Kızamık ve Subakut Sklerozan Panensefalit: Oluşum ve Patogenezi
Özet
Subakut sklerozan panensefalit (SSPE), merkezi sinir sistemini (MSS) tutan kızamık virüsünün (KV) nadir görülen, yıkıcı bir komplikasyonudur. Subakut sklerozan panensefalit, 4–11/100.000 kızamık vakasında görülür. Zayıf bir hücresel bağışıklık tepkisinin, bireyleri SSPE gelişimine yatkın hale getirdiği savunulmaktadır. SSPE hastalarından alınan örneklerde kızamık virüsü kalıcılığına yol açabilecek mutasyonların varlığı da gösterilmiştir. Bununla birlikte, bugüne kadar yapılan hiçbir çalışma, KV'nin merkezi sinir sistemindeki kalıcı enfeksiyonun neden olduğu SSPE'nin patogenezini kesin olarak ortaya koymamıştır. Bu bölümde, SSPE'nin patogenezi ve hastalığın immünolojik temelleri açısından bir genel bakış sunulmuştur. SSPE'nin patogenezinin açıklığa kavuşturulması, hem tedavi seçeneklerinin genişletilmesini hem de hastalık prognozunun tahmin edilmesini sağlayacaktır.
Referanslar
Anlar B, Yalaz K. Measles virus infection and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. Jackson AC (ed.) Viral infections of the human nervous system içinde. Berlin: Springer; 2013. p.3-22.
Watanabe S, Shirogane Y, Sato Y, et al. New Insights into Measles Virus Brain Infections. Trends Microbiol. 2019;27(2):164-75.doi: 10.1016/j.tim.2018.08.010
Garg RK. Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. Postgrad Med J. 2002;78(916):63-70.doi: 10.1136/pmj.78.916.63
Miller C, Farrington CP, Harbert K. The epidemiology of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis in England and Wales 1970-1989. Int J Epidemiol. 1992;21(5):998-1006. doi: 10.1093/ije/21.5.998
Garg RK. Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. J Neurol. 2008;255(12):1861-71. doi: 10.1007/s00415-008-0032-6
Öztürk A, Gürses C, Baykan, et al. Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis: clinical and magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of 36 patients. J Child Neurol. 2002;17(1):25-9.doi: 10.1177/088307380201700106
Bellini WJ, Rota JS, Lowe LE, et al. Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis: more cases of this fatal disease are prevented by measles immunization than was previously recognized. J Infect Dis. 2005;192(10):1686-93.doi: 10.1086/497169
Praveen-kumar S, Sinha S, Taly AB, et al. Electroencephalographic and imaging profile in a subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) cohort: a correlative study. Clin Neurophysiol. 2007;118(9):1947-54. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2007.06.008
Yilmaz D, Aydin OF, Senbil N, et al. Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis: is there something different in the younger children? Brain Dev. 2006;28(10):649-52. doi: 10.1016/j.braindev.2006.04.008
Yildirim M, Ayvaz DC, Konuskan B, et al. Neurologic Involvement in Primary Immunodeficiency Disorders. J Child Neurol. 2018;33(5):320-8. doi: 10.1177/0883073817754176
Onal AE, Gurses C, Direskeneli GS, et al. Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis surveillance study in Istanbul. Brain Dev. 2006;28(3):183-9. doi: 10.1016/j.braindev.2005.07.004
Leung AK, Hon KL, Leong KF, et al. Measles: a disease often forgotten but not gone. Hong Kong Med J. 2018;24(5):512-20. doi: 10.12809/hkmj187470
Griffin DE. Measles Virus. Knipe D (ed.) Fields Virology içinde. Philadelphia, PA, USA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2013. p.1151-1586.
Laksono BM, de Vries RD, McQuaid S, et al. Measles Virus Host Invasion and Pathogenesis. Viruses. 2016;8(8). doi: 10.3390/v8080210
Plattet P, Alves L, Herren M, et al. Measles Virus Fusion Protein: Structure, Function and Inhibition. Viruses. 2016;8(4):112. doi: 10.3390/v8040112
Lawrence DM, Patterson CE, Gales TL, et al. Measles virus spread between neurons requires cell contact but not CD46 expression, syncytium formation, or extracellular virus production. J Virol. 2000;74(4):1908-18. doi: 10.1128/jvi.74.4.1908-1918.2000
Otaki M, Sada K, Kadoya H, et al. Inhibition of measles virus and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis virus by RNA interference. Antiviral Res. 2006;70(3):105-11. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2006.01.009
Rima BK, Duprex WP. Molecular mechanisms of measles virus persistence. Virus Res. 2005;111(2):132-47. doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2005.04.005
Anlar B. Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis and chronic viral encephalitis. Handb of clinical neurology. 2013;112:1183-9. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-444-52910-7.00039-8
Villar J, Salazar ML, Jiménez JM, et al. C-type lectin receptors MR and DC-SIGN are involved in recognition of hemocyanins, shaping their immunostimulatory effects on human dendritic cells. Eur J Immunol. 2021;51(7):1715-31.doi: 10.1002/eji.202149225
Bottermann M, James LC. Intracellular Antiviral Immunity. Adv Virus Res. 2018;100:309-54. doi: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2018.01.002
López de Padilla CM, Niewold TB. The type I interferons: Basic concepts and clinical relevance in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. Gene. 2016;576(1 Pt 1):14-21. doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.09.058
Wicherska-Pawłowska K, Wróbel T, Rybka J. Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs), NOD-Like Receptors (NLRs), and RIG-I-Like Receptors (RLRs) in Innate Immunity. TLRs, NLRs, and RLRs Ligands as Immunotherapeutic Agents for Hematopoietic Diseases. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(24). doi: 10.3390/ijms222413397
Bieback K, Lien E, Klagge IM, et al. Hemagglutinin protein of wild-type measles virus activates toll-like receptor 2 signaling. J Virol. 2002;76(17):8729-36. doi: 10.1128/jvi.76.17.8729-8736.2002. doi: 10.1128/JVI.76.17.8729-8736.2002
Strauss-Albee DM, Blish CA. Human NK Cell Diversity in Viral Infection: Ramifications of Ramification. Front Immunol. 2016;7:66. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00066
Kak G, Raza M, Tiwari BK. Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ): Exploring its implications in infectious diseases. Biomol Concepts. 2018;9(1):64-79. doi: 10.1515/bmc-2018-0007.
Kaech SM, Cui W. Transcriptional control of effector and memory CD8+ T cell differentiation. Nat Rev Immunol. 2012;12(11):749-61. doi: 10.1038/nri3307
Zhang N, Bevan MJ. CD8(+) T cells: foot soldiers of the immune system. Immunity. 2011;35(2):161-8. doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2011.07.010
Lettau M, Kabelitz D, Janssen O. Lysosome-Related Effector Vesicles in T Lymphocytes and NK Cells. Scand J Immunol. 2015;82(3):235-Oldstone MB. Modeling subacute sclerosing panencephalitis in a transgenic mouse system: uncoding pathogenesis of disease and illuminating components of immune control. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2009;330:31-54. doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-70617-5_2
Yentür SP, Demirbilek V, Gurses C, et al. Immune alterations in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis reflect an incompetent response to eliminate the measles virus. PLoS One. 2021;16(1):e0245077. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245077
Hara T, Yamashita S, Aiba H, et al. Measles virus-specific T helper 1/T helper 2-cytokine production in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. J Neurovirol. 2000;6(2):121-6. doi: 10.3109/13550280009013155
Aydin OF, Ichiyama T, Anlar B. Serum and cerebrospinal fluid cytokine concentrations in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. Brain Dev. 2010;32(6):463-6. doi: 10.1016/j.braindev.2009.04.018
Ichiyama T, Siba P, Suarkia D, et al. Analysis of serum and cerebrospinal fluid cytokine levels in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis in Papua New Guinea. Cytokine. 2006;33(1):17-20. doi: 10.1016/j.cyto.2005.11.009
Mistchenko AS, Fornari MC, Viegas M, et al. Detection of interleukin 10 in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. J Neurovirol. 2005;11(1):66-9. doi: 10.1080/13550280590901769
Shuttleworth S, Townsend P, Silva F, et al. Progress in the development of small molecule therapeutics targeting Th17 cell function for the treatment of immune-inflammatory diseases. Prog Med Chem. 2011;50:109-33. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-381290-2.00003-3
Kusuhara K, Sasaki Y, Nakao F, et al. Analysis of measles virus binding sites of the CD46 gene in patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. J Infect Dis. 2000;181(4):1447-9. doi: 10.1086/315386
Inoue T, Kira R, Nakao F, et al. Contribution of the interleukin 4 gene to susceptibility to subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. Arch Neurol. 2002;59(5):822-7. doi: 10.1001/archneur.59.5.822
Torisu H, Kusuhara K, Kira R, et al. Functional MxA promoter polymorphism associated with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. Neurology. 2004;62(3):457-60. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000106940.95749.8e
Pipo-Deveza JR, Kusuhara K, Silao CL, et al. Analysis of MxA, IL-4, and IRF-1 genes in Filipino patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. Neuropediatrics. 2006;37(4):222-8. doi: 10.1055/s-2006-924724
Yilmaz V, Demirbilek V, Gürses C, et al. Interleukin (IL)-12, IL-2, interferon-gamma gene polymorphisms in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis patients. J Neurovirol. 2007;13(5):410-5. doi: 10.1080/13550280701455383
Ishizaki Y, Takemoto M, Kira R, et al. Association of toll-like receptor 3 gene polymorphism with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. J Neurovirol. 2008;14(6):486-91. doi: 10.1080/13550280802298120
Piskin IE, Karakas-Celik S, Calik M, et al. Association of interleukin 18, interleukin 2, and tumor necrosis factor polymorphisms with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. DNA Cell Biol. 2013;32(6):336-40. doi: 10.1089/dna.2013.1997
Piskin IE, Calık M, Abuhandan M, et al. PD-1 gene polymorphism in children with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. Neuropediatrics. 2013;44(4):187-90. doi: 10.1055/s-0033-1338134
Karakas-Celik S, Piskin IE, Keni MF, et al. May TLR4 Asp299Gly and IL17 His161Arg polymorphism be associated with progression of primary measles infection to subacute sclerosing panencephalitis?. Gene. 2014;547(2):186-90. doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.03.056
Yentur SP, Aydin HN, Gurses C, et al. Granzyme B gene polymorphism associated with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. Neuropediatrics. 2014;45(5):309-13. doi: 10.1055/s-0034-1378129
Dundar NO, Gencpinar P, Sallakci N, et al. Interleukin-12 (-1188) A/C and interferon-γ (+874) A/T gene polymorphisms in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis patients. J Neurovirol. 2016;22(5):661-5. doi: 10.1007/s13365-016-0442-7
Cakmak-Genc G, Dursun A, Karakas Celik S, et al. IL28B, IL29 and micro-RNA 548 in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis as a rare disease. Gene. 2018;678:73-8. doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.07.062