Depremden Sonra Kayıp, Öfke, Yas Süreci Yönetimi ve Müdahalesi
Özet
6 Şubat 2023’te Türkiye’yi vuran yıkıcı depremle birlikte depremin görüntüleri uzun yıllar hafızalardan silinmeyecek. Yaşanan süreç insanların bilişsel, duygusal, fiziksel ve sosyal alanlarında büyük değişimlere sebep olmuştur. Bu tür afetler ani ve sarsıcıdır. Afet sırasında veya sonrasında kaygı, üzüntü, öfke veya keder gibi çeşitli duyguları hissetmek normaldir. Etkiler ve tepkiler hemen olabileceği gibi bir süre sonra da ortaya çıkabilir, bireylerin ruh hali doğal olarak çok fazla dalgalanabilir. Depremlerde yaşanan ölümün genellikle aniden ve beklenmedik bir şekilde gerçekleştiği göz önüne alındığında, doğal afet sırasında sevilen birinin kaybı özellikle travmatik ve üzücüdür. Travmatik bir olay meydana geldiğinde deneyimlenen ilk duygu şok ve dehşettir. Afete maruz kalan bireylerin kaygılarını azaltma, temel gereksinimlerini giderme, güvenlik, kayıp ve yasla baş edebilmeleri için psiko-sosyal desteğe ihtiyaçları vardır. Afetlerin sıklıkla kayıp ve trajediyle sonuçlandığı göz önüne alındığında, kitabın bu bölümünde deprem sonrası kayıp ve yas olgusu anlatılmaktadır. Öncelikle depreme verilen yaygın tepkiler, deprem sonrası ruh sağlığı sorunlar anlatılmaktadır. İkinci olarak, yas süreci, yas yönetimi ele alınmış ve son olarak da yasla başa çıkmak, afet tedbirleri başlıklarına değinilmiştir.
Referanslar
Atak, H., Kandemir, M., …. Güney, M. (2023). Deprem Sonrası Ruh Sağlığı Bilgilendirme Rehberi. Kırıkkale Üniversitesi, 1-31.
American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV). Arlington: American Psychiatric Publishing.
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). Arlington: American Psychiatric Publishing.
Bantum, E. O. C. ve Owen, J. E. (2009). Evaluating the Validity of Computerized Content analysis Programs for Identification of Emotional Expression in Cancer Narratives. Psychological Assessment, 21(1), 79.
Başoglu, M., Kılıç, C., Salcıoglu, E., Livanou, M. (2004). Prevalence of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Comorbid Depression in Earthquake Survivors in Turkey: an Epidemiological Study. J Trauma Stress. 171,33-41.
Bergiannaki, J. D., Psarros, C., Varsou, E., Paparrigopoulos, T. ve Soldatos, C.R. (2003). Protracted Acute Stress Reaction Following an Earthquake. Acta Psychiatric Scandavia, 107, 18-24.
Bhandari, S. (2022). What is Normal Grieving, and What are the Stages of Grief? Health and Balance Guide. https://www.webmd.com/balance/normal-grieving-and-stages-of-grief adresinden 17 Temmuz 2023 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
Bildik, T. (2013). Ölüm Kayıp, Yas ve Patolojik Yas. Ege Tıp Dergisi, 52, 223-229.
Bonanno, G. A. (2004). Loss, Trauma, and Human Resilience: Have We Underestimated the Human Capacity to Thrive After Extremely Aversive Events? American Psychologist, 59(1), 20–28.
Bonanno, G. A., Papa, A ve O’Neill, K. (2001). Loss and Human Resilience. Applied and Preventive Psychology, 10 (3), 193-206.
Chemtob, C.M., Novaco, R.W., Hamada, R.S., Brüt, D.M., Smith, G. (1997). Anger Regulation Deficits in Combat‐Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. J Trauma Stress, 10,17-36.
Corr, C.A. (2021). Should We Incorporate the Work of Elisabeth Kübler-Ross in Our Current Teaching and Practice and, If So, How? Omega (Westport), 83(4), 706-728.
Coppola, D.P. (2011).The Management of Disasters. Introduction to International Disaster Management. Second Edition. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam.1–35.
Cowles, K.V. (1996). Cultural Perspectives of Grief: an Expanded Concept Analysis, J Adv Nurs, 23 (2), 287-94.
Ergünay, O. (2007). Türkiye’nin Afet Profili. TMMOB Afet Sempozyumu, 5(7), 1-14.
Fahrudin, A. (2012). Psychosocial Reaction and Trauma After a Natural Disaster: The Role of Coping Behavior. Asian Social Work and Policy Review, 6 (3), 192-202.
Fernandez, A., Black, J., Jones, M., Wilson, L., Salvador-Carulla, L., Astell-Burt, T., vd. (2015). Flooding and Mental Health: a Systematic Mapping Review. PLOS One. 10.
Fontalba-Navas, A., Lucas-Borja, M., Gil-Aguilar, V., Arrebola, J., Pena-Andreu, J., Perez, J. (2017). Incidence and Risk Factors for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in a Population Affected by a Severe Flood. Public Health, 144, 96–102.
Goltz, J.D., Park, H., Nakano, G. ve Yamori, K. (2020). Earthquake Ground Motion and Human Behavior: Using DYFI Data to Assess Behavioral Response to Earthquakes. Earthquake Spectra, 36(3),1231-1253.
Golitalebi, M., Mazaheri, E., Bonyadi, M. ve Sahebi, A. (2022). Prevalence of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder After Flood: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Psychiatry, 13, 890671.
Goenjian, A.K., Steinberg, A.M., Najarian, L.M., Fairbanks, L.A., Tashjian, M., Pynoos, R.S.(2000). Prospective Study of Posttraumatic Streess, Anxiety, and Depressive Reactions After Earthquake and Political Violence. Am J Psychiatry. 157, 911-16.
Hadgkinson, P.E. ve Stewart, M. (1998). Coping with Catastrophe A Handbook of Post-Disaster Psychosocial Aftercare. London and New York: Routledge.
Hodge, K. (2023). Unraveling the Connection Between Fear, Trauma and Anger. 07.07.2023 tarihinde https://www.mentalhealthcenter.org/how-fear-trauma-contribute-anger/ adresinden erişilmiştir.
James, L.E., Welton-Mitchell, C., Noel, J.R., James, A,S. (2020). Integrating Mental Health and Disaster Preparedness in İntervention: a Randomized Controlled Trial with Earthquake and Flood-Affected Communities in Haiti. Psychol Med. 50:342–52.
Jacobs, S. (1999) Traumatic Grief, Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention. Brunner/ Mazel Inc.
Jin, Y., Pang, A., Cameron, G.T. (2012). Toward a Publics-Driven, Emotion-Based Conceptualization in Crisis Communication: Unearthing Dominant Emotions in Multi-Staged Testing of the Integrated Crisis Mapping (ICM) Model. Journal of Public Relations Research, 24(3), 266-298.
Jin, Y. (2009). The Effects of Public's Cognitive Appraisal of Emotions in Crises on Crisis Coping and Strategy Assessment. Public Relations Review, 35(3), 310-313.
Karaırmak, Ö. (2006). Psikolojik Sağlamlık, Risk Faktörleri ve Koruyucu Faktörler. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 3 (26), 129-142.
Kaya, S. ve Türk, A. (2023). Afetlerde psikososyal destek profesyonellerinin travmaya müdahale becerilerinin incelenmesi. A. Bilgili ve B. Hanedan (Ed.), Sağlık Bilimlerinde Güncel Tartışmalar 7 (s. 646-655) içinde. Bilgin Kültür Sanat Yayınları.
Kelly, B., Edwards, P., Synott, R. (1999). Predictors of Bereavement Outcome for Family Carers of Cancer Patients. Psychooncology. 8(3),237–249.
Keser, E. (2021). Kayıp ve Yas Psikolojisi. Nobel Yayınevi: Ankara.
Kukuoğlu, A. (2018). Doğal Afetler Sonrası Yaşanan Travmalar ve Örnek Bir Psikoeğitim Programı. Afet ve Risk Dergisi, 1 (1), 39-52.
Kübler-Ross, E. (2014). On Death and Dying. What the Dying Have to Teach Doctors, Nurses, Clergy and Their Own Families . (Reprint.). Scribner.
Kübler-Ross, E. ve Kessler, D. (2007). Finding the Meaning of Grief through the Five Stages of Loss. On Grief and Grieving New York.
Kübler-Ross, E. (2010). Ölüm ve Ölmek Üzerine. (E. Uşşaklı, Çev.) Ankara: April Yayıncılık.
Lalani, N., Drolet, J.L., McDonald-Harker, C., Brown, M.R.G., Brett-MacLean, P., Agyapong, V.I.O., Greenshaw, A.J.,Silverstone, P.H,. (2021). Nurturing Spiritual Resilience to Promote Post-Disaster Community Recovery: The 2016 Alberta Wildfire in Canada. Front Public Health. 23, 682558.
Lee, H., Jeong, S., Suh, Y. (2017). The Influence of Negative Emotions on Customer Innovation Activities: An Examination Using Sentiment Analysis. ACM SIGMIS Database: the DATABASE for Advances in Information Systems, 48(4), 14-29.
Lindemann, E. (1944). Symptomatology and Management of Acute Grief. American Journal of Psychiatry, 101, 141-148.
Long J, Huang X, Liao Y, Hu X, Hu J, Lui S. (2014). Prediction of Post-Earthquake Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms: a Longitudinal Resting-State FMRI Study. Sci Rep. 4, 6423.
Mamun, M.A., Huq, N., Papia, Z.F., Tasfina, S., Gozal, D. (2019). Prevalence of Depression Among Bangladeshi Village Women Subsequent to a Natural Disaster: A pilot Study. Psychiatry Res. 276, 124–128.
Norris, F.H., Friedman, M.J., Watson, P.J.(2002). 60,000 Disaster Victims Speak: Part II. Summary and Implications of the Disaster Mental Health Research. Psychiatry. 65,240–260.
Neria, Y., Nandi, A. ve Galea, S. (2008). Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Following Disasters: A Systematic Review. Psychological Medicine, 38, 467-480.
Oflaz, F. (2008). Felaketlerin Psikolojik Etkileri ve Hemşirelik Uygulaması. C.Ü. Hemşirelik Yüksekokulu Dergisi, 12(3), 70-76.
Oloruntoba, R., Sridharan, R. ve Davison, G. (2017). A Proposed Framework of Key Activities and Processes in the Preparedness and Recovery Phases of Disaster Management. Disasters, 42 (3), 541-570.
Pasnau, R. O. ve Fawzy, F. I. (1989). Stress and Psychiatry. H. I., Kaplan ve B.J., Sadock (Eds.), Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry (5th ed.), 1231-1239.
Pietrzak, R.H., Tracy, M., Galea, S., Kilpatrick, D.G., Ruggiero, K.J., Hamblen, J.L., vd. (2012). Resilience in the Face of Disaster: Prevalence and Longitudinal Course of Mental Disorders Following Hurricane Ike. PLOS One. 7:38964.
Pistoia, F., Conson, M., Carolei, A., Dema, M.G., Splendiani, A., Curcio, G. ve Sacco, S. (2018). Post-Earthquake Distress and Development of Emotional Expertise in Young Adults. Front. Behav. Neurosci.12(91).
Ramirez, M. ve Peek-Asa, C. (2005). Epidemiology of Traumatic Injuries from Earthquakes, Epidemiologic Reviews, 27(1), 47–55.
Sharan, P., Chaudhary.G., Kavathekar.S.A. (1996). Saxena Preliminary Report of Psychiatric Disorders in Survivors of a Severe Earthquake. American Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 556-558.
Samhsa (2017). Coping with Grief After a Disaster or Traumatic Event. HHS Publication No. SMA-17-5035.
Samshsa (2013). Tips for Survivors of a Disaster or Other Traumatic Event: Managing Stress.https://store.samhsa.gov/product/Tips-for-Survivors-of-a-Disaster-or-Other-Traumatic-Event-Managing-Stress/SMA13-4776 adresinden 07.08.2023 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
Shaluf, I.M. (2007). An Overview on Disasters. Disaster Prevention and Management. 16(5), 687–703.
Sezgin, U., Yüksel, Ş., Topçu, Z. ve Genç-Dişcigil, A. (2004). Ne Zaman Travmatik Yas Tanısı Konur? Ne Zaman Tedavi Başlar? Klinik Psikiyatri, 7, 167-175.
Shear,K., Frank, E., Houck, P.R., Reynolds, C.F. (2005). 3rd Treatment of Complicated Grief: a Randomised Controlled Trial. JAMA. 293(21), 2601–2608.
Shear, M.K. ve Skritskaya, N.A. (2012). Bereavement and Anxiety. Curr Psychiatry Rep, 14, 169–175.
Sherchan, S., Samuel, R., Marahattha, K., Anwar, N., Van Ommera, M.H., Ofrin, R. (2018). Post-disaster mental health and psychosocial support: Experience from the 2015 Nepal Earthquake. WHO South East Asia J. Publ. Health. 6, 22–29.
Staff, H. (2021). Complications of Grief. https://www.healthlinkbc.ca/health-topics/complications-grief adresinden 19.07.2023 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
Tagar, M.R., Federico, C. M. ve Halperin, E. (2011). The Positive Effect of Negative Emotions in Protracted Conflict: The Case of Anger. Journal of Experimental Social Psycholgy, 47 (1), 157-164.
Trentini, C., vd. (2018). Dealing with the Aftermath of Mass Disasters: A Field Study on theApplication of EMDR Integrative Group Treatment Protocol With Child Survivors of the 2016 Italy Earthquakes. Frontiers in Psychology. 4(9), 862.
Türk A. (2022). Deprem Özelinde Engelli Bireylere Duyarlı Afet Yönetimi Modeli. Afet ve Risk Dergisi, 5(1), 61-77
Türk, A. ve Kaya, S. (2023). Deprem Sonrası Psikososyal Destek Uygulamalarında Merhamet Yorgunluğunun Psikolojik Sağlamlığa Etkisi: Sosyal Hizmet Uzmanları Üzerine Bir Araştırma. Uluslararası Sosyal Hizmet Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3 (2), 81-91.
United States Geological Survey- USGS. (2023). https://www.usgs.gov/ adresinden 25.07.2023 tarihinden erişilmiştir.
Yelboğa, N. (2023). Kahramanmaraş Depremi Özelinde Travmatik Yas ve Sosyal Hizmetin Yas Danışmanlığı Müdahalesi. International Journal of Social Sciences, 7(1), 97-121.
Vitas Healthcare. (2023). https://www.vitas.com/family-and-caregiver-support/grief-and-bereavement/coping-with-grief/coping-with-public-tragedies-and-natural-disasters adresinden 08.08.2023 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
Emergency Live. (2023). https://www.emergency-live.com/health-and-safety/earthquake-and-loss-of-control-psychologist-explains-the-psychological-risks-of-an-earthquake/ adresinden 10.08.2023 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
Wang, X., Gao, L., Zhang, H., Zhao, C., Shen, Y., Shinfuku, N. (2000). Post-Earthquake Quality of Life and “Psychological Well-Being: Longitudinal Evaluation in a Rural Community Sample in Northern China. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci, 54(4),427-33.
World Health Organization Building Back Better: Sustainable Mental Health Care After Emergencies (2023)https://www.who.int/mental_health/emergencies/building_back_better/en/ adresinden 20.07.2023 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
Welton-Mitchell, C., James, L.E., Khanal, S.N., James, A.,S. (2018). An Integrated Approach to Mental Health and Disaster Preparedness: A Cluster Comparison with Earthquake Affected Communities in Nepal. BMC Psychiatry. 18.
Wu Z, Xu J, He L. (2014). Psychological Consequences and Associated Risk Factors Among Adult Survivors of the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake. BMC Psychiatry. 14,126.
Xu, J. ve Wei, Y. (2013). Social Support as a Moderator of the Relationship Between Anxiety and Depression: An Empirical Study with Adult Survivors of Wenchuan Earthquake. PLOS One. 8.
Referanslar
Atak, H., Kandemir, M., …. Güney, M. (2023). Deprem Sonrası Ruh Sağlığı Bilgilendirme Rehberi. Kırıkkale Üniversitesi, 1-31.
American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV). Arlington: American Psychiatric Publishing.
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). Arlington: American Psychiatric Publishing.
Bantum, E. O. C. ve Owen, J. E. (2009). Evaluating the Validity of Computerized Content analysis Programs for Identification of Emotional Expression in Cancer Narratives. Psychological Assessment, 21(1), 79.
Başoglu, M., Kılıç, C., Salcıoglu, E., Livanou, M. (2004). Prevalence of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Comorbid Depression in Earthquake Survivors in Turkey: an Epidemiological Study. J Trauma Stress. 171,33-41.
Bergiannaki, J. D., Psarros, C., Varsou, E., Paparrigopoulos, T. ve Soldatos, C.R. (2003). Protracted Acute Stress Reaction Following an Earthquake. Acta Psychiatric Scandavia, 107, 18-24.
Bhandari, S. (2022). What is Normal Grieving, and What are the Stages of Grief? Health and Balance Guide. https://www.webmd.com/balance/normal-grieving-and-stages-of-grief adresinden 17 Temmuz 2023 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
Bildik, T. (2013). Ölüm Kayıp, Yas ve Patolojik Yas. Ege Tıp Dergisi, 52, 223-229.
Bonanno, G. A. (2004). Loss, Trauma, and Human Resilience: Have We Underestimated the Human Capacity to Thrive After Extremely Aversive Events? American Psychologist, 59(1), 20–28.
Bonanno, G. A., Papa, A ve O’Neill, K. (2001). Loss and Human Resilience. Applied and Preventive Psychology, 10 (3), 193-206.
Chemtob, C.M., Novaco, R.W., Hamada, R.S., Brüt, D.M., Smith, G. (1997). Anger Regulation Deficits in Combat‐Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. J Trauma Stress, 10,17-36.
Corr, C.A. (2021). Should We Incorporate the Work of Elisabeth Kübler-Ross in Our Current Teaching and Practice and, If So, How? Omega (Westport), 83(4), 706-728.
Coppola, D.P. (2011).The Management of Disasters. Introduction to International Disaster Management. Second Edition. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam.1–35.
Cowles, K.V. (1996). Cultural Perspectives of Grief: an Expanded Concept Analysis, J Adv Nurs, 23 (2), 287-94.
Ergünay, O. (2007). Türkiye’nin Afet Profili. TMMOB Afet Sempozyumu, 5(7), 1-14.
Fahrudin, A. (2012). Psychosocial Reaction and Trauma After a Natural Disaster: The Role of Coping Behavior. Asian Social Work and Policy Review, 6 (3), 192-202.
Fernandez, A., Black, J., Jones, M., Wilson, L., Salvador-Carulla, L., Astell-Burt, T., vd. (2015). Flooding and Mental Health: a Systematic Mapping Review. PLOS One. 10.
Fontalba-Navas, A., Lucas-Borja, M., Gil-Aguilar, V., Arrebola, J., Pena-Andreu, J., Perez, J. (2017). Incidence and Risk Factors for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in a Population Affected by a Severe Flood. Public Health, 144, 96–102.
Goltz, J.D., Park, H., Nakano, G. ve Yamori, K. (2020). Earthquake Ground Motion and Human Behavior: Using DYFI Data to Assess Behavioral Response to Earthquakes. Earthquake Spectra, 36(3),1231-1253.
Golitalebi, M., Mazaheri, E., Bonyadi, M. ve Sahebi, A. (2022). Prevalence of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder After Flood: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Psychiatry, 13, 890671.
Goenjian, A.K., Steinberg, A.M., Najarian, L.M., Fairbanks, L.A., Tashjian, M., Pynoos, R.S.(2000). Prospective Study of Posttraumatic Streess, Anxiety, and Depressive Reactions After Earthquake and Political Violence. Am J Psychiatry. 157, 911-16.
Hadgkinson, P.E. ve Stewart, M. (1998). Coping with Catastrophe A Handbook of Post-Disaster Psychosocial Aftercare. London and New York: Routledge.
Hodge, K. (2023). Unraveling the Connection Between Fear, Trauma and Anger. 07.07.2023 tarihinde https://www.mentalhealthcenter.org/how-fear-trauma-contribute-anger/ adresinden erişilmiştir.
James, L.E., Welton-Mitchell, C., Noel, J.R., James, A,S. (2020). Integrating Mental Health and Disaster Preparedness in İntervention: a Randomized Controlled Trial with Earthquake and Flood-Affected Communities in Haiti. Psychol Med. 50:342–52.
Jacobs, S. (1999) Traumatic Grief, Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention. Brunner/ Mazel Inc.
Jin, Y., Pang, A., Cameron, G.T. (2012). Toward a Publics-Driven, Emotion-Based Conceptualization in Crisis Communication: Unearthing Dominant Emotions in Multi-Staged Testing of the Integrated Crisis Mapping (ICM) Model. Journal of Public Relations Research, 24(3), 266-298.
Jin, Y. (2009). The Effects of Public's Cognitive Appraisal of Emotions in Crises on Crisis Coping and Strategy Assessment. Public Relations Review, 35(3), 310-313.
Karaırmak, Ö. (2006). Psikolojik Sağlamlık, Risk Faktörleri ve Koruyucu Faktörler. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 3 (26), 129-142.
Kaya, S. ve Türk, A. (2023). Afetlerde psikososyal destek profesyonellerinin travmaya müdahale becerilerinin incelenmesi. A. Bilgili ve B. Hanedan (Ed.), Sağlık Bilimlerinde Güncel Tartışmalar 7 (s. 646-655) içinde. Bilgin Kültür Sanat Yayınları.
Kelly, B., Edwards, P., Synott, R. (1999). Predictors of Bereavement Outcome for Family Carers of Cancer Patients. Psychooncology. 8(3),237–249.
Keser, E. (2021). Kayıp ve Yas Psikolojisi. Nobel Yayınevi: Ankara.
Kukuoğlu, A. (2018). Doğal Afetler Sonrası Yaşanan Travmalar ve Örnek Bir Psikoeğitim Programı. Afet ve Risk Dergisi, 1 (1), 39-52.
Kübler-Ross, E. (2014). On Death and Dying. What the Dying Have to Teach Doctors, Nurses, Clergy and Their Own Families . (Reprint.). Scribner.
Kübler-Ross, E. ve Kessler, D. (2007). Finding the Meaning of Grief through the Five Stages of Loss. On Grief and Grieving New York.
Kübler-Ross, E. (2010). Ölüm ve Ölmek Üzerine. (E. Uşşaklı, Çev.) Ankara: April Yayıncılık.
Lalani, N., Drolet, J.L., McDonald-Harker, C., Brown, M.R.G., Brett-MacLean, P., Agyapong, V.I.O., Greenshaw, A.J.,Silverstone, P.H,. (2021). Nurturing Spiritual Resilience to Promote Post-Disaster Community Recovery: The 2016 Alberta Wildfire in Canada. Front Public Health. 23, 682558.
Lee, H., Jeong, S., Suh, Y. (2017). The Influence of Negative Emotions on Customer Innovation Activities: An Examination Using Sentiment Analysis. ACM SIGMIS Database: the DATABASE for Advances in Information Systems, 48(4), 14-29.
Lindemann, E. (1944). Symptomatology and Management of Acute Grief. American Journal of Psychiatry, 101, 141-148.
Long J, Huang X, Liao Y, Hu X, Hu J, Lui S. (2014). Prediction of Post-Earthquake Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms: a Longitudinal Resting-State FMRI Study. Sci Rep. 4, 6423.
Mamun, M.A., Huq, N., Papia, Z.F., Tasfina, S., Gozal, D. (2019). Prevalence of Depression Among Bangladeshi Village Women Subsequent to a Natural Disaster: A pilot Study. Psychiatry Res. 276, 124–128.
Norris, F.H., Friedman, M.J., Watson, P.J.(2002). 60,000 Disaster Victims Speak: Part II. Summary and Implications of the Disaster Mental Health Research. Psychiatry. 65,240–260.
Neria, Y., Nandi, A. ve Galea, S. (2008). Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Following Disasters: A Systematic Review. Psychological Medicine, 38, 467-480.
Oflaz, F. (2008). Felaketlerin Psikolojik Etkileri ve Hemşirelik Uygulaması. C.Ü. Hemşirelik Yüksekokulu Dergisi, 12(3), 70-76.
Oloruntoba, R., Sridharan, R. ve Davison, G. (2017). A Proposed Framework of Key Activities and Processes in the Preparedness and Recovery Phases of Disaster Management. Disasters, 42 (3), 541-570.
Pasnau, R. O. ve Fawzy, F. I. (1989). Stress and Psychiatry. H. I., Kaplan ve B.J., Sadock (Eds.), Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry (5th ed.), 1231-1239.
Pietrzak, R.H., Tracy, M., Galea, S., Kilpatrick, D.G., Ruggiero, K.J., Hamblen, J.L., vd. (2012). Resilience in the Face of Disaster: Prevalence and Longitudinal Course of Mental Disorders Following Hurricane Ike. PLOS One. 7:38964.
Pistoia, F., Conson, M., Carolei, A., Dema, M.G., Splendiani, A., Curcio, G. ve Sacco, S. (2018). Post-Earthquake Distress and Development of Emotional Expertise in Young Adults. Front. Behav. Neurosci.12(91).
Ramirez, M. ve Peek-Asa, C. (2005). Epidemiology of Traumatic Injuries from Earthquakes, Epidemiologic Reviews, 27(1), 47–55.
Sharan, P., Chaudhary.G., Kavathekar.S.A. (1996). Saxena Preliminary Report of Psychiatric Disorders in Survivors of a Severe Earthquake. American Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 556-558.
Samhsa (2017). Coping with Grief After a Disaster or Traumatic Event. HHS Publication No. SMA-17-5035.
Samshsa (2013). Tips for Survivors of a Disaster or Other Traumatic Event: Managing Stress.https://store.samhsa.gov/product/Tips-for-Survivors-of-a-Disaster-or-Other-Traumatic-Event-Managing-Stress/SMA13-4776 adresinden 07.08.2023 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
Shaluf, I.M. (2007). An Overview on Disasters. Disaster Prevention and Management. 16(5), 687–703.
Sezgin, U., Yüksel, Ş., Topçu, Z. ve Genç-Dişcigil, A. (2004). Ne Zaman Travmatik Yas Tanısı Konur? Ne Zaman Tedavi Başlar? Klinik Psikiyatri, 7, 167-175.
Shear,K., Frank, E., Houck, P.R., Reynolds, C.F. (2005). 3rd Treatment of Complicated Grief: a Randomised Controlled Trial. JAMA. 293(21), 2601–2608.
Shear, M.K. ve Skritskaya, N.A. (2012). Bereavement and Anxiety. Curr Psychiatry Rep, 14, 169–175.
Sherchan, S., Samuel, R., Marahattha, K., Anwar, N., Van Ommera, M.H., Ofrin, R. (2018). Post-disaster mental health and psychosocial support: Experience from the 2015 Nepal Earthquake. WHO South East Asia J. Publ. Health. 6, 22–29.
Staff, H. (2021). Complications of Grief. https://www.healthlinkbc.ca/health-topics/complications-grief adresinden 19.07.2023 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
Tagar, M.R., Federico, C. M. ve Halperin, E. (2011). The Positive Effect of Negative Emotions in Protracted Conflict: The Case of Anger. Journal of Experimental Social Psycholgy, 47 (1), 157-164.
Trentini, C., vd. (2018). Dealing with the Aftermath of Mass Disasters: A Field Study on theApplication of EMDR Integrative Group Treatment Protocol With Child Survivors of the 2016 Italy Earthquakes. Frontiers in Psychology. 4(9), 862.
Türk A. (2022). Deprem Özelinde Engelli Bireylere Duyarlı Afet Yönetimi Modeli. Afet ve Risk Dergisi, 5(1), 61-77
Türk, A. ve Kaya, S. (2023). Deprem Sonrası Psikososyal Destek Uygulamalarında Merhamet Yorgunluğunun Psikolojik Sağlamlığa Etkisi: Sosyal Hizmet Uzmanları Üzerine Bir Araştırma. Uluslararası Sosyal Hizmet Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3 (2), 81-91.
United States Geological Survey- USGS. (2023). https://www.usgs.gov/ adresinden 25.07.2023 tarihinden erişilmiştir.
Yelboğa, N. (2023). Kahramanmaraş Depremi Özelinde Travmatik Yas ve Sosyal Hizmetin Yas Danışmanlığı Müdahalesi. International Journal of Social Sciences, 7(1), 97-121.
Vitas Healthcare. (2023). https://www.vitas.com/family-and-caregiver-support/grief-and-bereavement/coping-with-grief/coping-with-public-tragedies-and-natural-disasters adresinden 08.08.2023 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
Emergency Live. (2023). https://www.emergency-live.com/health-and-safety/earthquake-and-loss-of-control-psychologist-explains-the-psychological-risks-of-an-earthquake/ adresinden 10.08.2023 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
Wang, X., Gao, L., Zhang, H., Zhao, C., Shen, Y., Shinfuku, N. (2000). Post-Earthquake Quality of Life and “Psychological Well-Being: Longitudinal Evaluation in a Rural Community Sample in Northern China. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci, 54(4),427-33.
World Health Organization Building Back Better: Sustainable Mental Health Care After Emergencies (2023)https://www.who.int/mental_health/emergencies/building_back_better/en/ adresinden 20.07.2023 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
Welton-Mitchell, C., James, L.E., Khanal, S.N., James, A.,S. (2018). An Integrated Approach to Mental Health and Disaster Preparedness: A Cluster Comparison with Earthquake Affected Communities in Nepal. BMC Psychiatry. 18.
Wu Z, Xu J, He L. (2014). Psychological Consequences and Associated Risk Factors Among Adult Survivors of the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake. BMC Psychiatry. 14,126.
Xu, J. ve Wei, Y. (2013). Social Support as a Moderator of the Relationship Between Anxiety and Depression: An Empirical Study with Adult Survivors of Wenchuan Earthquake. PLOS One. 8.
