Göçmenlerde Sıkça Karşılaşılan Ruh Sağlığı Sorunları ve Klinik Uygulamalar

Yazarlar

Hasan Hüseyin Tekin
Merve Tekin

Özet

Referanslar

Acartürk, C. (2016). Göçün ruh sağlığına etkisi. Asos Journal 4(25), 137-150.

Acartürk, C., Konuk, E., Cetinkaya, M., Senay, I., Sijbrandij, M., Gulen, B., & Cuijpers, P. (2016). The efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing for post-traumatic stress disorder and depression among Syrian refugees: Results of a randomized controlled trial. Psychological medicine, 46(12), 2583-2593.

Afyonoğlu, MF. (2021). Göç ve sosyal politika. İçinde. Sosyal politika ve sosyal hizmet. Edt. Başer, D., Nobel, Ankara.

Ahmed, A., Bowen, A., & Xin Feng, C. (2017). Maternal depression in Syrian refugee women recently moved to Canada: A preliminary study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 17(1), 240.

Akçay, S. & Akbaş, L.B. (2022). Toplum ruh sağlığı merkezinden hizmet alan bipolar bozukluk tanılı bireye yönelik sosyal hizmet uygulaması. İçinde. Sosyal hizmet uygulamalasında vaka sunumları: Teoriden pratiğe bir köprü. Edt. Erükçü Akbaş, G. & Afyonoğlu, M.F. Nobel, Ankara.

Akdeniz, E. B., & Öz, F. (2009). Koruyucu ruh sağlığı açısından göç ve kadın. Kriz dergisi, 17(1), 27-36.

Aker, T., Ayata, B., Özeren, M., Buran, B., & Bay, A. (2002). Zorunlu iç göç: Ruhsal ve toplumsal sonuçları. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 3(2), 97-103.

American Psychiatric Association, A. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. Am Psychiatric Assoc, 21.

Aslan, G. G. & Güngör, F. (2019). Suriyeli sığınmacıların Türkiye’ye göç sonrası yaşadığı sorunlar: İstanbul örneği. Uluslararası Toplum Araştırmaları Dergisi-International Journal of Society Researches, 11(18), 1602-1632.

Bloom, S. L. (2010). Organizational stress as a barrier to trauma-informed service delivery. In M. Becker & B. A. Levin (Eds.), Public Health Perspective of Women’ s mental health (pp. 295–311). New York, NY: Springer.

Bloom, S.L., & Farragher, B. (2013). Restoring sanctuary: A new operating system for trauma-informed systems of care. New York: Oxford University Press.

Bulut, M. (2022). Göç ve Ruh Sağlığı: Göçün ruh sağlığına etkileri ve müdahaleler. İçinde. 2. Uluslararası Sağlık Bilimleri Kongresi Bildiri Kitabı.

Buz, S. (2008). Türkiye’deki Sığınmacıların Sosyal Profili. Polis Bilimleri Dergisi, 10 (4), 1-14.

Cameron, C. A., Ungar, M., & Liebenberg, L. (2007). Cultural understandings of resilience: roots for wings in the development of affective resources for resilience. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 16, 285-301

Cohen, J. A., Mannarino, A. P., Kliethermes, M., & Murray, L. A. (2012). Trauma-focused CBT for youth with complex trauma. Child Abuse & Neglect, 36, 528–541.

Denni,s C.L., Chung-Lee, L (2006). Postpartum depression help-seeking barriers and maternal treatment preferences: a qualitative systematic review. Birth, 33:323-31

Demirbaş, H., & Bekaroğlu, E. (2013). Evden uzakta olmak: Sığınmacıların/mültecilerin psikolojik sorunları ve alınacak önlemler. Kriz dergisi, 21(1), 11-24.

Elliott, D. E., Bjelajac, P., Fallot, R. D., Markoff, L. S., & Reed, B. G. (2005). Trauma-informed or trauma-denied: Principles and implementation of trauma-informed services for women. Journal of Community Psychology, 33, 461– 477.

Fazel, M, Wheeler, J, & Danesh, J (2005). Prevalence of serious mental disorder in 7000 refugees resettled in western countries: a systematic review. Lancet 365, 1309–1314.

Foster, R. P. (2001). When immigration is trauma: Guidelines for the individual and family clinician. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 71(2), 153-170.

Garza-Guerrero, A. C. (1974). Culture shock: İts mourning and the vicissitudes of Identity. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 22(2), 408–429. https://doi.org/10.1177/000306517402200213

Gölge, Z.B. (2005). Cinsel travma sonrasi oluģan ruhsal sorunlar. Nöropsikoloji Arşivi. 42 (1): 19-28.

Güneş Aslan, G. (2022). Travma bilgili bakım ve sosyal hizmet. Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları Dergisi, 22 (54) , 87-106 .

Hamamcı, Z (2006). Integrating psychodrama and cognitive behavioral therapy to treat moderate depression. Arts Psychother, 199-207

Helman, C (2007). Culture, health, and illness. 5th ed. Hodder Arnold, London.

Holland, J. M., Currier, J. M., & Neimeyer, R. A. (2006). Meaning reconstruction in the first two years of bereavement: The role of sense-making and benefit-finding. Omega-Journal of Death and Dying, 53(3), 175-191.

Işık, R. & Ertuğrul, F. (2022). Mülteci ruh sağılığında güncel yaklaşımlar. Sağlık Bilimlerinde Değer, 12(1), 180-187.

Kaya-Kılıç, A. (2021). Dünyada ve Türkiye’de ruh sağlığı hizmetlerinin ve ruh sağlığında sosyal hizmetin tarihsel gelişimi. İçinde: Toplum Temelli Ruh Sağlığında Sosyal Hizmet Uygulamaları. Edt. Kaya Kılıç, A. Nobel. Ankara.

King S, Chen KLD, Chokshi B (2019) Becoming trauma informed: validating a tool to assess health professional’s knowledge, attitude, and practice. Pediatric quality & safety, 4:2-6.

Kirmayer, L.J (2004). The cultural diversity of healing; meaning, metaphor and mechanism. Br Med Bull, 69:33-48.

Kirmayer, L.J., Lemelson, R., Barad MKinzie., D. (2007). PTSD among traumatized refugees. In: Kirmayer LJ, Lemelson R, Barad M, editors. Understanding trauma: biological, psychological and cultural perspectives. New York (NY): Cambridge University Press, 194–206.

Kirmayer, L. J., Narasiah, L., Munoz, M., Rashid, M., Ryder, A. G., Guzder, J., ... Pottie, K. (2011). Common mental health problems in immigrants and refugees: general approach in primary care. Cmaj, 183(12), 959-967.

Lustig, S. L., Kia-Keating, M., Knight, W. G. (2004). Review of child and adolescent refugee mental health,. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 43:24-36

MDT (Migration Data Portal) (2023). Gender and migration. Gender Thematic Page | Migration data portal. Accessed date:03.06.2023.

Michelson, D., & Sclare, I. (2009). Psychological needs, service utilization and provision of care in a specialist mental health clinic for young refugees: a comparative study.

Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry, ;14:273-96

Montgomery, E., & Foldspang, A. (2008). Discrimination, mental problems and social adaptation in young refugees. Eur J Public Health, 18:156-61.

Ogden, P., Minton, K., Pain, C.(2006). Trauma and the body: A sensorimotor approach to psychotherapy. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company

O’Mahony, J., & Clark, N. (2018). Immigrant women and mental health care: Findings from an environmental scan. Issues in mental health nursing, 39(11), 924-934.

Pumariega, A. J., & Joshi, S. (2010). Culture and development in children and youth.

Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Clinics of North America, 19(4), 661-680.

Rothe, E. M. (2005). Post-traumatic stress symptoms in Cuban children and adolescents during and after refugee camp confinement. In T.A. Corales (Ed.), Trends in posttraumatic stress disorder research. New York: Nova Science.

Rothe, M.E. & Pumariega, J.A. (2020). Immigration, cultural idendity and mental health. Oxford, United States of America.

Salmon, P., Ring, A., Humphri,s G.M., et al. (2009). Primary care consultations about medically unexplained symptoms: how do patients indicate what they want? J Gen

Intern Med, 24:450-6

Scheffler, S. (2009). Immigration and the significance of culture. In Nationalism and Multiculturalism in a World of Immigration (119-150). London: Palgrave Macmillan UK.

Schottelkorb, A.A., Douman, D.M., & Garcia, R. (2012) Treatment for childhood refugee trauma: a randomized, controlled trial. Int J Play Ther, 21(2): 57-73.

Selimbeyoğlu, E. (2022). Göç sürecine travma perspektifinden bir bakış. Toplumsal Politika Dergisi, 3(1), 1-11.

Sevinç Yalçın, Ç. P., & Öztürk, E. (2018). Travma sonrası zamanın donması ve travmanın nesiller arası aktarımı. Bartın Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 3(3), 21-28

Sher, L. (2009). A model of suicidal behavior in war veterans with posttraumatic mood disorder. Med. Hypotheses,73(2):215-9.

Slonim-Nevo, V., Mirsky, J., Rubinstein, L., & Nauck, B. (2009). The impact of familial and environmental factors on the adjustment of immigrants: A longitudinal study. Journal of Family Issues, 30(1): 92-123.

Sundquist, J., Bayard-Burfield, L, Johansson, L.M., Johansson, S.E. (2000). Impact of ethnicity, violence and acculturation on displaced migrants: psychological distress and psychosomatic complaints among refugees in Sweden. J Nerv Ment Dis.,188:357-365

Teodorescu, D. S., Heir, T., Hauff, E., Wentzel‐Larsen, T. O. R. E., & Lien, L. (2012). Mental health problems and post‐migration stress among multi‐traumatized refugees attending outpatient clinics upon resettlement to Norway. Scandinavian journal of psychology, 53(4), 316-332.

Tekin, H,H, & Başer, D. (2021) Travma bakım temelli sosyal hizmet müdahalesi. İçinde. Edt. Hamarta, E., Arslan, C., Çiftçi, S., Uslu, M. (125-131), Cilt:2, Çizgi Kitabevi

Tuncay, T. ve Tekin, H. H. (2022). Sosyal hizmet mesleğinin abc’si. Nika, Ankara.

Turan, S., & Özyurt, G. (2019). Mülteci çocuk ve ergenlerin ruhsal sağlığı ve tedavi yaklaşımları. Çocuk ve Medeniyet, 4(8), 209-218.

Tuzcu, A., & Ilgaz, A. (2015). Göçün kadın ruh sağlığı üzerine etkileri. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 7(1), 56-67.

UN (United Natisons) (2020). International migrant stock 2020. International Migrant Stock | Population Division (un.org). Accessed date:07.06.2023.

UNHCR (2022). Mid-year trends 2022. Mid-Year Trends report | Global Focus (unhcr.org) Erişim tarihi:10.05.2023)

Virupaksha, H.G., Kumar, A., & Nirmala, B. P. (2014). Migration and mental health: An interface. Journal of natural science, biology, and medicine, 5(2), 233.

Vollebergh, W.A., ten Have, M., Dekovic, M. (2005). Mental health in immigrant children in the Netherlands. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 40, 489-96.

World Health Organization (WHO) (2013). Guidelines for the management of conditions specifically related to stress. Geneva.

Wohler, Y., & Dantas, J. A. (2017). Barriers accessing mental health services among culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) immigrant women in Australia: Policy implications. Journal of immigrant and minority health, 19, 697-701.

Yıldırım, H. S., Zubaroğlu-Yanardağ, M. (2022). Göçmenlerin Ruh Sağlığı Sorunlarında Sosyal Hizmetin Rolü, “2. International Symposium “Global Migration Phenomenon” With Its Security, Economic, Social, Political and Cultural Dimensions(Proceeding Book), (pp. 207-214), March 23-24, 2022 Ankara, Turkey.

Zang, Y., Gallagher, T., McLean, C.P., Tannahill, H.S., Yarvis, J.S. & Foa, E.B. (2017) The impact of social support, unit cohesion, and trait resilience on PTSD in treatment-seeking military personnel with PTSD: The role of posttraumatic cognitions. J Psychiatr Res. 86:18-25.

Zubaroğlu Yanardağ, M., Yanardağ, U., Ateş, M. (2022). Uluslararası Koruma ve Geçici Koruma Altındakiler, İstanbul: Efe Akademi Yayınları.

Referanslar

Acartürk, C. (2016). Göçün ruh sağlığına etkisi. Asos Journal 4(25), 137-150.

Acartürk, C., Konuk, E., Cetinkaya, M., Senay, I., Sijbrandij, M., Gulen, B., & Cuijpers, P. (2016). The efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing for post-traumatic stress disorder and depression among Syrian refugees: Results of a randomized controlled trial. Psychological medicine, 46(12), 2583-2593.

Afyonoğlu, MF. (2021). Göç ve sosyal politika. İçinde. Sosyal politika ve sosyal hizmet. Edt. Başer, D., Nobel, Ankara.

Ahmed, A., Bowen, A., & Xin Feng, C. (2017). Maternal depression in Syrian refugee women recently moved to Canada: A preliminary study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 17(1), 240.

Akçay, S. & Akbaş, L.B. (2022). Toplum ruh sağlığı merkezinden hizmet alan bipolar bozukluk tanılı bireye yönelik sosyal hizmet uygulaması. İçinde. Sosyal hizmet uygulamalasında vaka sunumları: Teoriden pratiğe bir köprü. Edt. Erükçü Akbaş, G. & Afyonoğlu, M.F. Nobel, Ankara.

Akdeniz, E. B., & Öz, F. (2009). Koruyucu ruh sağlığı açısından göç ve kadın. Kriz dergisi, 17(1), 27-36.

Aker, T., Ayata, B., Özeren, M., Buran, B., & Bay, A. (2002). Zorunlu iç göç: Ruhsal ve toplumsal sonuçları. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 3(2), 97-103.

American Psychiatric Association, A. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. Am Psychiatric Assoc, 21.

Aslan, G. G. & Güngör, F. (2019). Suriyeli sığınmacıların Türkiye’ye göç sonrası yaşadığı sorunlar: İstanbul örneği. Uluslararası Toplum Araştırmaları Dergisi-International Journal of Society Researches, 11(18), 1602-1632.

Bloom, S. L. (2010). Organizational stress as a barrier to trauma-informed service delivery. In M. Becker & B. A. Levin (Eds.), Public Health Perspective of Women’ s mental health (pp. 295–311). New York, NY: Springer.

Bloom, S.L., & Farragher, B. (2013). Restoring sanctuary: A new operating system for trauma-informed systems of care. New York: Oxford University Press.

Bulut, M. (2022). Göç ve Ruh Sağlığı: Göçün ruh sağlığına etkileri ve müdahaleler. İçinde. 2. Uluslararası Sağlık Bilimleri Kongresi Bildiri Kitabı.

Buz, S. (2008). Türkiye’deki Sığınmacıların Sosyal Profili. Polis Bilimleri Dergisi, 10 (4), 1-14.

Cameron, C. A., Ungar, M., & Liebenberg, L. (2007). Cultural understandings of resilience: roots for wings in the development of affective resources for resilience. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 16, 285-301

Cohen, J. A., Mannarino, A. P., Kliethermes, M., & Murray, L. A. (2012). Trauma-focused CBT for youth with complex trauma. Child Abuse & Neglect, 36, 528–541.

Denni,s C.L., Chung-Lee, L (2006). Postpartum depression help-seeking barriers and maternal treatment preferences: a qualitative systematic review. Birth, 33:323-31

Demirbaş, H., & Bekaroğlu, E. (2013). Evden uzakta olmak: Sığınmacıların/mültecilerin psikolojik sorunları ve alınacak önlemler. Kriz dergisi, 21(1), 11-24.

Elliott, D. E., Bjelajac, P., Fallot, R. D., Markoff, L. S., & Reed, B. G. (2005). Trauma-informed or trauma-denied: Principles and implementation of trauma-informed services for women. Journal of Community Psychology, 33, 461– 477.

Fazel, M, Wheeler, J, & Danesh, J (2005). Prevalence of serious mental disorder in 7000 refugees resettled in western countries: a systematic review. Lancet 365, 1309–1314.

Foster, R. P. (2001). When immigration is trauma: Guidelines for the individual and family clinician. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 71(2), 153-170.

Garza-Guerrero, A. C. (1974). Culture shock: İts mourning and the vicissitudes of Identity. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 22(2), 408–429. https://doi.org/10.1177/000306517402200213

Gölge, Z.B. (2005). Cinsel travma sonrasi oluģan ruhsal sorunlar. Nöropsikoloji Arşivi. 42 (1): 19-28.

Güneş Aslan, G. (2022). Travma bilgili bakım ve sosyal hizmet. Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları Dergisi, 22 (54) , 87-106 .

Hamamcı, Z (2006). Integrating psychodrama and cognitive behavioral therapy to treat moderate depression. Arts Psychother, 199-207

Helman, C (2007). Culture, health, and illness. 5th ed. Hodder Arnold, London.

Holland, J. M., Currier, J. M., & Neimeyer, R. A. (2006). Meaning reconstruction in the first two years of bereavement: The role of sense-making and benefit-finding. Omega-Journal of Death and Dying, 53(3), 175-191.

Işık, R. & Ertuğrul, F. (2022). Mülteci ruh sağılığında güncel yaklaşımlar. Sağlık Bilimlerinde Değer, 12(1), 180-187.

Kaya-Kılıç, A. (2021). Dünyada ve Türkiye’de ruh sağlığı hizmetlerinin ve ruh sağlığında sosyal hizmetin tarihsel gelişimi. İçinde: Toplum Temelli Ruh Sağlığında Sosyal Hizmet Uygulamaları. Edt. Kaya Kılıç, A. Nobel. Ankara.

King S, Chen KLD, Chokshi B (2019) Becoming trauma informed: validating a tool to assess health professional’s knowledge, attitude, and practice. Pediatric quality & safety, 4:2-6.

Kirmayer, L.J (2004). The cultural diversity of healing; meaning, metaphor and mechanism. Br Med Bull, 69:33-48.

Kirmayer, L.J., Lemelson, R., Barad MKinzie., D. (2007). PTSD among traumatized refugees. In: Kirmayer LJ, Lemelson R, Barad M, editors. Understanding trauma: biological, psychological and cultural perspectives. New York (NY): Cambridge University Press, 194–206.

Kirmayer, L. J., Narasiah, L., Munoz, M., Rashid, M., Ryder, A. G., Guzder, J., ... Pottie, K. (2011). Common mental health problems in immigrants and refugees: general approach in primary care. Cmaj, 183(12), 959-967.

Lustig, S. L., Kia-Keating, M., Knight, W. G. (2004). Review of child and adolescent refugee mental health,. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 43:24-36

MDT (Migration Data Portal) (2023). Gender and migration. Gender Thematic Page | Migration data portal. Accessed date:03.06.2023.

Michelson, D., & Sclare, I. (2009). Psychological needs, service utilization and provision of care in a specialist mental health clinic for young refugees: a comparative study.

Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry, ;14:273-96

Montgomery, E., & Foldspang, A. (2008). Discrimination, mental problems and social adaptation in young refugees. Eur J Public Health, 18:156-61.

Ogden, P., Minton, K., Pain, C.(2006). Trauma and the body: A sensorimotor approach to psychotherapy. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company

O’Mahony, J., & Clark, N. (2018). Immigrant women and mental health care: Findings from an environmental scan. Issues in mental health nursing, 39(11), 924-934.

Pumariega, A. J., & Joshi, S. (2010). Culture and development in children and youth.

Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Clinics of North America, 19(4), 661-680.

Rothe, E. M. (2005). Post-traumatic stress symptoms in Cuban children and adolescents during and after refugee camp confinement. In T.A. Corales (Ed.), Trends in posttraumatic stress disorder research. New York: Nova Science.

Rothe, M.E. & Pumariega, J.A. (2020). Immigration, cultural idendity and mental health. Oxford, United States of America.

Salmon, P., Ring, A., Humphri,s G.M., et al. (2009). Primary care consultations about medically unexplained symptoms: how do patients indicate what they want? J Gen

Intern Med, 24:450-6

Scheffler, S. (2009). Immigration and the significance of culture. In Nationalism and Multiculturalism in a World of Immigration (119-150). London: Palgrave Macmillan UK.

Schottelkorb, A.A., Douman, D.M., & Garcia, R. (2012) Treatment for childhood refugee trauma: a randomized, controlled trial. Int J Play Ther, 21(2): 57-73.

Selimbeyoğlu, E. (2022). Göç sürecine travma perspektifinden bir bakış. Toplumsal Politika Dergisi, 3(1), 1-11.

Sevinç Yalçın, Ç. P., & Öztürk, E. (2018). Travma sonrası zamanın donması ve travmanın nesiller arası aktarımı. Bartın Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 3(3), 21-28

Sher, L. (2009). A model of suicidal behavior in war veterans with posttraumatic mood disorder. Med. Hypotheses,73(2):215-9.

Slonim-Nevo, V., Mirsky, J., Rubinstein, L., & Nauck, B. (2009). The impact of familial and environmental factors on the adjustment of immigrants: A longitudinal study. Journal of Family Issues, 30(1): 92-123.

Sundquist, J., Bayard-Burfield, L, Johansson, L.M., Johansson, S.E. (2000). Impact of ethnicity, violence and acculturation on displaced migrants: psychological distress and psychosomatic complaints among refugees in Sweden. J Nerv Ment Dis.,188:357-365

Teodorescu, D. S., Heir, T., Hauff, E., Wentzel‐Larsen, T. O. R. E., & Lien, L. (2012). Mental health problems and post‐migration stress among multi‐traumatized refugees attending outpatient clinics upon resettlement to Norway. Scandinavian journal of psychology, 53(4), 316-332.

Tekin, H,H, & Başer, D. (2021) Travma bakım temelli sosyal hizmet müdahalesi. İçinde. Edt. Hamarta, E., Arslan, C., Çiftçi, S., Uslu, M. (125-131), Cilt:2, Çizgi Kitabevi

Tuncay, T. ve Tekin, H. H. (2022). Sosyal hizmet mesleğinin abc’si. Nika, Ankara.

Turan, S., & Özyurt, G. (2019). Mülteci çocuk ve ergenlerin ruhsal sağlığı ve tedavi yaklaşımları. Çocuk ve Medeniyet, 4(8), 209-218.

Tuzcu, A., & Ilgaz, A. (2015). Göçün kadın ruh sağlığı üzerine etkileri. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 7(1), 56-67.

UN (United Natisons) (2020). International migrant stock 2020. International Migrant Stock | Population Division (un.org). Accessed date:07.06.2023.

UNHCR (2022). Mid-year trends 2022. Mid-Year Trends report | Global Focus (unhcr.org) Erişim tarihi:10.05.2023)

Virupaksha, H.G., Kumar, A., & Nirmala, B. P. (2014). Migration and mental health: An interface. Journal of natural science, biology, and medicine, 5(2), 233.

Vollebergh, W.A., ten Have, M., Dekovic, M. (2005). Mental health in immigrant children in the Netherlands. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 40, 489-96.

World Health Organization (WHO) (2013). Guidelines for the management of conditions specifically related to stress. Geneva.

Wohler, Y., & Dantas, J. A. (2017). Barriers accessing mental health services among culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) immigrant women in Australia: Policy implications. Journal of immigrant and minority health, 19, 697-701.

Yıldırım, H. S., Zubaroğlu-Yanardağ, M. (2022). Göçmenlerin Ruh Sağlığı Sorunlarında Sosyal Hizmetin Rolü, “2. International Symposium “Global Migration Phenomenon” With Its Security, Economic, Social, Political and Cultural Dimensions(Proceeding Book), (pp. 207-214), March 23-24, 2022 Ankara, Turkey.

Zang, Y., Gallagher, T., McLean, C.P., Tannahill, H.S., Yarvis, J.S. & Foa, E.B. (2017) The impact of social support, unit cohesion, and trait resilience on PTSD in treatment-seeking military personnel with PTSD: The role of posttraumatic cognitions. J Psychiatr Res. 86:18-25.

Zubaroğlu Yanardağ, M., Yanardağ, U., Ateş, M. (2022). Uluslararası Koruma ve Geçici Koruma Altındakiler, İstanbul: Efe Akademi Yayınları.

Sayfalar

93-112

Yayınlanan

21 Ekim 2023

Lisans

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