History of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus And Current Treatment Methods
Özet
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a lifelong disease that develops due to the ineffectiveness or deficiency of endogenous insulin, accompanied by acute and chronic complications. Diabetes Mellitus is among the most common diseases throughout the history of the world. According to the 2021 data of the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), while there are more than 537 million people with diabetes today, it is predicted that this figure will increase by 51% to 700 million in 2045 (1). Type 1 diabetes develops due to autoimmune damage of beta cells responsible for insulin in the pancreas, has hereditary causes in most cases, and is frequently seen in childhood. Type 1 diabetes constitutes a large part of this 463 million that cannot be ignored, and this number is expressed in millions. Due to the amount of glucose in the peripheral blood that is not treated and cannot be controlled, complications may occur at a level that can completely change the living standards of individuals. For example, diabetic ketoacidosis may enter hyperosmolar coma in the acute period, or complications such as heart and kidney diseases, visual defects, paralysis may develop in the long term, and even losses may occur. In Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus, the need for insulin, which cannot be produced by the beta cells in the pancreas, is provided with the help of an injection or pump, which is called classical treatment. At the same time, studies carried out with the help of multidisciplinary biotechnology today wink at promising radical treatments. These potential treatments are promising for individuals. Our review provides a broad perspective on the definition and history of type 1 Diabetes Mellitus and all biotechnological treatment processes, both classical and promising.
Referanslar
International Diabetes Federation. IDF Diabetes Atlas Tenth Edition. [Online] https://diabetesatlas.org/atlas/tenth-edition/ [Accested: 20th September 2023]
Hekim M. The Tip II Diyabet, Hipertansiyon ve Obezitenin Önlenmesinde Fiziksel Aktivitenin Önemi. The Journal of International Social Research. 2015;8(38):1081-1086.
Bilgehan B, Kavalcioglu C. Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT) Based Filtering Method For Treating Type 1 Diabetes With Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) signals. Journal of The Faculty Of Engineering and Architecture of Gazi University. 2020;35(2):581-593.
Türk Diyabet Derneği. Diyabet Tanı ve Tedavi Rehberi 9. Baskı. [Online] https://www.turkdiab.org/admin/PICS/files/Diyabet_Tani_ve_T edavi_Rehberi_2019.pdf [Accested: 16th August 2023]
Arslan SM, Topaloğlu O, Şahin M, et al. Tip 1 Diabetes Mellitusta Önleme Çalışmalarının Değerlendirilmesi. Turkish Journal of Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2013;17(2):38-45.
DiMeglio LA, Evans-Molina C, Oram RA, et al. Type 1 Diabetes. The Lancet. 2018;391(10138):2449-2462. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)3132 0-5
Yalın H, Demir HG, Olgun N, et al. Diagnosis and Risk Determination of Diabetes Dealing With Diabetes. The Journal of Turkish Family Physician. 2011;2(2):41-49.
Uçar A. Çocukluk Çağında Tip 1 Diyabet. Klinik Tıp Pediatri Dergisi. 2016;8(6):22-32.
Abacı A, Böber E, Büyükgebiz A. Tip 1 Diyabet. Güncel Perdiatri. 2007;5(1):1-10.
Katsarou A, Gudbjörnsdottir S, Rawshani A, et al. Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Nature Reviews Disease Primers. 2017;3(1):1-17. doi: 10.1038/nrdp.2017.16
Türkiye Endokrinoloji ve Metabolizma Derneği. Diabetes Mellitus ve Komplikasyonlarının Tanı, Tedavi ve İzlem Kılavuzu 15.Baskı. [Online] https://file.temd.org.tr/Uploads/publications/guides/documents/diabetes-mellitus_2022.pdf [Accested: 16th September 2023]
Karamanou M, Protogerou A, Tsoucalas G, et al. Milestones in The History of Diabetes Mellitus: The Main Contributors. World Journal of Diabetes. 2016;7(1):1-7. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v7.i1.1
Köseoğlu Ö. Tip 2 Diyabetik Bireylerde Beslenme Eğitiminin Diyabet Durumu ve Beslenme Alışkanlıklarına Etkisi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Başkent Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü. January 2015, Ankara, (pp.27-34).
Ahmed AM. History of diabetes mellitus. Saudi Medical Journal. 2002;23(4):373-378.
Lakhtakia R. The History of Diabetes Mellitus. Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal. 2013;13(3):368-370. doi: 10.12816/0003257
Wagner R, Thorand B, Osterhoff MA, et al. Family history of diabetes is associated with higher risk for prediabetes: A multicentre analysis from the German Center for Diabetes Research. Diabetologia. 2013;56(10):2176-2180. doi: 10.1007/s00125-013-3002-1
Coşansu GK, Nahcivan NÖ. Erişkinlerde Diyabet Risk Faktörlerinin Belirlenmesi. İstanbul Üniversitesi Florence Nightingale Journal of Nursing. 2004;13(52):103-120.
Mıcılı SC, Özoğul C. Diyabette Kök Hücreler. The Journal of Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi. 2007;21(2):109-117.
Li A, Peng Q, Shao Y, et al. The interaction on hypertension between family history and diabetes and other risk factors. Scientific Reports. 2021;11(1): 4716-4722. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-83589-z
Arslan SM, Topaloğlu O, Şahin M, et al. Tip 1 Diabetes Mellitusta Önleme Çalışmalarının Değerlendirilmesi. Turkish Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2013; (17): 38-45.
Dabelea D, Mayer-Davis EJ, Saydah S, et al. Prevalence of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Among Children and Adolescents From 2001 to 2009. Jama. 2014; 311(17):1778-1786. doi: 10.1001/jama.2014.3201
Bullard KM, Cowie CC, Lessem SE, et al. Prevalence of Diagnosed Diabetes in Adults By Diabetes Type—United States. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 2018; 67(12):359-361. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.m m6712a2
Bulutlar ON. Diyabet Hastalarına Beslenme Açısından Yaklaşım. Okmeydanı Tıp Dergisi. 2015; 31(eksayı):39-44.
Çayırlı M, Parlak A, Küçükuslu N, et al. Diyabe- tik hastalarda deri belirtileri. Smyrna Journal Medical. 2012; 2:43-47.
Coşansu G. Diyabet: Küresel Bir Salgın Hastalık. Okmeydanı Tıp Dergisi. 2015;31(eksayı):1-6. doi:10.5222/otd.2015.001
Soran H, Younis N. Insulin Detemir: A New Basal Insulin Analogue. Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism, 2006; 8(1):26-30. doi: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2005.00487.x
Havas S, Donner T. Tight Control of Type 1 Diabetes: Recommendations For Patients. American Family Physician. 2006; 74(6):971-978.
Goldman-Levine, JD, Lee KW. Insulin Detemir—A New Basal İnsulin Analog. Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2005; 39(3):502-507. doi: 10.1345/aph.1E334
Atkinson MA, Eisenbarth GS, Michels A. W. Type 1 Diabetes. The Lancet, 2014; 383(9911):69-82. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736 (13)60591-7
Çetkin E. Bir yapay pankreas için kontrol tasarımı. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. İnönü Ünversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü. July 2013, Malatya, (pp6-14)
Çetinalp Ş. Yapay Pankreas: Bugünü ve Yarını. Klinik Tıp Bilimleri Dergisi. 2017;5(4):57-59.
Özer M. Biyoyapay pankreas: Pankreas hücrelerinin enkapsülasyonu ile hücre tedavileri. Doktor Tezi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü. February 2017, Ankara. (pp.7-26).
Olgun HB, Tasyurek HM, Sanlioglu AD, et al. High-Titer Production of HIV-Based Lentiviral Vectors in Roller Bottles for Gene and Cell Therapy. Methods in Molecular Biology. 2019;1879,:323-345. doi: 10.1007/7651_2018_150
Olgun HB, Tasyurek HM, Sanlioglu AD, et al. High-Grade Purification of Third-Generation HIV-Based Lentiviral Vectors by Anion Exchange Chromatography for Experimental Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Applications. Methods in Molecular Biology, 2019;1879:347-365. doi: 10.1007/7651_2018_154
Knip MK, Virtanen SM, Becker D, et al. Early Feeding and Risk of Type 1 Diabetes: Experiences From The Trial To Reduce Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus İn The Genetically At Risk (TRIGR). The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2011; 94(6 suppl):1814-1820S. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.110.000711
Hummel S, Pflüger M, Hummel M, et al. Primary Dietary İntervention Study To Reduce The Risk of Islet Autoimmunity in Children at İncreased Risk For Type 1 Diabetes: The BABY DIET Study. Diabetes Care. 2011; 34(6):1301-1305. doi: 10.2337/dc10-2456
Hyppönen E, Läärä E, Reunanen A, et al. Intake of Vitamin D and Risk of Type 1 Diabetes: A Birth-Cohort Study. The Lancet. 2001; 358(9292):1500-1503. doi: 10.3390/nu5093551
Näntö-Salonen K, Kupila A, Simell S, et al. Nasal Insulin To Prevent Type 1 Diabetes in Children With HLA Genotypes and Autoantibodies Conferring Increased Risk of Disease: A Double-Blind, Randomised Controlled Trial. The Lancet. 2008; 372(9651):1746-1755. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61309-4
Hekim M. The Importance of Physical Activity in The Prevention of Type II Diabetes, Hypertension and Obesity. The Journal of International Social Research. 2015;8:(38):081-86.
Polsky S, Ellis SL. Obesity, Insulin Resistance, and Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Current Opinion in Endocrinology. Diabetes and Obesity. 2015; 22(4):277-282. doi: 10.1097/MED.0000000000000170
Harsch IA, Konturek PC. The Role of Gut Microbiota in Obesity and Type 2 and Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: New Insights into “Old” Diseases. Medical Sciences. 2018;6(2):32. doi: 10.3390/medsci6020032
Quirk H, Blake H, Tennyson R, et al. Physical Activity Interventions in Children and Young People with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review with Meta‐Analysis. Diabetic Medicine. 2014; 31(10):1163-1173. doi: 10.1111/dme.12531
Burr JF, Shephard RJ, Riddell MC. Physical Activity in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Assessing Risks For Physical Activity Clearance and Prescription. Canadian Family Physician. 2012;58(5):533-535.
Chimen M, Kennedy A, Nirantharakumar K, et al. What Are The Health Benefits of Physical Activity in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus? A literature review. Diabetologia. 2012;55(3):542-551. doi: 10.1007/s00125 -011-2403-2
Chen SR, Lee YJ, Chiu HW, et al. Impact of Physical Activity on Heart Rate Variability in Children with Type 1 Diabetes. Child's Nervous System. 2008;24(6), p. 741-747. doi: 10.1007/s00381-007-0499-y
Wadén J, Forsblom C, Thorn LM, et al. Physical Activity And Diabetes Complications in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes: The Finnish Diabetic Nephropathy (Finndiane) Study. Diabetes Care. 2008;31(2):230-232. doi: 10.2337/dc07-1238
Herbst A, Bachran R, Kapellen T, et al. Effects of Regular Physical Activity on Control of Glycemia in Pediatric Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 2006; 160(6):573-577. doi: 10.1001/archpedi.160.6.573
Herbst A, Kordonouri O, Schwab KO, et al. Impact of Physical Activity on Cardiovascular Risk Factors nn Children with Type 1 Diabetes: A Multicenter Study of 23,251 Patients. Diabetes Care. 2007; 30(8):2098-2100. doi: 10.2337/dc06-2636
Miculis CP, Mascarenhas LP, Boguszewski M, et al. Physical Activity nn Children with Type 1 Diabetes. Journal de Pediatria. 2010; 86(4):271-278. doi: 10.2223/JPED.2003
Brazeau AS, Rabasa-Lhoret R, Strychar I, et al. Barriers To Physical Activity Among Patients with Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2008; 31(11):2108-2109. doi: 10.2337/dc08-0720
Şanlıer N, Ersoy Y. Anne ve Çocuk İçin Beslenme Prensipleri. İstanbul: Morpa Kültür Yayınları; 2005; p. 1-8.
Tayar M, Haşıl-Korkmaz N. Beslenme ve Sağlıklı Yaşam. Ankara: Nobel Yayınevi; 2007; p. 1-11.
Kaya NY, Kurtoğlu S. Tip 1 Diyabet Tanısı Almış 0–5 Yaş Grubu Çocukların Anne Sütü Alımı ve Beslenme ile İlgili Etmenlerin Değerlendirilmesi. Beslenme ve Diyet Dergisi. 2014; 42(2):116-124.
Ergün S, Sivrikaya SK. Tip 1 Diyabetli Çocukların Evde Bakım Uygulamaları ve Yönetimi. Balıkesir Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2012;1(2):90-95.
Tümer G, Çolak R. Tip 2 diabetes mellitusda tıbbi beslenme tedavisi. Deneysel ve Klinik Tıp Dergisi. 2012; 29(1s):12-15. doi: 10.5835/jecm.o mu.29.s1.004
Gökmen ÖH. Tip 1 Diabetes Mellitus ve Beslenme. Türk Eczacılar Birliği Yayını/Meslek İçi Sürekli Eğitim. 2010; 23-24:20-26.
Bell KJ, Smart CE, Steil G, et al. Impact of Fat, Protein, and Glycemic İndex on Postprandial Glucose Control in Type 1 Diabetes: İmplications For İntensive Diabetes Management in The Continuous Glucose Monitoring Era. Diabetes Care. 2015;38(6):1008-1015. doi: 10.2337/dc15-0100
Li AL, Peng Q, Shao YQ, et al. The Interaction on Hypertension Between Family History and Diabetes and Other Risk Factors. Scientific Reports. 2021; 11(1):4716. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-83589-z
Türk Diyabet Derneği. Diyabet Tanı ve Tedavi Rehberi 7. Baskı. [Online] https://www.turkdiab.org/admin/PICS/webfiles/Diyabet_tani_v e_tedavi__kitabi.pdf [Accested: 18th September 2023]
Referanslar
International Diabetes Federation. IDF Diabetes Atlas Tenth Edition. [Online] https://diabetesatlas.org/atlas/tenth-edition/ [Accested: 20th September 2023]
Hekim M. The Tip II Diyabet, Hipertansiyon ve Obezitenin Önlenmesinde Fiziksel Aktivitenin Önemi. The Journal of International Social Research. 2015;8(38):1081-1086.
Bilgehan B, Kavalcioglu C. Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT) Based Filtering Method For Treating Type 1 Diabetes With Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) signals. Journal of The Faculty Of Engineering and Architecture of Gazi University. 2020;35(2):581-593.
Türk Diyabet Derneği. Diyabet Tanı ve Tedavi Rehberi 9. Baskı. [Online] https://www.turkdiab.org/admin/PICS/files/Diyabet_Tani_ve_T edavi_Rehberi_2019.pdf [Accested: 16th August 2023]
Arslan SM, Topaloğlu O, Şahin M, et al. Tip 1 Diabetes Mellitusta Önleme Çalışmalarının Değerlendirilmesi. Turkish Journal of Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2013;17(2):38-45.
DiMeglio LA, Evans-Molina C, Oram RA, et al. Type 1 Diabetes. The Lancet. 2018;391(10138):2449-2462. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)3132 0-5
Yalın H, Demir HG, Olgun N, et al. Diagnosis and Risk Determination of Diabetes Dealing With Diabetes. The Journal of Turkish Family Physician. 2011;2(2):41-49.
Uçar A. Çocukluk Çağında Tip 1 Diyabet. Klinik Tıp Pediatri Dergisi. 2016;8(6):22-32.
Abacı A, Böber E, Büyükgebiz A. Tip 1 Diyabet. Güncel Perdiatri. 2007;5(1):1-10.
Katsarou A, Gudbjörnsdottir S, Rawshani A, et al. Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Nature Reviews Disease Primers. 2017;3(1):1-17. doi: 10.1038/nrdp.2017.16
Türkiye Endokrinoloji ve Metabolizma Derneği. Diabetes Mellitus ve Komplikasyonlarının Tanı, Tedavi ve İzlem Kılavuzu 15.Baskı. [Online] https://file.temd.org.tr/Uploads/publications/guides/documents/diabetes-mellitus_2022.pdf [Accested: 16th September 2023]
Karamanou M, Protogerou A, Tsoucalas G, et al. Milestones in The History of Diabetes Mellitus: The Main Contributors. World Journal of Diabetes. 2016;7(1):1-7. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v7.i1.1
Köseoğlu Ö. Tip 2 Diyabetik Bireylerde Beslenme Eğitiminin Diyabet Durumu ve Beslenme Alışkanlıklarına Etkisi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Başkent Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü. January 2015, Ankara, (pp.27-34).
Ahmed AM. History of diabetes mellitus. Saudi Medical Journal. 2002;23(4):373-378.
Lakhtakia R. The History of Diabetes Mellitus. Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal. 2013;13(3):368-370. doi: 10.12816/0003257
Wagner R, Thorand B, Osterhoff MA, et al. Family history of diabetes is associated with higher risk for prediabetes: A multicentre analysis from the German Center for Diabetes Research. Diabetologia. 2013;56(10):2176-2180. doi: 10.1007/s00125-013-3002-1
Coşansu GK, Nahcivan NÖ. Erişkinlerde Diyabet Risk Faktörlerinin Belirlenmesi. İstanbul Üniversitesi Florence Nightingale Journal of Nursing. 2004;13(52):103-120.
Mıcılı SC, Özoğul C. Diyabette Kök Hücreler. The Journal of Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi. 2007;21(2):109-117.
Li A, Peng Q, Shao Y, et al. The interaction on hypertension between family history and diabetes and other risk factors. Scientific Reports. 2021;11(1): 4716-4722. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-83589-z
Arslan SM, Topaloğlu O, Şahin M, et al. Tip 1 Diabetes Mellitusta Önleme Çalışmalarının Değerlendirilmesi. Turkish Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2013; (17): 38-45.
Dabelea D, Mayer-Davis EJ, Saydah S, et al. Prevalence of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Among Children and Adolescents From 2001 to 2009. Jama. 2014; 311(17):1778-1786. doi: 10.1001/jama.2014.3201
Bullard KM, Cowie CC, Lessem SE, et al. Prevalence of Diagnosed Diabetes in Adults By Diabetes Type—United States. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 2018; 67(12):359-361. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.m m6712a2
Bulutlar ON. Diyabet Hastalarına Beslenme Açısından Yaklaşım. Okmeydanı Tıp Dergisi. 2015; 31(eksayı):39-44.
Çayırlı M, Parlak A, Küçükuslu N, et al. Diyabe- tik hastalarda deri belirtileri. Smyrna Journal Medical. 2012; 2:43-47.
Coşansu G. Diyabet: Küresel Bir Salgın Hastalık. Okmeydanı Tıp Dergisi. 2015;31(eksayı):1-6. doi:10.5222/otd.2015.001
Soran H, Younis N. Insulin Detemir: A New Basal Insulin Analogue. Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism, 2006; 8(1):26-30. doi: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2005.00487.x
Havas S, Donner T. Tight Control of Type 1 Diabetes: Recommendations For Patients. American Family Physician. 2006; 74(6):971-978.
Goldman-Levine, JD, Lee KW. Insulin Detemir—A New Basal İnsulin Analog. Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2005; 39(3):502-507. doi: 10.1345/aph.1E334
Atkinson MA, Eisenbarth GS, Michels A. W. Type 1 Diabetes. The Lancet, 2014; 383(9911):69-82. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736 (13)60591-7
Çetkin E. Bir yapay pankreas için kontrol tasarımı. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. İnönü Ünversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü. July 2013, Malatya, (pp6-14)
Çetinalp Ş. Yapay Pankreas: Bugünü ve Yarını. Klinik Tıp Bilimleri Dergisi. 2017;5(4):57-59.
Özer M. Biyoyapay pankreas: Pankreas hücrelerinin enkapsülasyonu ile hücre tedavileri. Doktor Tezi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü. February 2017, Ankara. (pp.7-26).
Olgun HB, Tasyurek HM, Sanlioglu AD, et al. High-Titer Production of HIV-Based Lentiviral Vectors in Roller Bottles for Gene and Cell Therapy. Methods in Molecular Biology. 2019;1879,:323-345. doi: 10.1007/7651_2018_150
Olgun HB, Tasyurek HM, Sanlioglu AD, et al. High-Grade Purification of Third-Generation HIV-Based Lentiviral Vectors by Anion Exchange Chromatography for Experimental Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Applications. Methods in Molecular Biology, 2019;1879:347-365. doi: 10.1007/7651_2018_154
Knip MK, Virtanen SM, Becker D, et al. Early Feeding and Risk of Type 1 Diabetes: Experiences From The Trial To Reduce Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus İn The Genetically At Risk (TRIGR). The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2011; 94(6 suppl):1814-1820S. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.110.000711
Hummel S, Pflüger M, Hummel M, et al. Primary Dietary İntervention Study To Reduce The Risk of Islet Autoimmunity in Children at İncreased Risk For Type 1 Diabetes: The BABY DIET Study. Diabetes Care. 2011; 34(6):1301-1305. doi: 10.2337/dc10-2456
Hyppönen E, Läärä E, Reunanen A, et al. Intake of Vitamin D and Risk of Type 1 Diabetes: A Birth-Cohort Study. The Lancet. 2001; 358(9292):1500-1503. doi: 10.3390/nu5093551
Näntö-Salonen K, Kupila A, Simell S, et al. Nasal Insulin To Prevent Type 1 Diabetes in Children With HLA Genotypes and Autoantibodies Conferring Increased Risk of Disease: A Double-Blind, Randomised Controlled Trial. The Lancet. 2008; 372(9651):1746-1755. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61309-4
Hekim M. The Importance of Physical Activity in The Prevention of Type II Diabetes, Hypertension and Obesity. The Journal of International Social Research. 2015;8:(38):081-86.
Polsky S, Ellis SL. Obesity, Insulin Resistance, and Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Current Opinion in Endocrinology. Diabetes and Obesity. 2015; 22(4):277-282. doi: 10.1097/MED.0000000000000170
Harsch IA, Konturek PC. The Role of Gut Microbiota in Obesity and Type 2 and Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: New Insights into “Old” Diseases. Medical Sciences. 2018;6(2):32. doi: 10.3390/medsci6020032
Quirk H, Blake H, Tennyson R, et al. Physical Activity Interventions in Children and Young People with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review with Meta‐Analysis. Diabetic Medicine. 2014; 31(10):1163-1173. doi: 10.1111/dme.12531
Burr JF, Shephard RJ, Riddell MC. Physical Activity in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Assessing Risks For Physical Activity Clearance and Prescription. Canadian Family Physician. 2012;58(5):533-535.
Chimen M, Kennedy A, Nirantharakumar K, et al. What Are The Health Benefits of Physical Activity in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus? A literature review. Diabetologia. 2012;55(3):542-551. doi: 10.1007/s00125 -011-2403-2
Chen SR, Lee YJ, Chiu HW, et al. Impact of Physical Activity on Heart Rate Variability in Children with Type 1 Diabetes. Child's Nervous System. 2008;24(6), p. 741-747. doi: 10.1007/s00381-007-0499-y
Wadén J, Forsblom C, Thorn LM, et al. Physical Activity And Diabetes Complications in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes: The Finnish Diabetic Nephropathy (Finndiane) Study. Diabetes Care. 2008;31(2):230-232. doi: 10.2337/dc07-1238
Herbst A, Bachran R, Kapellen T, et al. Effects of Regular Physical Activity on Control of Glycemia in Pediatric Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 2006; 160(6):573-577. doi: 10.1001/archpedi.160.6.573
Herbst A, Kordonouri O, Schwab KO, et al. Impact of Physical Activity on Cardiovascular Risk Factors nn Children with Type 1 Diabetes: A Multicenter Study of 23,251 Patients. Diabetes Care. 2007; 30(8):2098-2100. doi: 10.2337/dc06-2636
Miculis CP, Mascarenhas LP, Boguszewski M, et al. Physical Activity nn Children with Type 1 Diabetes. Journal de Pediatria. 2010; 86(4):271-278. doi: 10.2223/JPED.2003
Brazeau AS, Rabasa-Lhoret R, Strychar I, et al. Barriers To Physical Activity Among Patients with Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2008; 31(11):2108-2109. doi: 10.2337/dc08-0720
Şanlıer N, Ersoy Y. Anne ve Çocuk İçin Beslenme Prensipleri. İstanbul: Morpa Kültür Yayınları; 2005; p. 1-8.
Tayar M, Haşıl-Korkmaz N. Beslenme ve Sağlıklı Yaşam. Ankara: Nobel Yayınevi; 2007; p. 1-11.
Kaya NY, Kurtoğlu S. Tip 1 Diyabet Tanısı Almış 0–5 Yaş Grubu Çocukların Anne Sütü Alımı ve Beslenme ile İlgili Etmenlerin Değerlendirilmesi. Beslenme ve Diyet Dergisi. 2014; 42(2):116-124.
Ergün S, Sivrikaya SK. Tip 1 Diyabetli Çocukların Evde Bakım Uygulamaları ve Yönetimi. Balıkesir Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2012;1(2):90-95.
Tümer G, Çolak R. Tip 2 diabetes mellitusda tıbbi beslenme tedavisi. Deneysel ve Klinik Tıp Dergisi. 2012; 29(1s):12-15. doi: 10.5835/jecm.o mu.29.s1.004
Gökmen ÖH. Tip 1 Diabetes Mellitus ve Beslenme. Türk Eczacılar Birliği Yayını/Meslek İçi Sürekli Eğitim. 2010; 23-24:20-26.
Bell KJ, Smart CE, Steil G, et al. Impact of Fat, Protein, and Glycemic İndex on Postprandial Glucose Control in Type 1 Diabetes: İmplications For İntensive Diabetes Management in The Continuous Glucose Monitoring Era. Diabetes Care. 2015;38(6):1008-1015. doi: 10.2337/dc15-0100
Li AL, Peng Q, Shao YQ, et al. The Interaction on Hypertension Between Family History and Diabetes and Other Risk Factors. Scientific Reports. 2021; 11(1):4716. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-83589-z
Türk Diyabet Derneği. Diyabet Tanı ve Tedavi Rehberi 7. Baskı. [Online] https://www.turkdiab.org/admin/PICS/webfiles/Diyabet_tani_v e_tedavi__kitabi.pdf [Accested: 18th September 2023]
