chris Warhurst, Anne Witz, Anne-Marie Cullen:

“The Importance of Being Aesthetic: Work, Employment and Service Organisation,” Customer Service: Empowerment and Entrapment, Ed. by. Andrew Sturdy, Irena Grugulis, Hugh Willmott, New York, Palgrave, 2001, pp. 170-190.

Nickson, Dennis, Chris Warhurst, Eli Dutton: “The Importance of Attitude and Appearance in The Service Encounter in Retail and Hospitality,” Managing Service Quality, C. XV, No: 2, 2005, pp. 195-208.

Noe, Raymond A.: İnsan Kaynaklarının Eğitimi ve Geliştirilmesi, Çev. Canan Çetin, İstanbul, Beta Yayınları, 2009.

O’Brien, KS, JD Latner, D Ebneter, JA Hunter: “Obesity Discrimination: The Role of Physical Appearance, Personal Ideology, and Anti-Fat Prejudice,” International Journal of Obesity, C. XXXVII, Nisan 2012, pp. 455-460.

Odabaşı, Yavuz: Tüketim Kültürü: Yetinen Toplumdan Tükenen Topluma, 6. bs., İstanbul, Agora Kitaplığı, 2019.

Otis, Eileen M.: “Beyond the Industrial Paradigm: Market-Embedded Labor and the Gender Organization of Global Service Work in China,” American Sociological Review, C. LXXIII, Şubat 2008, pp. 15-36.

Özdemir, Yasemin: İşe Alım: Süreç, Kavram, Uygulama, Sakarya, Sakarya Yayıncılık, 2017.

Özçelik, A. Oya: “Eğitim ve Geliştirme,” İnsan Kaynakları Yönetimi, Cavide Uyargil, Ömer Sadullah, Ahmet C. Acar, Gönen İ. Dündar, İsmail D. Atay, Zeki Adal ve Vala L. Tüzüner, 8. bs., İstanbul, Beta Basım, 2018.

Özer, Ş. Leyla: “Müşteri Bakış Açısından Satış Elemanı Performans Değerlendirmesi ve Kriter Geliştirme”, Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, C. XXII, No: 1, 2004, pp. 155-179.

Özkaplan, Nurcan: “Hizmet Sektöründe Duygusal Emek ve Toplumsal Cinsiyet,” Mesleki Sağlık ve Güvenlik Dergisi, C. XV, No: 56, 2015, pp. 15-21.

Özkaplan, Nurcan, Ece Öztan, Ester Ruben:

AVM’lerin Yorgun Gençleri: Tezgahtarlıktan Satış Elemanlığına Emeğin Dönüşümü, İstanbul, SAV, 2017. Pacteau, Francette:

Güzellik Semptomu, Çev. Banu Erol, İstanbul, Ayrıntı Yayınları, 2005.

Parasuraman, A., Valarie A. Zeithaml, Leonard L. Berry:

“SERVQUAL: A Multiple Item Scale for Measuring Customer Perceptions of Service Quality,” The Retailing Reader, Ed. by. John Dawson, Anne Findlay, Leigh Sparks, New York, Routledge, 2008, pp. 30-50.

Paquet, Dominique: Ayna Ayna, Güzel Ayna: Bir Güzellik Öyküsü, 2.bs., Çev. Orçun Türkay, İstanbul, Yapı Kredi Yayınları, 2015.

Patton, Michael Q.: Nitel Araştırma ve Değerlendirme Yöntemleri, 2. bs., Çev. Ed. by. Mesut Bütün, Selçuk B. Demir, Ankara, Pegem Akademi, 2018.

Paulhus, Delroy L., Bryce G. Westlake, Stryker S. Calvez, P. D. Harms: “Self-Presentation Style in Job Interviews: The Role Of Personality and Culture,” Journal of Applied Social Psychology, C. XLIII, No: 10, 2013, pp. 2042-2059.

Peiss, Kathy: “On Beauty... and the History of Business,” Enterprise & Society, C. I, No: 3, Haziran 2000, pp. 485-506.

Peeters, Helga, Filip Lievens: “Verbal and Nonverbal Impression Management Tactics in Behavior Description and Situational Interviews,” Internatıonal Journal of Selectıon and Assessment Volume, C. XIV, No: 3, Eylül 2006, pp. 206-222.

Pettinger, Lynner: “Brand Culture and Branded Workers: Service Work and Aesthetic Labour in Fashion Retail,” Consumption, Markets and Culture, C. VII, No: 2, Haziran 2004, pp. 165-184.

Pfann, Gerard A., Jeff E. Biddle, Daniel S. Hamermesh, Ciska M. Bosman: “Business Success and Businesses’ Beauty Capital,” Economics Letters, C. LXVII, No: 2, Mayıs 2000, pp. 201-207.

Platon: Şölen, Çev. Furkan Akderin, İstanbul, Say Yayınları, 2018.

Punch, Keith F.: Sosyal Araştırmalara Giriş: Nicel ve Nitel Yaklaşımlar, Çev. Dursun Bayrak, H. Bader Arslan, Zeynep Akyüz, Ankara, Siyasal Kitapevi, 2016.

Quach, Sara, Charles Jebarajakirthy, Park Thaichon:

“Aesthetic Labor and Visible Diversity: The Role in Retailing Service Encounters,” Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, C. XXXVIII, 2017, pp. 34-43.

Quinn, Bernie: “Aesthetic Labor, Rocky Horrors And The 007 Dynamic,” International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, C. II, No: 1, pp. 77-85.

Ramjattan, Vijay A.: “Working with an Accent: The Aesthetic Labour of International Teaching Assistants in Ontario Universities,” Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Toronto, Higher and Adult Education University of Toronto, 2019.

Ren, Xiaoni: “Exploiting Women’s Aesthetic Labour to Fly High in The Chinese Airline Industry,” Gender in Management: An International Journal, C. XXXII, No: 6, 2017, pp. 386-403.

Riggio, Ronald E., Keith F. Widaman, Joan S. Tucker, Charles Salinas: “Beauty is More Than Skin Deep: Components of Attractiveness,” Basic And Applied Social Psychology, C. XII, No: 4, 1991, pp. 423-439.

Roulin, Nicolas, Adrian Bangerter, Julia Levashina: “Honest and Deceptıve Impressıon Management in The Employment Intervıew: Can It Be Detected and How Does It Impact Evaluatıons?,” Personnel Psychology, C. LXVIII, 2015, pp. 395-444.

Roulin, Nicolas, Adrian Bangerter, Julia Levashina:

“Interviewers’ Perceptions of Impression Management in Employment Interviews,” Journal of Managerial Psychology, C. XXIX, No: 2, Şubat 2014, pp. 141-163.

Sabuncuoğlu, Zeyyat: İnsan Kaynakları Yönetimi, Bursa, Aktüel 16, 2018.

Sagaert, Claudine: Kadın Çirkinliğinin Tarihi, Çev. Serdar Kenç, İstanbul, Maya Kitap, 2017.

Saldana, Johnny: Nitel Araştırmacılar için Kodlama El Kitabı, Çev. Ed. by. Aysel T. Akcan, Süleyman N. Şad, Ankara, Pegem Akademi, 2019.

Seçer, Şebnem H.: “Estetik Emek: Çalışan Kadınlara Yönelik Ayrımcılığın Yeni Görünümü,” Karatahta İş Yazıları Dergisi, No: 5, Ağustos 2006, pp. 37-50.

Sezgin, Deniz: Tıbbileştirilen Yaşam Bireyselleştirilen Sağlık: Çelişkiler, Alternatifler ve Sağlık İletişimi, İstanbul, Ayrıntı Yayınları, 2011.

Shene, Susan D.: “Putting on a Good Face: An Examination of the Emotional and Aesthetic Roots of Presentational Labour,” Economic and Industrial Democracy, C. XXXIII, No: 1, 2011, pp. 145-158.

Shilling, Chris: The Body and Social Theory, 2. bs., London, Sage, 1993.

Singh, Val, Savita Kumra, Susan Vinnicombe:

“Gender and Impression Management: Playing the Promotion Game,” Journal of Business Ethics, C. XXXVII, 2002, pp. 77-89.

Snell, Scott, George Bohlander: Managing Human Resources Management, OH, Cengage Learning, 2013.

Spiess, Leslee, Peter Waring: “Aesthetic Labour, Cost Minimisation and the Labour Process in the Asia Pacific Airline Industry,” Employee Relations, C. XXVII, No: 2, 2005, pp. 193-207.

Strangleman, Tim, Tracey Warren: Çalışma ve Toplum: Sosyolojik Yaklaşımlar, Temalar ve Yöntemler, Çev. Fuat Man, Ankara, Nobel, 2015.

Stephen, Walls: “Are You Being Served? Gendered Aesthetics Among Retail Workers,” Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Durham, Durham University, 2007.

Strauss, Anselm L.: Qualitative Analysis for Social Scientist, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1987.

Strauss, Anselm, Juliet Corbin: Basics of Qualitative Research: Grounded Theory Procedures: Grounded Theory Prodecures and Techniques, Colifornia, SAGE, 1990.

Sunstein Bonnie S., Elizabeth Chiseri-Strater: FieldWorking: Reading and Writing Research, 2.bs., New York, Bedford/ St. Martin’s, 2002.

Swartz, David:

Kültür ve İktidar: Pierre Bourdieu’nün Sosyolojisi, 4. bs., Çev. Elçin Gen, İstanbul, İletişim Yayınları, 2018.

The International Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery: “The International Study on Aesthetic/Cosmetic Procedures Performed in 2016”, 2017, (Çevrim içi), https://www.isaps.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/GlobalStatistics2016-1.pdf, (26 Ekim 2020).

Timming, Andrew R.: “The Effect of Foreign Accent on Employability: A Study of The Aural Dimensions of Aesthetic Labour in Customer-Facing and Non-Customer-Facing Job,” Work, Employment and Society, 2016, pp. 1-20.

Topateş, Aslıcan, K.:

Torunoğlu, Dilek: “Tüketim Toplumunda Tükenen Bedenler: Kozmetik Reyonu Çalışanları ve Estetik Emek,” Çalışma İlişkileri Dergisi, C. VI, No: 2, Temmuz 2015, pp. 32-54.

“Çalışma Yaşamı ve Dış Görünüş,” Dişilik, Güzellik ve Şiddet Sarmalında Kadın ve Bedeni, Yasemin İnceoğlu, Altan Kar, İstanbul, Ayrıntı Yayınları, 2016, pp. 221-230.

Tsai, Wei-Chi, Chien-Cheng Chen, Su-Fen Chiu: “Exploring Boundaries of the Effects of Applicant Impression Management Tactics in Job Interviews,” Journal of Management, C. XXXI, No: 1, Şubat 2005, pp. 108-125.

Tsaur, Sheng-Hshiung, Wei-Hsin Tang: “The Burden of Esthetic Labor on Front-Line Employees in Hospitality Industry,” International Journal of Hospitality Management, C. XXXV, 2013, pp. 19-27.

Tsaur, Sheng-Hshiung, Hsiang-Fei Luoh, Shao-Syun Syue: “Positive Emotions and Behavioral Intentions of Customers in Full-Service Restaurants: Does Aesthetic Labor Matter?”, International Journal of Hospitality Management, C. LI, Ekim 2015, pp. 115-126.

Tunalı, İsmail: Estetik, İstanbul, Remzi Kitabevi, 2018.

Twigg, Julia: “Carework as a Form of Bodywork,” Ageing and Society, C. XX, No: 4, Temmuz 2000, pp. 389-411.

Tyler, Melissa, Pamela Abbott: “Chocs Away: Weight Watching in The Contemporary Airline Industry”, Sociology, C. XXXII, No: 3, Ağustos 1998, pp. 433-450.

User, İnci: “Biyoteknolojiler ve Kadın Bedeni,” Dişilik, Güzellik ve Şiddet Sarmalında Kadın ve Bedeni, Ed. by. Yasemin İnceoğlu, Altan Kar, 2.bs., İstanbul, Ayrıntı Yayınları, 2016.

Uyargil, Cavide: Performans Yönetimi Sistemi: Bireysel Performansın Planlanması, Değerlendirilmesi ve Geliştirilmesi, 4. bs., İstanbul, Beta, 2017.

Uyargil, Cavide: “Performans Değerlendirme,” İnsan Kaynakları Yönetimi, Cavide Uyargil, Ömer Sadullah, Ahmet C. Acar, Gönen İ. Dündar, İsmail D. Atay, Zeki Adal ve Vala L. Tüzüner, 8. bs., İstanbul, Beta Basım, 2018.

Van Maanen, John: “The Smile Factory: Work at Disneyland,” Reframing Organizational Culture, Ed. by. Peter J. Frost, Larry F. Moore, Meryl R. Louis, Craig C. Lundberg, Joanne Martin, Newbury Park, Sage, 1991, pp. 58-76.

Van Manen, Max: Researching Lived Experience: Human Science for an Action Sensitive Pedagogy, New York, State University of New York Press, 1990.

Vague: “Celebrating Twiggy, the Face of the Sixties, on Her Birthday”, 2014, (Çevrim içi), https://www.vogue.com/slideshow/twiggy-sixties-icon-in-vogue, 27 Ekim 2020.

Vigarello, Georges: Güzelliğin Tarihi, Çev. Erkan Ataçay, Ankara, Dost Kitapevi, 2013.

Vonk, Laura: “Peer Feedback in Aesthetic Labour: Forms, Logics and Responses,” Cultural Sociology, C. XV, No: 2, 2021, pp. 213-232.

Wallace, Ruth A., Alison Wolf: Çağdaş Sosyoloji Kuramları, 6. bs., Çev. Leyla Elburuz, M. Rami Ayas, Ankara, Doğu Batı Yayınları, 2015.

Warhurst, Chris, Dennis Nickson, Anne Witz, A. Marie Cullen: “Aesthetic Labor ın Interactive Service Work: Some Case Study Evidence From The ‘New’ Glasgow,” Service Industries Journal, C.XX, No: 3, Temmuz 2000, pp. 1-18.

Warhurst, Chris, Dennis Nickson: “Employee Experience of Aesthetic Labour in Retail and Hospitality,” Work, Employment and Society, C. XXI, No: 1, Mart 2007, pp. 103-120.

Warhurst, Chris, Diane van den Broek, Dennis Nickson, Richard Hall: “Lookism: The New Frontier of Employment Discrimination?”, Journal of Industrial Relations, C. LI, No: 1, Şubat 2009, pp. 131-136.

Warhurst, Chris, Dennis Nickson: ‘Who’s Got the Look?’ Emotional, Aesthetic and Sexualized Labour in Interactive Services,” Gender, Work and Organization, C. XVI, No: 3, Mayıs 2009, pp. 385-404.

Warhurst, Chris, Diane van den Broek, Dennis Nickson, Richard Hall: “Heads, Hearts and Now Bodies: Empleyee Looks and Lookism at Work,” The Future of Employment Relations: New Paradigms, New Approaches, Ed. by. Adrian Wilkinson, Keith Townsend, New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2011, pp. 122-140.

Waring, Peter: “Keeping up Appearances: Aesthetic Labour and Discrimination Law,” Journal of Industrial Relations, C. LIII, No: 2, Nisan 2011, pp. 193-207.

Watkins, Lucy M., Lucy Johnston: “Screening Job Applicants: The Impact of Physical Attractiveness and Application Quality,” International Journal of Selection and Assessment, C. VIII, No: 2, Haziran 2000, pp. 76-84.

Waudby, Beth, Jill Poulston: “Sexualisation and Harassment in Hospitality Workplaces: Who is Responsible?,” International Journal Of Culture, Tourism and Hospıtality Research, C. XI, No: 4, Ağustos 2017, pp. 483-499.

Wexley, Kenneth N., Gary P. Latham: Developing and Training Human Resources in Organizations, 2. bs., New York, HarperCollins Publishers, 1991.

Wharton, Amy: “Interactive Service Work,” The Sage Handbook of the Sociology of Work and Employment, Ed. by. Stephen Edgell, Heidi Gottfried, Edward Granter, London, Sage, 2015, pp. 329-347.

Williams, Christine L., Catherine Connell: “Looking Good and Sounding Right”: Aesthetic Labor and Social Inequality in the Retail Industry,” Work and Occupations, C. XXXVII, No: 3, Ağustos 2010, pp. 349-377.

Williams, Claire: Blue, White and Pink Collar Workers in Australia: Technicians, Bank Employesss and Flight Attendants, Nort Sydney, Allen&Unwin, 1988.

Witz, Anne, Chris Warhurst, Dennis Nickson: “The Labour of Aesthetics and the Aesthetics of Organization,” Organizations, C. X, No: 1, 2003, pp. 33-54.

Wolf, Naomi: The Beauty Myth: How Images of Beauty Are Used Against Women, New York, Harper Collins, 2002.

Wolkowitz, Carol: “Customer Services,” Bodies at Work, London, Sage, 2006.

Wu, Laurie, Ceridwyn A. King, Lu Lu, Priyanko Guchait:“Hospitality Aesthetic Labor Management: Consumers’ and Prospective Employees’ Perspectives Of Hospitality Brands,” International Journal of Hospitality Management, C. LXXXVII, Mayıs 2020, pp. 1-11.

Yıldırım, Ali, Hasan Şimşek: Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri, 11. bs., Ankara, Seçkin Yayıncılık, 2018. Zapf, Dieter:

“Emotion Work And Psychological Well-Being A Review Of The Literature and Some Conceptual Considerations,” Human Resource Management Review, C. XII, No: 2, 2002, pp. 237-268.

Zeithaml, Valarie A., Mary Jo Bitner, Dwayne D. Gremler: “Services Marketing Strategy,” Wiley International Encyclopedia of Marketing, Ed. by. Jagdish N. Sheth, Naresh K. Malhotra, UK, John Wiley & Sons, 2010, pp. 208-218.

Ziss, Avner: Estetik: Gerçekliği Sanatsal Özümsemenin Bilimi, Çev. Yakup Şahan, İstanbul, Hayalperest Yayınevi, 2016.

Yayınlanan

10 Ocak 2024

Lisans

Lisans

Bu İnternet Sitesi içeriğinde yer alan tüm eserler (yazı, resim, görüntü, fotoğraf, video, müzik vb.) Akademisyen Kitabevine ait olup, 5846 sayılı Fikir ve Sanat Eserleri Kanunu ve 5237 sayılı Türk Ceca Kanunu kapsamında korunmaktadır. Bu hakları ihlal eden kişiler, 5846 sayılı Fikir ve Sanat eserleri Kanunu ve 5237 sayılı Türk Ceza Kanununda yer alan hukuki ve cezai yaptırımlara tabi olurlar. Yayınevi ilgili yasal yollara başvurma hakkına sahiptir.

Mevcut yayın biçimiyle ilgili ayrıntılar: PDF

PDF

ISBN-13 (15)

978-625-399-508-9

Publication date (01)

2023

Fiziksel Boyutlar