Sürdürülebilir Sulu Tarım: Toprak Tuzluluğu, Belirlenme Teknikleri ve Yönetimi

Sertan Sesveren

doi:10.37609/akya.2920

Yazarlar

Sertan Sesveren

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5163-7066

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37609/akya.2920.c9134

Özet

Dünyanın birçok bölgesinde toprak tuzluluğu (özellikle sodyum yönünden tuzlanma) sürdürülebilir tarım için önemli bir tehlike oluşturur. Toprak tuzluluğu, toprak verimliliğini ve bitkilerin su alımını azaltan toksik etkisi nedeniyle artan bir tehdittir. Tehdit, özellikle kurak ve yarı kurak iklim bölgelerinde drenaj eksikliği görülen alanlarda görülmektedir. Toprak tuzluluğu toprak ve su materyalin tuz içermesi sonucu oluşabilir. Ek olarak jeolojik yapı, iklim, denizden uzaklık, topografik özellikler, doğal drenaj yapısı gibi faktörlerde nedenleri içinde sayılabilir. Bu kısım kurak alan tuzluluğu olarak geçmektedir. Kurak alan tuzluluğunun aksine, ikincil tuzluluk, sulu tarım gibi insan faaliyetleri nedeniyle toprağın tuzlanmasını ifade eder. Sulu tarım alanlarındaki tuzluluk probleminde ise sulama suyu kalitesinin düşük olması, uygun sulama tekniklerinin kullanılmaması, drenaj olanaklarının yetersizliği ve yüksek taban suyunun varlığı önemli birer etkendir. Bu koşullar altında sulama oranının düşük olması ve sulama yönetiminde başarısızlık beklenebilir. Günümüzde iklim değişiminin var olmasına bağlı kuraklığın olduğu koşullarda özellikle büyük sulama projelerine sahip havzalarda sulama suyu ve toprağın tuzluluğu durağan olmayan dinamik sürece sahip olduğundan tuzlu toprakların uygun bir şekilde izlenmesi ve yönetilmesi gerekmektedir. Bu işlemin yapılması tarımdaki sürdürülebilirlik kavramını çevresel boyutta önemli kılmaktadır. Tarımsal üretim ve su yönetimi için bu tür proje alanlarında son teknoloji ürünlerini barındıran ölçümleme cihazlarının entegrasyonları sağlanarak veri kestirimleri, modellemeleri ve algoritma geliştirimlerini içinde barındıran görüntüleme teknikleri, jeo-istatiksel yaklaşımlar, bulanık mantık, yapay sinir ağları ve yapay zekâ vb. araçlar kullanılmalıdır. Ek olarak uluslararası projelerin artırılması ve küresel düzeyde sonuçların paylaşılmasına gidilmelidir. Böylelikle çalışılan sahalardan elde edilen sonuçlarla doğal tuzluluk oluşum alanlarındaki problemler ve drenaj sorunu olan alanlarda yüksek taban suyu-tuzluluk ilişkileri daha iyi irdelenerek alt toprak katmanlarında, bitki kök bölgesinde ve diğer ilgili tüm alanlarda tuzluluk ve alkalilik sorununa çözüm olacak bir program oluşturulabilir. Bu kapsamda sulu tarımın sürdürülebilirliği için toprak tuzluluğunun belirlenmesi, toprak ve su tuzluluğunun tarımsal ürün üzerindeki etkileşimleri ve topraktaki tuzluluğun yönetim ilkeleri kitabın bu bölümünde verilmeye çalışılmıştır.

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