Current Management of Acute Cholecystitis in Emergency

Everhart JE, Khare M, Hill M, et al. Prevalence and ethnic differences in gallbladder disease in the United States. Gastroenterology. 1999;117:632-639.

Li V, Pulido N, Fajnwaks P, et al. Predictors of gallstone formation after bariatric surgery: a multivariate analysis of risk factors comparing gastric bypass, gastric banding, and sleeve gastrectomy. Surgical Endoscopy. 2009;23:1640-1644.

Portincasa P, Moschetta A, Palasciano G. Cholesterol gallstone disease. Lancet. 2006;368:230-239.

O’Connell K, Brasel K. Bile metabolism and lithogenesis. Surgical Clinics of North America. 2014;94:361-375.

Behar J, Mawe G, Carey M. Roles of cholesterol and bile salts in the pathogenesis of gallbladder hypomotility and inflammation: cholecystitis is not caused by cystic duct obstruction. Neurogastroenterology and Motility. 2013;25:283-290.

Chang WT, Lee KT, Wang SR, et al. Bacteriology and antimicrobial susceptibility in biliary tract disease: an audit of 10-years’ experience. The Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences. 2002;18:221-228.

Asai K, Watanabe M, Kusachi S, et al. Bacteriological analysis of bile in acute cholecystitis according to the Tokyo guidelines. Journal of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Sciences. 2012;19:476-486.

Tanaka A, Takada T, Kawarada Y, et al. Antimicrobial therapy for acute cholangitis: Tokyo guidelines. Journal of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery. 2007;14:59-67.

Rigas B, Torosis J, McDougall CJ, et al. The circadian rhythm of biliary colic. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 1990;12:409-414.

Silen W, Cope Z: Cope’s Early Diagnosis of the Acute Abdomen, 22nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 2010.

Trowbridge RL, Rutkowski NK, Shojania KG. Does this patient have acute cholecystitis? JAMA. 2003;289:80-86.

Yokoe M, Takada T, Strasberg S, et al. New diagnostic criteria and severity assessment of acute cholecystitis in revised Tokyo guidelines. Journal of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Sciences. 2012;19:578-585.

Wada K, Takada T, Kawarada Y, et al. Diagnostic criteria and severity assessment of acute cholangitis: Tokyo guidelines. Journal of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery. 2007;14:52-58.

Reynolds BM, Dargan EL. Acute obstructive cholangitis; a distinct clinical syndrome. Annals of Surgery. 1959;150:299-303.

Peng WK, Sheikh Z, Paterson-Brown S, et al. Role of liver function tests in predict¬ing common bile duct stones in acute calculous cholecystitis. British Journal of Surgery. 2005;92:1241-1247.

Nathwani RA, Kumar SR, Reynolds TB, et al. Marked elevation in serum trans¬aminases: an atypical presentation of choledocholithiasis. The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2005;100:295-298.

Yarmish GM, Smith MP, Rosen MP, et al. ACR appropriateness criteria right upper quadrant pain. Journal of the American College of Radiology. 2014;11:316-322.

Kiewiet JJS, Leeuwenburgh MMN, Bipat S, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic performance of imaging in acute cholecystitis. Radiol¬ogy. 2012;264:708-720.

Ralls PW, Colletti PM, Lapin SA, et al. Real-time sonography in suspected acute chole¬cystitis. Prospective evaluation of primary and secondary signs. Radiology. 1985;155:767-771.

Ross M, Brown M, McLaughlin K, et al. Emergency physician–performed ultrasound to diagnose cholelithiasis: a systematic review. Academic Emergency Medicine. 2011;18:227-235.

Charalel RA, Jeffrey RB, Shin LK. Complicated cholecystitis: the complementary roles of sonography and computed tomography. Ultrasound Quarterly. 2011;27:161-170.

Gomi H, Solomkin JS, Takada T, et al. TG13 antimicrobial therapy for acute cholangitis and cholecystitis. Journal of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Sciences. 2013;20:60-70.

Fuks D, Cosse C, Regimbeau JM. Antibiotic therapy in acute calculous cholecystitis. Journal of Visceral Surgery. 2013;150:3-8.

Solomkin JS, Mazuski JE, Bradley JS, et al. Diagnosis and management of complicated intra-abdominal infection in adults and children: guidelines by the Surgical Infection Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2010;50:133-164.

Mazeh H, Mizrahi I, Dior U, et al. Role of antibiotic therapy in mild acute calculus cholecystitis: a prospective randomized controlled trial. World Journal of Surgery. 2012;36:1750-1759.

Mentzer RM Jr, Golden GT, Chandler JG, et al. A comparative appraisal of emphysematous cholecystitis. The American Journal of Surgery. 1975;129:10-15.

Rigler LG, Borman CN, Noble JF. Gallstone obstruction: pathogenesis and roentgen manifestations. JAMA. 1941;117:1753-1759.

Everhart JE, Khare M, Hill M, et al. Prevalence and ethnic differences in gallbladder disease in the United States. Gastroenterology. 1999;117:632-639.

Li V, Pulido N, Fajnwaks P, et al. Predictors of gallstone formation after bariatric surgery: a multivariate analysis of risk factors comparing gastric bypass, gastric banding, and sleeve gastrectomy. Surgical Endoscopy. 2009;23:1640-1644.

Portincasa P, Moschetta A, Palasciano G. Cholesterol gallstone disease. Lancet. 2006;368:230-239.

O’Connell K, Brasel K. Bile metabolism and lithogenesis. Surgical Clinics of North America. 2014;94:361-375.

Behar J, Mawe G, Carey M. Roles of cholesterol and bile salts in the pathogenesis of gallbladder hypomotility and inflammation: cholecystitis is not caused by cystic duct obstruction. Neurogastroenterology and Motility. 2013;25:283-290.

Chang WT, Lee KT, Wang SR, et al. Bacteriology and antimicrobial susceptibility in biliary tract disease: an audit of 10-years’ experience. The Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences. 2002;18:221-228.

Asai K, Watanabe M, Kusachi S, et al. Bacteriological analysis of bile in acute cholecystitis according to the Tokyo guidelines. Journal of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Sciences. 2012;19:476-486.

Tanaka A, Takada T, Kawarada Y, et al. Antimicrobial therapy for acute cholangitis: Tokyo guidelines. Journal of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery. 2007;14:59-67.

Rigas B, Torosis J, McDougall CJ, et al. The circadian rhythm of biliary colic. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 1990;12:409-414.

Silen W, Cope Z: Cope’s Early Diagnosis of the Acute Abdomen, 22nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 2010.

Trowbridge RL, Rutkowski NK, Shojania KG. Does this patient have acute cholecystitis? JAMA. 2003;289:80-86.

Yokoe M, Takada T, Strasberg S, et al. New diagnostic criteria and severity assessment of acute cholecystitis in revised Tokyo guidelines. Journal of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Sciences. 2012;19:578-585.

Wada K, Takada T, Kawarada Y, et al. Diagnostic criteria and severity assessment of acute cholangitis: Tokyo guidelines. Journal of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery. 2007;14:52-58.

Reynolds BM, Dargan EL. Acute obstructive cholangitis; a distinct clinical syndrome. Annals of Surgery. 1959;150:299-303.

Peng WK, Sheikh Z, Paterson-Brown S, et al. Role of liver function tests in predict¬ing common bile duct stones in acute calculous cholecystitis. British Journal of Surgery. 2005;92:1241-1247.

Nathwani RA, Kumar SR, Reynolds TB, et al. Marked elevation in serum trans¬aminases: an atypical presentation of choledocholithiasis. The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2005;100:295-298.

Yarmish GM, Smith MP, Rosen MP, et al. ACR appropriateness criteria right upper quadrant pain. Journal of the American College of Radiology. 2014;11:316-322.

Kiewiet JJS, Leeuwenburgh MMN, Bipat S, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic performance of imaging in acute cholecystitis. Radiol¬ogy. 2012;264:708-720.

Ralls PW, Colletti PM, Lapin SA, et al. Real-time sonography in suspected acute chole¬cystitis. Prospective evaluation of primary and secondary signs. Radiology. 1985;155:767-771.

Ross M, Brown M, McLaughlin K, et al. Emergency physician–performed ultrasound to diagnose cholelithiasis: a systematic review. Academic Emergency Medicine. 2011;18:227-235.

Charalel RA, Jeffrey RB, Shin LK. Complicated cholecystitis: the complementary roles of sonography and computed tomography. Ultrasound Quarterly. 2011;27:161-170.

Gomi H, Solomkin JS, Takada T, et al. TG13 antimicrobial therapy for acute cholangitis and cholecystitis. Journal of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Sciences. 2013;20:60-70.

Fuks D, Cosse C, Regimbeau JM. Antibiotic therapy in acute calculous cholecystitis. Journal of Visceral Surgery. 2013;150:3-8.

Solomkin JS, Mazuski JE, Bradley JS, et al. Diagnosis and management of complicated intra-abdominal infection in adults and children: guidelines by the Surgical Infection Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2010;50:133-164.

Mazeh H, Mizrahi I, Dior U, et al. Role of antibiotic therapy in mild acute calculus cholecystitis: a prospective randomized controlled trial. World Journal of Surgery. 2012;36:1750-1759.

Mentzer RM Jr, Golden GT, Chandler JG, et al. A comparative appraisal of emphysematous cholecystitis. The American Journal of Surgery. 1975;129:10-15.

Rigler LG, Borman CN, Noble JF. Gallstone obstruction: pathogenesis and roentgen manifestations. JAMA. 1941;117:1753-1759.