Gıda Fermantasyonlarındaki Mikrobiyal Floranın Araştırılmasına Yönelik Nükleik Asit Bazlı Yaklaşımlar
Özet
Fermantasyon, en sık kullanılan gıda muhafaza yöntemlerinden biri olmasının yanı sıra insan sağlığı için de faydalı bir işlemdir. Gıdaların fermantasyonu sırasında bazı mikroorganizmalar önemli bir rol oynar. Mikrobiyal çeşitliliği araştırmak için kullanılan moleküler yöntemler, nükleik asit bazlı analizleri kapsamaktadır. Bu yöntemler için, temel olarak; PCR amplifikasyonu, enzimatik kısıtlama ve elektroforetik teknikleri (T-RFLP-Terminal Kısıtlama Parçası Uzunluğu Polimorfizmi, DGGE-Denatürasyon Jel GradyanElektroforezi, TGGE-Sıcaklık Gradyan Jel Elektroforezi) gibi analiz metodları kullanılır. Bu yöntemler, çok az sayıda dizi okuması üreterek belirli bir örnekteki mikrobiyal DNA içeriğinin kapsamlı bir tanımını sağlamaktadır. Bu çalışmada, fermantasyonun gıda kalitesini ve ekoloji dinamiğini iyileştirmek için nükleik asit bazlı yaklaşımlardaki en son kullanılan yöntemlerin uygulamaları incelenmiştir. Gıda fermantasyonundan sorumlu mikroorganizmaları teşhis etmek için moleküler yöntemler kullanılarak mikroorganizmaları analiz etme yöntemleri ve burada kullanılan nükleik asit bazlı yöntemler incelenmiş ve yeni nesil dizileme teknikler ve yapılan çalışmalar hakkında bilgi verilmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda nükleik asit bazlı uygulamalarda floranın güvenilir bir görünümünü elde etmek için ekstraksiyon ve PCR tekrarlanabilirliğinin sağlanması, bir ekosistemdeki mikrobiyal özelliğin tespiti için eşzamanlı bir şekilde farklı çalışmaların aynı ekosistemde tamamlanması, fermente gıdaların artık fonksiyonel metagenomik veya meta-transkriptomik yöntemlerle ele alınması önerilmektedir.
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