Ölçme Hatalarındaki Etkilerin Düzeltilmesi
Özet
Maruziyet ölçümündeki hata için epidemiyolojik ilişki ölçümlerini düzeltecek çeşitli yöntemler mevcuttur. Bu yöntemler, hem birincil maruziyet değişkenini hem de kovaryantlardaki ölçme hataları için düzeltilmiş relatif risk ve güven aralıklarını sağlar. Her bir yöntem nadir olarak mükemmel bir şekilde karşılanan varsayımlar gerektirir. Örneğin, birçok yöntem hataların kesinlikle rastgele kişi-içi varyasyondan kaynaklandığını varsayar, fakat bunun besin alımı anketleri için doğru olma ihtimali düşüktür. Regresyon kalibasyonu gibi validasyon alt çalışmasını temel alan yöntemler, doğru ölçümün gerçekten doğru olduğunu (ya da en azından doğrunun yansız hesaplanmasını) varsayar. Bu sınırlamalara rağmen, bu düzeltme prosedürlerinin dikkatli kullanımı ölçme hatasının etkilerini tümüyle göz ardı eden analizerdense, beslenmeye bağlı faktörler ve hastalık arasındaki kantitatif ilişkileri daha iyi tahmin edilmesini sağlayacaktır.
Referanslar
Armstrong, B. (1985). Measurement error in the generalized linear model. Commun Statist Simula Computa l4:529–544.
Barron, B. A. (1977). The effects of misclassification on the estimation of relative risk. Biometrics 33:414–418.
Beaton, G. H., J. Milner, P. Corey, et al. (1979). Sources of variance in 24-hour dietary recall data: implications for nutrition study design and interpretation. Am J Clin Nutr 32:2546–2549.
Beaton, G. H. (1994). Approaches to analysis of dietary data—relationship between planned analyses and choice of methodology. Am J Clin Nutr 59(suppl):S253–S261.
Bross, I. D. (1954). Misclassification in 2 x 2 tables. Biometrics 10:478–486.
Byar, D. P., and M. H. Gail. (1989). Errors-in-variables workshop. Statist Med 8:1027–1029.
Carroll, R. J., C. H. Spiegelman, K. K. Gordon, et al. (1984). On errors in variables for binary regression models. Biometrika 71:19–25.
Carroll, R. J., and M. P. Wand. (1991). Semiparametric estimation in logistic measurement error models. J R Statist Soc B 53:573–585.
Carroll, R. J., D. Ruppert, and L. A. Stefanski. (1995). Measurement Error in Nonlinear Models . Monographs on Statistics and Applied Probability . London: Chapman & Hall.
Chen, T. T. (1989). A review of methods for misclassified categorical data in epidemiology. Statist Med 8:1095–1106.
Clayton, D. G. (1992). “Models for the analysis of cohort and case-control studies with inaccurately measured exposures,” in Statistical Models for Longitudinal Studies of Health . Edited by J. H. Dwyer, M. Feinlieb, P. Lipsert, and et al., pp. 301–331. New York, NY: Oxford Press.
Diamond, E. L., and A. M. Lilienfeld. (1962). Effects of errors in classification and diagnosis in various types of epidemiological studies. Am J Public Health 52:1137–1144.
Espeland, M. A., and S. L. Hui. (1987). A general approach to analyzing epidemiologic data that contain misclassification errors. Biometrics 43:1001–1012.
Greenland, S. (1980). The effect of misclassification in the presence of covariates. Am J Epidemiol 112:564–569.
Greenland, S. (1988). Variance estimation for epidemiologic effect estimates under misclassification. Statist Med 7:745–757.
Guolo, A. (2008). Robust techniques for measurement error correction: a review. Stat Methods Med Res 17:555–580.
Kaldor, J., and D. Clayton. (1985). Latent class analysis in chronic disease epidemiology. Statist Med 4:327–335.
Kleinbaum, D. G., L. L. Kupper, and H. Morganstern. (1982). Epidemiologic research: Principles and Quantitative Methods . Belmont, CA: Lifetime Learning Publications.
Kupper, L. L. (1984). Effects of the use of unreliable surrogate variables on the validity of epidemiologic research studies. Am J Epidemiol 120:643–648.
Liu, K., J. Stamler, A. Dyer, et al. (1978). Statistical methods to assess and minimize the role of intra-individual variability in obscuring the relationship between dietary lipids and serum cholesterol. J Chron Dis 31:399–418.
Madansky, A. (1959). The fitting of straight lines when both variables are subject to error. J Am Stat Assoc 54:173–205.
Mattson, F. H., B. A. Erickson, and A. M. Kligman. (1972). Effect of dietary cholesterol on serum cholesterol in man. Am J Clin Nutr 25:589–594.
Nusser, S. M., A. L. Carriquiry, K. W. Dodd, etal. (1996). A semiparametric transformation approach to estimating usual daily intake distributions. J Am Statist Assoc 91:1440–1449.
Nusser, S. M., W. A. Fuller, and P. M. Guenther. (1996). “Estimation of usual dietary intake distributions:adjusting for measurement error and nonnormality in 24-hour food intake data.,” in Survey Measurement and Process Quality . Edited by D. Trewin, pp. 689–709. New York, NY: Wiley
Perisic, I., and B. Rosner. (1999). Comparisons of measures of interclass correlations: the general case of unequal group size. Stat Med 18:1451–1466.
Preis, S. R., D. Spiegelman, B. B. Zhao, et al. (2011). Application of a repeat-measure biomarker measurement error model to 2 validation studies: examination of the effect of within-person variation in biomarker measurements. Am J Epidemiol 173:683–694.
Prentice R. L., P. A. Shaw, S. A. Bingham, et al. (2009). Biomarker-calibrated energy and protein consumption and increased cancer risk among postmenopausal women. Am J Epidemiol 169:977–989.
Qiu, W., and B. Rosner. (2010). Measurement error correction for the cumulative average model in the survival analysis of nutritional data: application to Nurses’ Health Study. Lifetime Data Anal 16:136–153.
Riggs, D. S., J. A. Guarnieri, and S. Addelman. (1978). Fitting straight lines when both variables are subject to error. Life Sci 22:1305–1360.
Rosner, B., and W. C. Willett. (1988). Interval estimates for correlation coefficients corrected for within-person variation: implications for study design and hypothesis testing. Am J Epidemiol 127:377–386.
Rosner, B., W. C. Willett, and D. Spiegelman. (1989). Correction of logistic regression relative risk estimates and confidence intervals for systematic within-person measurement error. Stat Med 8:1051–1069.
Rosner, B., D. Spiegelman, and W. C. Willett. (1990). Correction of logistic regression relative risk estimates and confidence intervals for measurement error: the case of multiple covariates measured with error. Am J Epidemiol 132:734–745.
Rosner, B., D. Spiegelman, and W. C. Willett. (1992). Correction of logistic regression relative risk estimates and confidence intervals for random within-person measurement error. Am J Epidemiol 136:1400–1413.
Rosner, B., and R. Glynn. (2007). Interval estimation for rank correlation coefficients based on the probit transformation with extension to measurement error correction of correlated data. Stat Med 26:633–646.
Snedecor, W. G. (1968). Error in measurement in statistics. Technometrics 10:637–666.
Spiegelman, D., A. McDermott, and B. Rosner. (1997). Regression calibration method for correcting measurement—error bias in nutritional epidemiology. Am J Clin Nutr 65(suppl):1179S–1186S.
Spiegelman, D., S. Schneeweiss, and A. McDermott. (1997). Measurement error correction for logistic regression models with an “alloyed gold standard.” Am J Epidemiol 145:184–196.
Spiegelman, D., B. Zhao, and J. Kim. (2005). Correlated errors in biased surrogates: study designs and methods for measurement error correction? Stat Med 24:1657–1682.
Stefanski, L. A., and R. J. Carroll. (1985). Covariate measurement error in logistic regression. Ann Statist 13:1335–1351.
Thurigen, D., D. Spiegelman, M. Blettner, et al.(2000). Measurement error correction using validation data: a review of methods and their applicability in case-control studies. Stat Methods Med Res 9:447–474.
Tukey, J. W. (1951). Components in regression. Biometrics 7:33–69.
Walker, A. M., and M. Blettner. (1985). Comparing imperfect measures of exposure. Am J Epidemiol 121:783–790.
Willett, W. C., L. Sampson, M. J. Stampfer, et al. (1985). Reproducibility and validity of a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. Am J Epidemiol 122:51–65.
Willett, W. C., M. J. Stampfer, G. A. Colditz, et al. (1987). Dietary fat and the risk of breast cancer. N Engl J Med 316:22–28.
Willett, W. C., D. J. Hunter, M. J. Stampfer, et al. (1992). Dietary fat and fiber in relation to risk of breast cancer: An 8-year follow-up. J Am Med Assoc 268:2037–2044.
Zeger, S. L., F. Dominici, A. McDermott, et al. (2008). Mortality in the Medicare population and chronic exposure to fine particulate air pollution in urban centers (2000–2005). Environ Health Perspect 116:1614–1619.
