EMS (Elektromyostimülasyon) Antrenmanları ve Etkisi

Yazarlar

Yaşar Köroğlu

Özet

Referanslar

Amiridis IG, Arabatzi F, Violaris P, Stavropoulos E, Hatzitaki V. (2005). Static balance improvement in elderly after dorsiflexors electrostimulation training. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 94(4), 424-433

Babault N, Cometti C, Maffiluetti NA, Deley G. (2011). Does electrical stimulation enhance post-exercise recovery? European Journal of Applied Physiology,111(10), 2501-2507

Banerjee P, Caulfield B, Crowe L, Clark A. (2005).Prolonged electrical muscle stimulation exercise improves strength and aerobic capacity in healthy sedentary adults. Journal of Applied Physiology, 99(6),2307-231

Bezerra P, Zhou S, Crowley Z, Brooks L, Hooper A.(2009). Effects of unilateral electromyostimulation superimposed on voluntary training on strength and cross sectional area. Muscle & Nerve, 40(3), 430-437

Bickel CS, Gregory CM, Dean JC. (2011). Motor unit recruitment during neuromuscular electrical stimulation: a critical appraisal. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 111(10), 2399-2407

Billot M, Martin A, Paizis C, Cometti C, Babault N. (2010). Effects of an electrostimulation training program on strength, jumping, and kicking capacities in soccer players. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 24(5), 1407-1413

Bompa, T. O., & Haff, G. G. (2017). Dönemleme: Antrenman kuramı ve yöntemi. 5. basım. (Tanju Bağırgan, çev). Ankara: Spor Yayın ve Kitabevi, s- 293-300

Colson SS, Martin A, Hoecke JV. (2009). Effects of electromyostimulation versus voluntary isometric training on elbow flexor muscle strength. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 19(5), 311-319

Deley G, Cometti C, Fatnassi A, Paizis C, Babault N.(2011). Effects of combined electromyostimulation and gymnastics training in prepubertal girls. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 25(2), 520-526

Delitto A, Rose SJ, McKowen JM, Lehman RC,Thomas JA, Shively RA. (1988). Electrical stimulation versus voluntary exercise in strengthening thigh musculature after anterior cruciate ligament surgery. Physical Therapy, 68(5), 660-663

Delitto A, Snyder-Mackler L. (1990). Two Theories of Muscle Strength Augmentation Using Percutaneous Electrical Stimulation. Physical Therapy, 70(3), 158-164

Dudley GA, Stevenson SW. (2008). Use of Electrical Stimulation in Strength and Power Training, in Strength and Power in Sport, Second Edition (ed P. V.Komi), Blackwell Science Ltd, Oxford, UK. 426-437

Farina D, Holobar A, Merletti R, Enoka RM. (2010). Decoding the neural drive to muscles from the surface electromyogram. Clinical Neurophysiology, 121(10) 1616-1623

Farthing JP. (2009). Cross-education of strength depends on limb dominance: implications for theory and application. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews,37(4), 179-187

Feiereisen P, Duchateau J, Hainaut K. (1997). Motor unit recruitment order during voluntary and electrically induced contractions in the tibialis anterior. Experimental Brain Research, 114(1), 117-123

Fılıpovıc, A. Kleınoder, H. Pluck, D. Hollmann, W. Bloch, W. Grau, M. (2015). Influence Of Whole-Body Electrostımulatıon On Human Red Blood Cell Deformabılıty. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 29(9)/2570–2578

Folland JP, Williams, AG. (2007). The adaptations to strength training: morphological and neurological contributions to increased strength. Sports Medicine,37(2), 145-68

Gabriel DA, Kamen G, Frost G. (2006). Neural adaptations to resistive exercise: mechanisms and recommendations for training practices. Sports Medicine, 36(2), 133-149

Garhammer J. (1983). An introduction to the use of electrical muscle stimulation with athletes. NSCA Journal, 5(4), 44-45

Gondin J, Brocca L, Bellinzona E, D’Antona G, Maffiuletti NA, Miotti D., ve diğ. (2011). Neuromuscular electrical stimulation training induces atypical adaptations of the human skeletal muscle phenotype: a functional and proteomic analysis.Journal of Applied Physiology, 110(2), 433-450

Gondin J, Duclay J, Martin A. (2006b). Neural drive preservation after detraining following neuromuscular electrical stimulation training. Neuroscience Letters, 409(3), 210-214

Gondin J, Guette M, Ballay Y, Martin A. (2005). Electromyostimulation training effects on neural drive and muscle architecture. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 37(8), 1291-1299

Gondin J, Guette M, Ballay Y, Martin A. (2006). Neural and muscular changes to detraining after electrostimulation training. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 97(2), 165-173.

Gonzalez AM, Hoffman JR, Stout JR, Fukuda DH, Willoughby DS.(2016). Intramuscular anabolic signaling and endocrine response following resistance exercise: Implications for muscle hypertrophy. Sports Med.46(5):671-685

Gregory CM, Bickel CS. (2005). Recruitment Patterns in Human Skeletal Muscle During Electrical Stimulation.Physical Therapy, 85(4) ,358-364

Gulick DT, Castel JC, Palermo FX, Draper DO.(2011). Effect of patterned electrical neuromuscular stimulation on vertical jump in collegiate athletes. Sports Health, 3(2), 152-157

Han BS, Jang SH, Chang Y, Byun WM, Lim SK,Kang DS. (2003). Functional magnetic resonance image finding of cortical activation by neuromuscular electrical stimulation on wrist extensor muscles. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 82(1), 17-20

Hashida R, Matsuse H, Takano Y, Omoto M, Nago T, Shiba N.(2016). Walking exercise combined with neuromuscular electrical stimulation of antagonist resistance improved muscle strength and physical function for elderly people: A pilot study. J Phys Fitness Sports Med. 5(2):195-203

Herrero JA, Izquierdo M, Maffiuletti NA, Garcia-Lopez J. (2006). Electromyostimulation and plyometric training effects on jumping and sprint time. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 27(7), 533-539

Holcomb WR. (2005). Is neuromuscular electrical stimulation an effective alternative to resistance training. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 27(3), 76-79

Holcomb WR. (2006). Effect of training with neuromuscular electrical stimulation on elbow flexion strength. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 5(2),276-281

Hortobágyi T, Maffiuletti NA. (2011). Neural adaptations to electrical stimulation strength training.European Journal of Applied Physiology, 111(10), 2439-2449

Kemmler W, Kleinöder H, Fröhlich M. (2020).Wholebody electromyostimulation: A training technology to improve health and performance in humans? Front Physiol;11:523

Kırdı N, Tunca Ö, Meriç A. (1998). Fonksiyonel elektrikstimülasyonu. Ankara: Hacettepe Üniversitesi Fizik Tedavi ve Rehabilitasyon Yüksekokulu Yayınları

Knaflitz M, Merletti R, De Luca CJ, (1990). Inference of motor unit recruitment order in voluntary and electrically elicited contractions, Journal of Applied Physiology, 68(4), 1657-1667

Levine JA. Sick of sitting. Diabetologia. 2015;58(8):1751-1758

Lindquist ARR, Prado CL, Barros RML, Mattioli R, Costa PHL, Salvini TF. (2007). Gait training combining partial body-weight support a treadmill, and functional electrical stimulation: effects on poststroke gait. Physical Therapy, 87(9), 1144-115

Maffiuletti NA, (2010). Physiological and methodological considerations for the use of neuromuscular electrical stimulation. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 110(2), 223-234

Maffiuletti NA, Bramanti J, Jubeau M, Bizzini M, Deley G, Cometti G. (2009). Feasibility and efficacy of progressive electrostimulation strength training for competitive tennis players. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 23(2), 677-682

Maffiuletti NA, Cometti G, Amiridis IG, Martin A, Pousson M, Chatard JC. (2000). The effects of electromyostimulation training and basketball practice on muscle strength and jumping ability. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 21(6), 437-443

Maffiuletti NA, Pensini M, Martin A. (2002a). Activation of human plantar flexor muscles increases after electromyostimulation training. Journal of Applied Physiology, 92(4), 1383–1392

Maffiuletti NA, Zory R, Miotti D, Pellegrino MA, Jubeau M, Bottinelli R. (2006). Neuromuscular adaptations to electrostimulation resistance training. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 85(2), 167-75

Malatesta D, Cattaneo F, Dugnani S, Maffiuletti NA. (2003). Effects of Electromyostimulation Training and Volleyball Practice on Jumping Ability. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 17(3), 573–579

Marqueste T, Hug F, Decherchi P, Mes Y. (2003). Changes in neuromuscular function after training by functional electrical stimulation. Muscle & Nerve, 28(2), 181-188

Martin L, Cometti G, Pousson M, Morlon B. (1993). Effect Of Electrical stimulation on the contractile characteristics of the triceps surae muscle. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 67(5), 457-461

Mendell LM. (2005). The size principle: a rule describing the recruitment of motoneurons. J. Neurophysiol, 93(6), 3024–3026

Paillard T, Noe F, Bernard N, Dupui P, Hazard C. (2008). Effects of two types of neuromuscular electrical stimulation training on vertical jump performance. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 22(4), 1273-1278

Pano-Rodriguez A, Beltran-Garrido JV, Hernández-González V,Reverter-Masia J. Effects of whole-body electromyostimulation on health and performance: A systematic review. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2019;19(1):87

Pichon F, Chatard JC, Martin A, Cometti G. (1995).Electrical stimulation and swimming performance.Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 27(12), 1671-1676

Porcari JP, McLean KP, Foster C, Kernozek T, Crenshaw B, Swenson C. (2002). Effects of electrical muscle stimulation on body composition, muscle strength, and physical appearance. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 16(2), 165-172

Porcari JP, Miller J, Cornwell K, Foster C, Gibson M, McLean K., ve diğ. (2005). The effects of neuromuscular electrical stimulation training of abdominal strength, endurance, and selected anthropometric measures. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 4(1), 66-75

Sanchez BR, Puche PP, Gonzalez-Badillo JJ. (2005). Percutaneous electrical stimulation in strength training: an update. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 19(2), 438-448

Seyri MK, Maffiuletti NA. (2011). Effect of Electromyostimulation Training on Muscle Strength and Sports Performance. Strength Conditioning Journal, 33(1), 70-75

Sheffler LR, Chae J. (2007). Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation in Neurorehabilitation. Muscle & Nerve,35(5), 562-590

Stevens JE, Mizner RL, Snyder-Mackler L. (2004). Neuromuscular electrical stimulation for quadriceps muscle strengthening after bilateral total knee arthroplasty: a case series. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 34(1), 21–29

Stone, M. H., Cormie, P., Lamont, H., & Stone, M. (2016). Developing strength and power. In Jeffreys, I. (edts.), Strength and Conditioning for Sports Performance. New York, NY: Routledge

Vanderthommen M, Duchateau J. (2007). Electrical stimulation as a modality to improve performance of the neuromuscular system. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 35(4), 180-185

Venable M, Collins MA, O’Bryant HS, Denegar CR, Sedivec MJ, Alon G. (1991). Effect of supplemental electrical stimulation on the development of strength,vertical jump performance and power. Journal of Applied Sport Science Research, 5(3), 139-143

Ward AR, Shkuratova N. (2002). Russian electrical stimulation: the early experiments. Physical Therapy,82(10), 1019-1030

Willoughby DS, Simpson S. (1998). Supplemental EMS and dynamic weigth training: Effects on knee extensor strength and vertical jump of female college track&field athletes. The Journal of Strength and onditioning Research, 12(3), 131-137

Zatsiorsky VM, Kraemer WJ. (2006). Science and Practice of Strength Training, Second Edition. Human Kinetics. 132

Referanslar

Amiridis IG, Arabatzi F, Violaris P, Stavropoulos E, Hatzitaki V. (2005). Static balance improvement in elderly after dorsiflexors electrostimulation training. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 94(4), 424-433

Babault N, Cometti C, Maffiluetti NA, Deley G. (2011). Does electrical stimulation enhance post-exercise recovery? European Journal of Applied Physiology,111(10), 2501-2507

Banerjee P, Caulfield B, Crowe L, Clark A. (2005).Prolonged electrical muscle stimulation exercise improves strength and aerobic capacity in healthy sedentary adults. Journal of Applied Physiology, 99(6),2307-231

Bezerra P, Zhou S, Crowley Z, Brooks L, Hooper A.(2009). Effects of unilateral electromyostimulation superimposed on voluntary training on strength and cross sectional area. Muscle & Nerve, 40(3), 430-437

Bickel CS, Gregory CM, Dean JC. (2011). Motor unit recruitment during neuromuscular electrical stimulation: a critical appraisal. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 111(10), 2399-2407

Billot M, Martin A, Paizis C, Cometti C, Babault N. (2010). Effects of an electrostimulation training program on strength, jumping, and kicking capacities in soccer players. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 24(5), 1407-1413

Bompa, T. O., & Haff, G. G. (2017). Dönemleme: Antrenman kuramı ve yöntemi. 5. basım. (Tanju Bağırgan, çev). Ankara: Spor Yayın ve Kitabevi, s- 293-300

Colson SS, Martin A, Hoecke JV. (2009). Effects of electromyostimulation versus voluntary isometric training on elbow flexor muscle strength. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 19(5), 311-319

Deley G, Cometti C, Fatnassi A, Paizis C, Babault N.(2011). Effects of combined electromyostimulation and gymnastics training in prepubertal girls. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 25(2), 520-526

Delitto A, Rose SJ, McKowen JM, Lehman RC,Thomas JA, Shively RA. (1988). Electrical stimulation versus voluntary exercise in strengthening thigh musculature after anterior cruciate ligament surgery. Physical Therapy, 68(5), 660-663

Delitto A, Snyder-Mackler L. (1990). Two Theories of Muscle Strength Augmentation Using Percutaneous Electrical Stimulation. Physical Therapy, 70(3), 158-164

Dudley GA, Stevenson SW. (2008). Use of Electrical Stimulation in Strength and Power Training, in Strength and Power in Sport, Second Edition (ed P. V.Komi), Blackwell Science Ltd, Oxford, UK. 426-437

Farina D, Holobar A, Merletti R, Enoka RM. (2010). Decoding the neural drive to muscles from the surface electromyogram. Clinical Neurophysiology, 121(10) 1616-1623

Farthing JP. (2009). Cross-education of strength depends on limb dominance: implications for theory and application. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews,37(4), 179-187

Feiereisen P, Duchateau J, Hainaut K. (1997). Motor unit recruitment order during voluntary and electrically induced contractions in the tibialis anterior. Experimental Brain Research, 114(1), 117-123

Fılıpovıc, A. Kleınoder, H. Pluck, D. Hollmann, W. Bloch, W. Grau, M. (2015). Influence Of Whole-Body Electrostımulatıon On Human Red Blood Cell Deformabılıty. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 29(9)/2570–2578

Folland JP, Williams, AG. (2007). The adaptations to strength training: morphological and neurological contributions to increased strength. Sports Medicine,37(2), 145-68

Gabriel DA, Kamen G, Frost G. (2006). Neural adaptations to resistive exercise: mechanisms and recommendations for training practices. Sports Medicine, 36(2), 133-149

Garhammer J. (1983). An introduction to the use of electrical muscle stimulation with athletes. NSCA Journal, 5(4), 44-45

Gondin J, Brocca L, Bellinzona E, D’Antona G, Maffiuletti NA, Miotti D., ve diğ. (2011). Neuromuscular electrical stimulation training induces atypical adaptations of the human skeletal muscle phenotype: a functional and proteomic analysis.Journal of Applied Physiology, 110(2), 433-450

Gondin J, Duclay J, Martin A. (2006b). Neural drive preservation after detraining following neuromuscular electrical stimulation training. Neuroscience Letters, 409(3), 210-214

Gondin J, Guette M, Ballay Y, Martin A. (2005). Electromyostimulation training effects on neural drive and muscle architecture. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 37(8), 1291-1299

Gondin J, Guette M, Ballay Y, Martin A. (2006). Neural and muscular changes to detraining after electrostimulation training. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 97(2), 165-173.

Gonzalez AM, Hoffman JR, Stout JR, Fukuda DH, Willoughby DS.(2016). Intramuscular anabolic signaling and endocrine response following resistance exercise: Implications for muscle hypertrophy. Sports Med.46(5):671-685

Gregory CM, Bickel CS. (2005). Recruitment Patterns in Human Skeletal Muscle During Electrical Stimulation.Physical Therapy, 85(4) ,358-364

Gulick DT, Castel JC, Palermo FX, Draper DO.(2011). Effect of patterned electrical neuromuscular stimulation on vertical jump in collegiate athletes. Sports Health, 3(2), 152-157

Han BS, Jang SH, Chang Y, Byun WM, Lim SK,Kang DS. (2003). Functional magnetic resonance image finding of cortical activation by neuromuscular electrical stimulation on wrist extensor muscles. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 82(1), 17-20

Hashida R, Matsuse H, Takano Y, Omoto M, Nago T, Shiba N.(2016). Walking exercise combined with neuromuscular electrical stimulation of antagonist resistance improved muscle strength and physical function for elderly people: A pilot study. J Phys Fitness Sports Med. 5(2):195-203

Herrero JA, Izquierdo M, Maffiuletti NA, Garcia-Lopez J. (2006). Electromyostimulation and plyometric training effects on jumping and sprint time. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 27(7), 533-539

Holcomb WR. (2005). Is neuromuscular electrical stimulation an effective alternative to resistance training. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 27(3), 76-79

Holcomb WR. (2006). Effect of training with neuromuscular electrical stimulation on elbow flexion strength. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 5(2),276-281

Hortobágyi T, Maffiuletti NA. (2011). Neural adaptations to electrical stimulation strength training.European Journal of Applied Physiology, 111(10), 2439-2449

Kemmler W, Kleinöder H, Fröhlich M. (2020).Wholebody electromyostimulation: A training technology to improve health and performance in humans? Front Physiol;11:523

Kırdı N, Tunca Ö, Meriç A. (1998). Fonksiyonel elektrikstimülasyonu. Ankara: Hacettepe Üniversitesi Fizik Tedavi ve Rehabilitasyon Yüksekokulu Yayınları

Knaflitz M, Merletti R, De Luca CJ, (1990). Inference of motor unit recruitment order in voluntary and electrically elicited contractions, Journal of Applied Physiology, 68(4), 1657-1667

Levine JA. Sick of sitting. Diabetologia. 2015;58(8):1751-1758

Lindquist ARR, Prado CL, Barros RML, Mattioli R, Costa PHL, Salvini TF. (2007). Gait training combining partial body-weight support a treadmill, and functional electrical stimulation: effects on poststroke gait. Physical Therapy, 87(9), 1144-115

Maffiuletti NA, (2010). Physiological and methodological considerations for the use of neuromuscular electrical stimulation. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 110(2), 223-234

Maffiuletti NA, Bramanti J, Jubeau M, Bizzini M, Deley G, Cometti G. (2009). Feasibility and efficacy of progressive electrostimulation strength training for competitive tennis players. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 23(2), 677-682

Maffiuletti NA, Cometti G, Amiridis IG, Martin A, Pousson M, Chatard JC. (2000). The effects of electromyostimulation training and basketball practice on muscle strength and jumping ability. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 21(6), 437-443

Maffiuletti NA, Pensini M, Martin A. (2002a). Activation of human plantar flexor muscles increases after electromyostimulation training. Journal of Applied Physiology, 92(4), 1383–1392

Maffiuletti NA, Zory R, Miotti D, Pellegrino MA, Jubeau M, Bottinelli R. (2006). Neuromuscular adaptations to electrostimulation resistance training. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 85(2), 167-75

Malatesta D, Cattaneo F, Dugnani S, Maffiuletti NA. (2003). Effects of Electromyostimulation Training and Volleyball Practice on Jumping Ability. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 17(3), 573–579

Marqueste T, Hug F, Decherchi P, Mes Y. (2003). Changes in neuromuscular function after training by functional electrical stimulation. Muscle & Nerve, 28(2), 181-188

Martin L, Cometti G, Pousson M, Morlon B. (1993). Effect Of Electrical stimulation on the contractile characteristics of the triceps surae muscle. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 67(5), 457-461

Mendell LM. (2005). The size principle: a rule describing the recruitment of motoneurons. J. Neurophysiol, 93(6), 3024–3026

Paillard T, Noe F, Bernard N, Dupui P, Hazard C. (2008). Effects of two types of neuromuscular electrical stimulation training on vertical jump performance. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 22(4), 1273-1278

Pano-Rodriguez A, Beltran-Garrido JV, Hernández-González V,Reverter-Masia J. Effects of whole-body electromyostimulation on health and performance: A systematic review. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2019;19(1):87

Pichon F, Chatard JC, Martin A, Cometti G. (1995).Electrical stimulation and swimming performance.Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 27(12), 1671-1676

Porcari JP, McLean KP, Foster C, Kernozek T, Crenshaw B, Swenson C. (2002). Effects of electrical muscle stimulation on body composition, muscle strength, and physical appearance. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 16(2), 165-172

Porcari JP, Miller J, Cornwell K, Foster C, Gibson M, McLean K., ve diğ. (2005). The effects of neuromuscular electrical stimulation training of abdominal strength, endurance, and selected anthropometric measures. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 4(1), 66-75

Sanchez BR, Puche PP, Gonzalez-Badillo JJ. (2005). Percutaneous electrical stimulation in strength training: an update. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 19(2), 438-448

Seyri MK, Maffiuletti NA. (2011). Effect of Electromyostimulation Training on Muscle Strength and Sports Performance. Strength Conditioning Journal, 33(1), 70-75

Sheffler LR, Chae J. (2007). Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation in Neurorehabilitation. Muscle & Nerve,35(5), 562-590

Stevens JE, Mizner RL, Snyder-Mackler L. (2004). Neuromuscular electrical stimulation for quadriceps muscle strengthening after bilateral total knee arthroplasty: a case series. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 34(1), 21–29

Stone, M. H., Cormie, P., Lamont, H., & Stone, M. (2016). Developing strength and power. In Jeffreys, I. (edts.), Strength and Conditioning for Sports Performance. New York, NY: Routledge

Vanderthommen M, Duchateau J. (2007). Electrical stimulation as a modality to improve performance of the neuromuscular system. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 35(4), 180-185

Venable M, Collins MA, O’Bryant HS, Denegar CR, Sedivec MJ, Alon G. (1991). Effect of supplemental electrical stimulation on the development of strength,vertical jump performance and power. Journal of Applied Sport Science Research, 5(3), 139-143

Ward AR, Shkuratova N. (2002). Russian electrical stimulation: the early experiments. Physical Therapy,82(10), 1019-1030

Willoughby DS, Simpson S. (1998). Supplemental EMS and dynamic weigth training: Effects on knee extensor strength and vertical jump of female college track&field athletes. The Journal of Strength and onditioning Research, 12(3), 131-137

Zatsiorsky VM, Kraemer WJ. (2006). Science and Practice of Strength Training, Second Edition. Human Kinetics. 132

Sayfalar

189-200

Yayınlanan

7 Kasım 2023

Lisans

Lisans