Basic Information The Pediatrist Should Know About Contrast Agents in Radiological Imaging

Dillman JR, Strouse PJ, Ellis JH, et al. Incidence and severity of acute allergic-like reactions to i.v. nonionic iodinated contrast material in children. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007 Jun;188(6):1643-7. doi: 10.2214/AJR.06.1328. Erratum in: AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007 Sep;189(3):512. PMID: 17515388.

ACR Committee on Drugs and Contrast Media. ACR manual on contrast media: version 9. American College of Radiology Web site. http://www.acr.org/quality- safety/resources/?/media/37D84428BF1D4E1B9A3A2918DA9E27A3.pdf/. Published 2013. Accessed February 17, 2015.

Penfield JG. Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis and the use of gadolinium-based contrast agents. Pediatr Nephrol 2008;23(12):2121–2129

Deo A, Fogel M, Cowper SE. Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: a population study examining the relationship of disease development to gadolinium exposure. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007 Mar;2(2):264-7. doi: 10.2215/CJN.03921106. Epub 2007 Feb 7. PMID: 17699423.

Beckett KR, Moriarity AK, Langer JM. Safe Use of Contrast Media: What the Radiologist Needs to Know. Radiographics. 2015 Oct;35(6):1738-50. doi: 10.1148/rg.2015150033. PMID: 26466182.

ACR Manual on Contrast Media. ACR Committee on Drugs and Contrast Media. 2021, ISBN: 978-1-55903-012-0.

Standen JR, Nogrady MB, Dunbar JS, et al.The Osmotic Effects of Methylglucamine Diatrizoate (Renografin 60) in Intravenous Urography in Infants. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med. 1965; 93:473-479.

Morris TW HP, Reece K, Katzberg RW. Tissue fluid shifts during renal arteriography with conventional and low osmolality agents. Invest Radiol. 1983; 18:335-340.

Vergara M, Seguel S. Adverse reactions to contrast media in CT: effects of temperature and ionic property. Radiology. 1996;199(8668779):363-366.

Davenport MS, Wang CL, Bashir MR, et al. Rate of contrast material extravasations and allergic- like reactions: effect of extrinsic warming of low-osmolality iodinated CT contrast material to 37 degrees C. Radiology. 2012;262(22106356):475-484.

Trout AT, Dillman JR, Ellis JH, et al. Patterns of intravenous contrast material use and corticosteroid premedication in children--a survey of Society of Chairs of Radiology in Children’s Hospitals (SCORCH) member institutions. Pediatr Radiol. 2011;41(21594547):1272-1283.

Amaral JG, Traubici J, BenDavid G, et al. Safety of power injector use in children as measured by incidence of extravasation. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2006;187(16861567):580-583.

Cohen MD, Herman E, Herron D, et al. Comparison of intravenous contrast agents for CT studies in children. Acta Radiol. 1992;33(1449887):592-595.

Abu-Alfa AK. Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis and gadolinium-based contrast agents. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2011 May;18(3):188-98. doi: 10.1053/j.ackd.2011.03.001. PMID: 21531325.

Barrett BJ, Carlisle EJ. Metaanalysis of the relative nephrotoxicity of high- and low-osmolality iodinated contrast media. Radiology 1993;188:171-8.

Navaneethan SD, Singh S, Appasamy S, et al. Sodium bicarbonate therapy for prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation 2009;53:617-27.

Taylor AJ, Hotchkiss D, Morse RW, et al. PREPARED: Preparation for Angiography in Renal Dysfunction: a randomized trial of inpatient vs outpatient hydration protocols for cardiac catheterization in mild-to-moderate renal dysfunction. Chest 1998;114:1570-4.

Zoungas S, Ninomiya T, Huxley R, et al. Systematic review: sodium bicarbonate treatment regimens for the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy. Annals of internal medicine 2009;151:631-8.

Brar SS, Aharonian V, Mansukhani P, et al. Haemodynamic-guided fluid administration for the prevention of contrast-induced acute kidney injury: the POSEIDON randomised controlled trial. Lancet (London, England) 2014;383:1814-23.

Weisbord SD, Gallagher M, Jneid H, et al. Outcomes after Angiography with Sodium Bicarbonate and Acetylcysteine. The New England journal of medicine 2018;378:603-14.

Solomon R, Werner C, Mann D, et al. Effects of saline, mannitol, and furosemide on acute decreases in renal function induced by radiocontrast agents. The New England journal of medicine 1994;331:1416-20.

Kallen AJ, Jhung MA, Cheng S, et al. Gadolinium-containing magnetic resonance imaging contrast and nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: a case-control study. American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation 2008;51:966-75.

Abraham JL, Thakral C, Skov L, et al. Dermal inorganic gadolinium concentrations: evidence for in vivo transmetallation and long-term persistence in nephrogenic systemic fibrosis. The British journal of dermatology 2008;158:273-80.

Auron A, Shao L, Warady BA. Nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy in children. Pediatr Nephrol. 2006;21(16821025):1307- 1311.

Dharnidharka VR, Wesson SK, Fennell RS. Gadolinium and nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy in pediatric patients. Pediatr Nephrol. 2007;22(17180360):1395-1395.

DiCarlo JB, Gupta EA, Solomon AR. A pediatric case of nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy: improvement after combination therapy. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;54(16635686):914-916.

Jain SM, Wesson S, Hassanein A, et al. Nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy in pediatric patients. Pediatr Nephrol. 2004;19(14872332):467-470.

Jan F, Segal JM, Dyer J, et al. Nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy: two pediatric cases. J Pediatr. 2003;143(14615747):678-681.

Harris PD NE, Gerth R. The osmotic effect of water soluble contrast media on circulating plasma volume. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1964; 91:694-698.

Poole CA, Rowe MI. Clinical evidence of intestinal absorption of Gastrografin. Radiology. 1976;118(1244649):151-153.

Frech RS, Davie JM, Adatepe M, et al. Comparison of barium sulfate and oral 40 per cent diatrizoate injected into the trachea of dogs. Radiology. 1970;95(5439432):299-303.

Friedman BI, Hartenberg MA, Mulroy JJ, et al. Gastrografin aspiration in a 3 3/4-year-old girl. Pediatr Radiol. 1986;16(3774397):506-507.

McAlister WH, Siegel MJ. Fatal aspirations in infancy during gastrointestinal series. Pediatr Radiol. 1984;14(6728539):81- 83.

Reich SB. Production of pulmonary edema by aspiration of water-soluble nonabsorbable contrast media. Radiology. 1969;92(5765945):367-370.

McAlister WH, Siegel MJ. Fatal aspirations in infancy during gastrointestinal series. Pediatric radiology. 1984;14(2):81.

Dillman JR, Strouse PJ, Ellis JH, et al. Incidence and severity of acute allergic-like reactions to i.v. nonionic iodinated contrast material in children. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007 Jun;188(6):1643-7. doi: 10.2214/AJR.06.1328. Erratum in: AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007 Sep;189(3):512. PMID: 17515388.

ACR Committee on Drugs and Contrast Media. ACR manual on contrast media: version 9. American College of Radiology Web site. http://www.acr.org/quality- safety/resources/?/media/37D84428BF1D4E1B9A3A2918DA9E27A3.pdf/. Published 2013. Accessed February 17, 2015.

Penfield JG. Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis and the use of gadolinium-based contrast agents. Pediatr Nephrol 2008;23(12):2121–2129

Deo A, Fogel M, Cowper SE. Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: a population study examining the relationship of disease development to gadolinium exposure. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007 Mar;2(2):264-7. doi: 10.2215/CJN.03921106. Epub 2007 Feb 7. PMID: 17699423.

Beckett KR, Moriarity AK, Langer JM. Safe Use of Contrast Media: What the Radiologist Needs to Know. Radiographics. 2015 Oct;35(6):1738-50. doi: 10.1148/rg.2015150033. PMID: 26466182.

ACR Manual on Contrast Media. ACR Committee on Drugs and Contrast Media. 2021, ISBN: 978-1-55903-012-0.

Standen JR, Nogrady MB, Dunbar JS, et al.The Osmotic Effects of Methylglucamine Diatrizoate (Renografin 60) in Intravenous Urography in Infants. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med. 1965; 93:473-479.

Morris TW HP, Reece K, Katzberg RW. Tissue fluid shifts during renal arteriography with conventional and low osmolality agents. Invest Radiol. 1983; 18:335-340.

Vergara M, Seguel S. Adverse reactions to contrast media in CT: effects of temperature and ionic property. Radiology. 1996;199(8668779):363-366.

Davenport MS, Wang CL, Bashir MR, et al. Rate of contrast material extravasations and allergic- like reactions: effect of extrinsic warming of low-osmolality iodinated CT contrast material to 37 degrees C. Radiology. 2012;262(22106356):475-484.

Trout AT, Dillman JR, Ellis JH, et al. Patterns of intravenous contrast material use and corticosteroid premedication in children--a survey of Society of Chairs of Radiology in Children’s Hospitals (SCORCH) member institutions. Pediatr Radiol. 2011;41(21594547):1272-1283.

Amaral JG, Traubici J, BenDavid G, et al. Safety of power injector use in children as measured by incidence of extravasation. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2006;187(16861567):580-583.

Cohen MD, Herman E, Herron D, et al. Comparison of intravenous contrast agents for CT studies in children. Acta Radiol. 1992;33(1449887):592-595.

Abu-Alfa AK. Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis and gadolinium-based contrast agents. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2011 May;18(3):188-98. doi: 10.1053/j.ackd.2011.03.001. PMID: 21531325.

Barrett BJ, Carlisle EJ. Metaanalysis of the relative nephrotoxicity of high- and low-osmolality iodinated contrast media. Radiology 1993;188:171-8.

Navaneethan SD, Singh S, Appasamy S, et al. Sodium bicarbonate therapy for prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation 2009;53:617-27.

Taylor AJ, Hotchkiss D, Morse RW, et al. PREPARED: Preparation for Angiography in Renal Dysfunction: a randomized trial of inpatient vs outpatient hydration protocols for cardiac catheterization in mild-to-moderate renal dysfunction. Chest 1998;114:1570-4.

Zoungas S, Ninomiya T, Huxley R, et al. Systematic review: sodium bicarbonate treatment regimens for the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy. Annals of internal medicine 2009;151:631-8.

Brar SS, Aharonian V, Mansukhani P, et al. Haemodynamic-guided fluid administration for the prevention of contrast-induced acute kidney injury: the POSEIDON randomised controlled trial. Lancet (London, England) 2014;383:1814-23.

Weisbord SD, Gallagher M, Jneid H, et al. Outcomes after Angiography with Sodium Bicarbonate and Acetylcysteine. The New England journal of medicine 2018;378:603-14.

Solomon R, Werner C, Mann D, et al. Effects of saline, mannitol, and furosemide on acute decreases in renal function induced by radiocontrast agents. The New England journal of medicine 1994;331:1416-20.

Kallen AJ, Jhung MA, Cheng S, et al. Gadolinium-containing magnetic resonance imaging contrast and nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: a case-control study. American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation 2008;51:966-75.

Abraham JL, Thakral C, Skov L, et al. Dermal inorganic gadolinium concentrations: evidence for in vivo transmetallation and long-term persistence in nephrogenic systemic fibrosis. The British journal of dermatology 2008;158:273-80.

Auron A, Shao L, Warady BA. Nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy in children. Pediatr Nephrol. 2006;21(16821025):1307- 1311.

Dharnidharka VR, Wesson SK, Fennell RS. Gadolinium and nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy in pediatric patients. Pediatr Nephrol. 2007;22(17180360):1395-1395.

DiCarlo JB, Gupta EA, Solomon AR. A pediatric case of nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy: improvement after combination therapy. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;54(16635686):914-916.

Jain SM, Wesson S, Hassanein A, et al. Nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy in pediatric patients. Pediatr Nephrol. 2004;19(14872332):467-470.

Jan F, Segal JM, Dyer J, et al. Nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy: two pediatric cases. J Pediatr. 2003;143(14615747):678-681.

Harris PD NE, Gerth R. The osmotic effect of water soluble contrast media on circulating plasma volume. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1964; 91:694-698.

Poole CA, Rowe MI. Clinical evidence of intestinal absorption of Gastrografin. Radiology. 1976;118(1244649):151-153.

Frech RS, Davie JM, Adatepe M, et al. Comparison of barium sulfate and oral 40 per cent diatrizoate injected into the trachea of dogs. Radiology. 1970;95(5439432):299-303.

Friedman BI, Hartenberg MA, Mulroy JJ, et al. Gastrografin aspiration in a 3 3/4-year-old girl. Pediatr Radiol. 1986;16(3774397):506-507.

McAlister WH, Siegel MJ. Fatal aspirations in infancy during gastrointestinal series. Pediatr Radiol. 1984;14(6728539):81- 83.

Reich SB. Production of pulmonary edema by aspiration of water-soluble nonabsorbable contrast media. Radiology. 1969;92(5765945):367-370.

McAlister WH, Siegel MJ. Fatal aspirations in infancy during gastrointestinal series. Pediatric radiology. 1984;14(2):81.