Glukoz Taşıyıcıları ve Metformin

Chadt A, Al-Hasani H. Glucose transporters in adipose tissue, liver, and skeletal muscle in metabolic health and disease. Pflugers Arch, 2020; 472(9), 1273–98.

Zhang X, Lu JJ, Abudukeyoumu A, Hou DY, Dong J, Wu JN, et al. Glucose transporters: Important regulators of endometrial cancer therapy sensitivity. Front Oncol, 2022; 12.

Leão LL, Tangen G, Barca ML, Engedal K, Santos SHS, Machado FSM, et al. Does hyperglycemia downregulate glucose transporters in the brain? Med Hypotheses, 2020;139, 109614.

Tanasova M, Fedie JR. Molecular Tools for Facilitative Carbohydrate Transporters (Gluts). ChemBioChem, 2017; 18(18), 1774–88.

Yaribeygi H, Farrokhi FR, Butler AE, Sahebkar A. Insulin resistance: Review of the underlying molecular mechanisms. J Cell Physiol, 2019; 234(6), 8152–61.

Wu WZ, Bai YP. Endothelial GLUTs and vascular biology. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 2023; 158, 114151.

Ismail A, Tanasova M. Importance of GLUT Transporters in Disease Diagnosis and Treatment. Int J Mol Sci, 2022; 23(15), 8698.

Reckzeh ES, Waldmann H. Development of Glucose Transporter (GLUT) Inhibitors. European J Org Chem, 2020; 16, 2321–9.

Reckzeh ES, Waldmann H. Small‐Molecule Inhibition of Glucose Transporters GLUT‐1–4. ChemBioChem, 2020; 21(1–2), 45–52.

Wang J, Ye C, Chen C, Xiong H, Xie B, Zhou J, et al. Glucose transporter GLUT1 expression and clinical outcome in solid tumors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Oncotarget, 2017; 8(10), 16875–86.

Holman GD. Structure, function and regulation of mammalian glucose transporters of the SLC2 family. Pflugers Arch, 2020; 472(9), 1155–75.

Bukkuri A, Gatenby RA, Brown JS. GLUT1 production in cancer cells: a tragedy of the commons. NPJ Syst Biol Appl, 2022; 8(1), 22.

Sun B, Chen H, Xue J, Li P, Fu X. The role of GLUT2 in glucose metabolism in multiple organs and tissues. Mol Biol Rep, 2023; 50(8), 6963–74.

Navale AM, Paranjape AN. Glucose transporters: physiological and pathological roles. Biophys Rev, 2016; 8(1), 5–9.

Berlth F, Mönig S, Pinther B, Grimminger P, Maus M, Schlösser H, et al. Both GLUT-1 and GLUT-14 are Independent Prognostic Factors in Gastric Adenocarcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol, 2015; 22(S3), 822–31.

Wang C, Wang J, Liu S, Liang X, Song Y, Feng L, et al. Idiopathic renal hypouricemia: A case report and literature review. Mol Med Rep. 2019.

Lacombe VA. Expression and Regulation of Facilitative Glucose Transporters in Equine Insulin-Sensitive Tissue: From Physiology to Pathology. ISRN Vet Sci, 2014; 2014, 1–15.

Waller AP, George M, Kalyanasundaram A, Kang C, Periasamy M, Hu K, et al. GLUT12 functions as a basal and insulin-independent glucose transporter in the heart. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease, 2013; 1832(1), 121–7.

Scheepers A, Joost H, Schurmann A. The glucose transporter families SGLT and GLUT: molecular basis of normal and aberrant function. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. 2004;28(5): 364–371.

Wanner C, Inzucchi SE, Lachin JM, et al. Empagliflozin and Progression of Kidney Disease in Type 2 Diabetes. The New England journal of medicine. 2016; 375(4): 323–334.

Kanai Y, Lee WS, You G, et al. The human kidney low affinity Na+/glucose cotransporter SGLT2. Delineation of the major renal reabsorptive mechanism for D-glucose. The Journal of clinical investigation. 1994; 93(1): 397–404.

Hediger MA, Coady MJ, Ikeda TS, et al. Expression cloning and cDNA sequencing of the Na+/glucose co-transporter. Nature. 1987;330(6146): 379–381.

Wright EM, LOO DDFL, Hirayama BA. Biology of human sodium glucose transporters. Physiological reviews. 2011; 91(2): 733–794.

Wright EM, Loo DDF, Hirayama BA, et al. Surprising versatility of Na+-glucose cotransporters: SLC5. Physiology (Bethesda, Md.). 2004; 19(6): 370–376.

Wood IS, Trayhurn P. Glucose transporters (GLUT and SGLT): expanded families of sugar transport proteins. The British journal of nutrition. 2003; 89(1): 3–9.

Bonner C, Kerr-Conte J, Gmyr V, et al. Inhibition of the glucose transporter SGLT2 with dapagliflozin in pancreatic alpha cells triggers glucagon secretion. Nature medicine. 2015; 21(5): 512–517.

Lee WS, Kanais Y, Wells RG, et al. The Journal Of Bıologıcal Chemıstry The High Affinity Na+/Glucose Cotransporter Re-Evaluatıon Of Functıon And Dıstrıbutıon Of Expressıon. 1994; 269(16): 12032–12039.

Ferraris RP, Diamond J. Regulation of intestinal sugar transport. Physiological reviews. 1997; 77(1): 257–302.

Dyer J, Hosie KB, Shirazi-Beechey SP. Nutrient regulation of human intestinal sugar transporter (SGLT1) expression. Gut. 1997;41(1): 56–59.

Pan X, Terada T, Okuda M, et al. The diurnal rhythm of the intestinal transporters SGLT1 and PEPT1 is regulated by the feeding conditions in rats. The Journal of nutrition. 2004;134(9): 2211–2215.

Rajasekara Chakravarthi M, Marri HK. Renal Effects of Sodium-glucose-linked Transporter 2 Inhibitors HTNJ cardio-diabetes.

Vrhovac I, Eror DB, Klessen D, et al. Localizations of Na(+)-D-glucose cotransporters SGLT1 and SGLT2 in human kidney and of SGLT1 in human small intestine, liver, lung, and heart. Pflugers Archiv : European journal of physiology. 2015; 467(9): 1881–1898.

Fujita Y, Kojima H, Hidaka H, et al. Increased intestinal glucose absorption and postprandial hyperglycaemia at the early step of glucose intolerance in Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty rats. Diabetologia. 1998;41(12): 1459–1466.

Sano R, Shinozaki Y, Ohta T. Sodium–glucose cotransporters: Functional properties and pharmaceutical potential. Journal of Diabetes Investigation. 2020;11(4): 770–782.

Powell DR, DaCosta CM, Gay J, et al. Improved glycemic control in mice lacking Sglt1 and Sglt2. American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism. 2013; 304(2).

Vallon V, Platt KA, Cunard R, et al. SGLT2 mediates glucose reabsorption in the early proximal tubule. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN. 2011;22(1): 104–112.

Powell DR, DaCosta CM, Smith M, et al. Effect of LX4211 on glucose homeostasis and body composition in preclinical models. The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics. 2014; 350(2): 232–242.

Rieg T, Masuda T, Gerasimova M, et al. Increase in SGLT1-mediated transport explains renal glucose reabsorption during genetic and pharmacological SGLT2 inhibition in euglycemia. American journal of physiology. Renal physiology. 2014; 306(2).

Vallon V, Thomson SC. Renal function in diabetic disease models: the tubular system in the pathophysiology of the diabetic kidney. Annual review of physiology. 2012; 74: 351–375.

Vallon V. The mechanisms and therapeutic potential of SGLT2 inhibitors in diabetes mellitus. Annual review of medicine. 2015; 66: 255–270.

Vestri S, Okamoto MM, De Freitas HS, et al. Changes in sodium or glucose filtration rate modulate expression of glucose transporters in renal proximal tubular cells of rat. The Journal of membrane biology. 2001;182(2): 105–112.

Tabatabai NM, Sharma M, Blumenthal SS, et al. Enhanced expressions of sodium-glucose cotransporters in the kidneys of diabetic Zucker rats. Diabetes research and clinical practice. 2009;83(1).

Gembardt F, Bartaun C, Jarzebska N, et al. The SGLT2 inhibitor empagliflozin ameliorates early features of diabetic nephropathy in BTBR ob/ob type 2 diabetic mice with and without hypertension. American journal of physiology. Renal physiology. 2014; 307(3).

Vallon V, Gerasimova M, Rose MA, et al. SGLT2 inhibitor empagliflozin reduces renal growth and albuminuria in proportion to hyperglycemia and prevents glomerular hyperfiltration in diabetic Akita mice. American journal of physiology. Renal physiology. 2014; 306(2).

Banerjee SK, McGaffin KR, Pastor-Soler NM, et al. SGLT1 is a novel cardiac glucose transporter that is perturbed in disease states. Cardiovascular research. 2009; 84(1): 111–118.

Boudina S, Abel ED. Diabetic cardiomyopathy revisited. Circulation. 2007;115(25): 3213–3223.

Ramratnam M, Sharma RK, D’Auria S, et al. Transgenic knockdown of cardiac sodium/glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1) attenuates PRKAG2 cardiomyopathy, whereas transgenic overexpression of cardiac SGLT1 causes pathologic hypertrophy and dysfunction in mice. Journal of the American Heart Association. 2014; 3(4).

Connelly KA, Zhang Y, Desjardins JF, et al. inhibition of sodium-glucose linked cotransporters 1 and 2 exacerbates cardiac dysfunction following experimental myocardial infarction. Cardiovascular diabetology. 2018; 17(1).

Bode D, Semmler L, Wakula P, et al. Dual SGLT-1 and SGLT-2 inhibition improves left atrial dysfunction in HFpEF. Cardiovascular Diabetology. 2021; 20(1): 1–14.

Poppe R, Karbach U, Gambaryan S, et al. Expression of the Na+-D-glucose cotransporter SGLT1 in neurons. Journal of neurochemistry. 1997; 69(1): 84–94.

Chen J, Williams S, Ho S, et al. Quantitative PCR tissue expression profiling of the human SGLT2 gene and related family members. Diabetes therapy: research, treatment and education of diabetes and related disorders. 2010;1(2): 57–92.

Komiya C, Tsuchiya K, Shiba K, et al. Ipragliflozin Improves Hepatic Steatosis in Obese Mice and Liver Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetic Patients Irrespective of Body Weight Reduction. PloS one. 2016; 11(3).

Shin SJ, Chung S, Kim SJ, et al. Effect of Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter 2 Inhibitor, Dapagliflozin, on Renal Renin-Angiotensin System in an Animal Model of Type 2 Diabetes. PloS one. 2016; 11(11).

Shibazaki T, Tomae M, Ishikawa-Takemura Y et al. KGA-2727, a novel selective inhibitor of a high-affinity sodium glucose cotransporter (SGLT1), exhibits antidiabetic efficacy in rodent models. The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics. 2012;342(2): 288–296.

Howlett, H. C. S., & Bailey, C. J. (2007). Galegine and antidiabetic plants. In C. J. Bailey, I. W. Campbell, J. C. N. Chan, J. A. Davidson, H. C. S. Howlett, & P. Ritz (Eds.), Metformin—The Gold Standard (s. 3–9). Wiley.

Miiller, H., & Reinwein, H. XIII. Aus dem Physiologischen Institut der Universität Königsberg und der Medizinischen Klinik der Universität Würzburg. Zur Pharmakologie Des Galegins, 1927; 1, 212–228.

Jin, H. E., Hong, S. S., Choi, M. K., Maeng, H. J., Kim, D. D., Chung, S. J., & Shim, C. K. Reduced antidiabetic effect of metformin and down-regulation of hepatic oct1 in rats with ethynylestradiol-induced cholestasis. Pharmaceutical Research, 2009; 26(3), 549–559.

Wilcock, C., & Bailey, C. J. Accumulation of metformin by tissues of the normal and diabetic mouse. Xenobiotica, 1994; 24, 49–57.

Zhou, G., Myers, R., Li, Y., Chen, Y., Shen, X., Fenyk-Melody, J., Wu, M., Ventre, J., Doebber, T., Fujii, N., Musi, N., Hirshman, M. F., Goodyear, L. J., & Moller, D. E. Role of AMP-activated protein kinase in mechanism of metformin action. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 2001; 108(8), 1167–1174.

Shaw, R. J., Lamia, K. A., Vasquez, D., et al. The kinase LKB1 mediates glucose homeostasis in the liver and therapeutic effects of metformin. Science, 2005; 310, 1642–1646.

Wang, D. S., Jonker, J. W., Kato, Y., Kusuhara, H., Schinkel, A. H., & Sugiyama, Y. Involvement of organic cation transporter 1 in hepatic and intestinal distribution of metformin. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 2002; 302(2), 510-515.

Perry, R. J., Camporez, J. G., Kursawe, R., et al. Hepatic acetyl CoA links adipose tissue inflammation to hepatic insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Cell, 2015; 160(4), 745-758.

Petersen, M. C., Vatner, D. F., & Shulman, G. I. Regulation of hepatic glucose metabolism in health and disease. Nature Reviews Endocrinology.

Madiraju, A. K., Erion, D. M., Rahimi, Y., et al. Metformin suppresses gluconeogenesis by inhibiting mitochondrial glycerophosphate dehydrogenase. Nature, 2014; 510(7506), 542-546.

Camacho, L., Dasgupta, A., & Jiralerspong, S. Metformin in breast cancer- an evolving mystery. Breast Cancer Research, 2015; 17(1), 88–91.

Dowling, R. J. O., Niraula, S., Chang, M. C., Done, S. J., Ennis, M., McCready, D. R., Leong, W. L., Escallon, J. M., Reedijk, M., Goodwin, P. J., & Stambolic, V. Changes in insulin receptor signaling underlie neoadjuvant metformin administration in breast cancer: A prospective window of opportunity neoadjuvant study. Breast Cancer Research, 2015; 17(1), 1–12.

Zakikhani, M., Dowling, R., Fantus, I. G., Sonenberg, N., & Pollak, M. Metformin is an AMP kinase-dependent growth inhibitor for breast cancer cells. Cancer Research, 2006; 66(21), 10269–10273.

Atici, Y., Baskol, G. and Bayram, F. A new approach for the pleiotropic effect of metformin use in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Turkish Journal of Biochemistry, 2022; 47 (6), 775-782.

Chadt A, Al-Hasani H. Glucose transporters in adipose tissue, liver, and skeletal muscle in metabolic health and disease. Pflugers Arch, 2020; 472(9), 1273–98.

Zhang X, Lu JJ, Abudukeyoumu A, Hou DY, Dong J, Wu JN, et al. Glucose transporters: Important regulators of endometrial cancer therapy sensitivity. Front Oncol, 2022; 12.

Leão LL, Tangen G, Barca ML, Engedal K, Santos SHS, Machado FSM, et al. Does hyperglycemia downregulate glucose transporters in the brain? Med Hypotheses, 2020;139, 109614.

Tanasova M, Fedie JR. Molecular Tools for Facilitative Carbohydrate Transporters (Gluts). ChemBioChem, 2017; 18(18), 1774–88.

Yaribeygi H, Farrokhi FR, Butler AE, Sahebkar A. Insulin resistance: Review of the underlying molecular mechanisms. J Cell Physiol, 2019; 234(6), 8152–61.

Wu WZ, Bai YP. Endothelial GLUTs and vascular biology. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 2023; 158, 114151.

Ismail A, Tanasova M. Importance of GLUT Transporters in Disease Diagnosis and Treatment. Int J Mol Sci, 2022; 23(15), 8698.

Reckzeh ES, Waldmann H. Development of Glucose Transporter (GLUT) Inhibitors. European J Org Chem, 2020; 16, 2321–9.

Reckzeh ES, Waldmann H. Small‐Molecule Inhibition of Glucose Transporters GLUT‐1–4. ChemBioChem, 2020; 21(1–2), 45–52.

Wang J, Ye C, Chen C, Xiong H, Xie B, Zhou J, et al. Glucose transporter GLUT1 expression and clinical outcome in solid tumors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Oncotarget, 2017; 8(10), 16875–86.

Holman GD. Structure, function and regulation of mammalian glucose transporters of the SLC2 family. Pflugers Arch, 2020; 472(9), 1155–75.

Bukkuri A, Gatenby RA, Brown JS. GLUT1 production in cancer cells: a tragedy of the commons. NPJ Syst Biol Appl, 2022; 8(1), 22.

Sun B, Chen H, Xue J, Li P, Fu X. The role of GLUT2 in glucose metabolism in multiple organs and tissues. Mol Biol Rep, 2023; 50(8), 6963–74.

Navale AM, Paranjape AN. Glucose transporters: physiological and pathological roles. Biophys Rev, 2016; 8(1), 5–9.

Berlth F, Mönig S, Pinther B, Grimminger P, Maus M, Schlösser H, et al. Both GLUT-1 and GLUT-14 are Independent Prognostic Factors in Gastric Adenocarcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol, 2015; 22(S3), 822–31.

Wang C, Wang J, Liu S, Liang X, Song Y, Feng L, et al. Idiopathic renal hypouricemia: A case report and literature review. Mol Med Rep. 2019.

Lacombe VA. Expression and Regulation of Facilitative Glucose Transporters in Equine Insulin-Sensitive Tissue: From Physiology to Pathology. ISRN Vet Sci, 2014; 2014, 1–15.

Waller AP, George M, Kalyanasundaram A, Kang C, Periasamy M, Hu K, et al. GLUT12 functions as a basal and insulin-independent glucose transporter in the heart. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease, 2013; 1832(1), 121–7.

Scheepers A, Joost H, Schurmann A. The glucose transporter families SGLT and GLUT: molecular basis of normal and aberrant function. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. 2004;28(5): 364–371.

Wanner C, Inzucchi SE, Lachin JM, et al. Empagliflozin and Progression of Kidney Disease in Type 2 Diabetes. The New England journal of medicine. 2016; 375(4): 323–334.

Kanai Y, Lee WS, You G, et al. The human kidney low affinity Na+/glucose cotransporter SGLT2. Delineation of the major renal reabsorptive mechanism for D-glucose. The Journal of clinical investigation. 1994; 93(1): 397–404.

Hediger MA, Coady MJ, Ikeda TS, et al. Expression cloning and cDNA sequencing of the Na+/glucose co-transporter. Nature. 1987;330(6146): 379–381.

Wright EM, LOO DDFL, Hirayama BA. Biology of human sodium glucose transporters. Physiological reviews. 2011; 91(2): 733–794.

Wright EM, Loo DDF, Hirayama BA, et al. Surprising versatility of Na+-glucose cotransporters: SLC5. Physiology (Bethesda, Md.). 2004; 19(6): 370–376.

Wood IS, Trayhurn P. Glucose transporters (GLUT and SGLT): expanded families of sugar transport proteins. The British journal of nutrition. 2003; 89(1): 3–9.

Bonner C, Kerr-Conte J, Gmyr V, et al. Inhibition of the glucose transporter SGLT2 with dapagliflozin in pancreatic alpha cells triggers glucagon secretion. Nature medicine. 2015; 21(5): 512–517.

Lee WS, Kanais Y, Wells RG, et al. The Journal Of Bıologıcal Chemıstry The High Affinity Na+/Glucose Cotransporter Re-Evaluatıon Of Functıon And Dıstrıbutıon Of Expressıon. 1994; 269(16): 12032–12039.

Ferraris RP, Diamond J. Regulation of intestinal sugar transport. Physiological reviews. 1997; 77(1): 257–302.

Dyer J, Hosie KB, Shirazi-Beechey SP. Nutrient regulation of human intestinal sugar transporter (SGLT1) expression. Gut. 1997;41(1): 56–59.

Pan X, Terada T, Okuda M, et al. The diurnal rhythm of the intestinal transporters SGLT1 and PEPT1 is regulated by the feeding conditions in rats. The Journal of nutrition. 2004;134(9): 2211–2215.

Rajasekara Chakravarthi M, Marri HK. Renal Effects of Sodium-glucose-linked Transporter 2 Inhibitors HTNJ cardio-diabetes.

Vrhovac I, Eror DB, Klessen D, et al. Localizations of Na(+)-D-glucose cotransporters SGLT1 and SGLT2 in human kidney and of SGLT1 in human small intestine, liver, lung, and heart. Pflugers Archiv : European journal of physiology. 2015; 467(9): 1881–1898.

Fujita Y, Kojima H, Hidaka H, et al. Increased intestinal glucose absorption and postprandial hyperglycaemia at the early step of glucose intolerance in Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty rats. Diabetologia. 1998;41(12): 1459–1466.

Sano R, Shinozaki Y, Ohta T. Sodium–glucose cotransporters: Functional properties and pharmaceutical potential. Journal of Diabetes Investigation. 2020;11(4): 770–782.

Powell DR, DaCosta CM, Gay J, et al. Improved glycemic control in mice lacking Sglt1 and Sglt2. American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism. 2013; 304(2).

Vallon V, Platt KA, Cunard R, et al. SGLT2 mediates glucose reabsorption in the early proximal tubule. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN. 2011;22(1): 104–112.

Powell DR, DaCosta CM, Smith M, et al. Effect of LX4211 on glucose homeostasis and body composition in preclinical models. The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics. 2014; 350(2): 232–242.

Rieg T, Masuda T, Gerasimova M, et al. Increase in SGLT1-mediated transport explains renal glucose reabsorption during genetic and pharmacological SGLT2 inhibition in euglycemia. American journal of physiology. Renal physiology. 2014; 306(2).

Vallon V, Thomson SC. Renal function in diabetic disease models: the tubular system in the pathophysiology of the diabetic kidney. Annual review of physiology. 2012; 74: 351–375.

Vallon V. The mechanisms and therapeutic potential of SGLT2 inhibitors in diabetes mellitus. Annual review of medicine. 2015; 66: 255–270.

Vestri S, Okamoto MM, De Freitas HS, et al. Changes in sodium or glucose filtration rate modulate expression of glucose transporters in renal proximal tubular cells of rat. The Journal of membrane biology. 2001;182(2): 105–112.

Tabatabai NM, Sharma M, Blumenthal SS, et al. Enhanced expressions of sodium-glucose cotransporters in the kidneys of diabetic Zucker rats. Diabetes research and clinical practice. 2009;83(1).

Gembardt F, Bartaun C, Jarzebska N, et al. The SGLT2 inhibitor empagliflozin ameliorates early features of diabetic nephropathy in BTBR ob/ob type 2 diabetic mice with and without hypertension. American journal of physiology. Renal physiology. 2014; 307(3).

Vallon V, Gerasimova M, Rose MA, et al. SGLT2 inhibitor empagliflozin reduces renal growth and albuminuria in proportion to hyperglycemia and prevents glomerular hyperfiltration in diabetic Akita mice. American journal of physiology. Renal physiology. 2014; 306(2).

Banerjee SK, McGaffin KR, Pastor-Soler NM, et al. SGLT1 is a novel cardiac glucose transporter that is perturbed in disease states. Cardiovascular research. 2009; 84(1): 111–118.

Boudina S, Abel ED. Diabetic cardiomyopathy revisited. Circulation. 2007;115(25): 3213–3223.

Ramratnam M, Sharma RK, D’Auria S, et al. Transgenic knockdown of cardiac sodium/glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1) attenuates PRKAG2 cardiomyopathy, whereas transgenic overexpression of cardiac SGLT1 causes pathologic hypertrophy and dysfunction in mice. Journal of the American Heart Association. 2014; 3(4).

Connelly KA, Zhang Y, Desjardins JF, et al. inhibition of sodium-glucose linked cotransporters 1 and 2 exacerbates cardiac dysfunction following experimental myocardial infarction. Cardiovascular diabetology. 2018; 17(1).

Bode D, Semmler L, Wakula P, et al. Dual SGLT-1 and SGLT-2 inhibition improves left atrial dysfunction in HFpEF. Cardiovascular Diabetology. 2021; 20(1): 1–14.

Poppe R, Karbach U, Gambaryan S, et al. Expression of the Na+-D-glucose cotransporter SGLT1 in neurons. Journal of neurochemistry. 1997; 69(1): 84–94.

Chen J, Williams S, Ho S, et al. Quantitative PCR tissue expression profiling of the human SGLT2 gene and related family members. Diabetes therapy: research, treatment and education of diabetes and related disorders. 2010;1(2): 57–92.

Komiya C, Tsuchiya K, Shiba K, et al. Ipragliflozin Improves Hepatic Steatosis in Obese Mice and Liver Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetic Patients Irrespective of Body Weight Reduction. PloS one. 2016; 11(3).

Shin SJ, Chung S, Kim SJ, et al. Effect of Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter 2 Inhibitor, Dapagliflozin, on Renal Renin-Angiotensin System in an Animal Model of Type 2 Diabetes. PloS one. 2016; 11(11).

Shibazaki T, Tomae M, Ishikawa-Takemura Y et al. KGA-2727, a novel selective inhibitor of a high-affinity sodium glucose cotransporter (SGLT1), exhibits antidiabetic efficacy in rodent models. The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics. 2012;342(2): 288–296.

Howlett, H. C. S., & Bailey, C. J. (2007). Galegine and antidiabetic plants. In C. J. Bailey, I. W. Campbell, J. C. N. Chan, J. A. Davidson, H. C. S. Howlett, & P. Ritz (Eds.), Metformin—The Gold Standard (s. 3–9). Wiley.

Miiller, H., & Reinwein, H. XIII. Aus dem Physiologischen Institut der Universität Königsberg und der Medizinischen Klinik der Universität Würzburg. Zur Pharmakologie Des Galegins, 1927; 1, 212–228.

Jin, H. E., Hong, S. S., Choi, M. K., Maeng, H. J., Kim, D. D., Chung, S. J., & Shim, C. K. Reduced antidiabetic effect of metformin and down-regulation of hepatic oct1 in rats with ethynylestradiol-induced cholestasis. Pharmaceutical Research, 2009; 26(3), 549–559.

Wilcock, C., & Bailey, C. J. Accumulation of metformin by tissues of the normal and diabetic mouse. Xenobiotica, 1994; 24, 49–57.

Zhou, G., Myers, R., Li, Y., Chen, Y., Shen, X., Fenyk-Melody, J., Wu, M., Ventre, J., Doebber, T., Fujii, N., Musi, N., Hirshman, M. F., Goodyear, L. J., & Moller, D. E. Role of AMP-activated protein kinase in mechanism of metformin action. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 2001; 108(8), 1167–1174.

Shaw, R. J., Lamia, K. A., Vasquez, D., et al. The kinase LKB1 mediates glucose homeostasis in the liver and therapeutic effects of metformin. Science, 2005; 310, 1642–1646.

Wang, D. S., Jonker, J. W., Kato, Y., Kusuhara, H., Schinkel, A. H., & Sugiyama, Y. Involvement of organic cation transporter 1 in hepatic and intestinal distribution of metformin. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 2002; 302(2), 510-515.

Perry, R. J., Camporez, J. G., Kursawe, R., et al. Hepatic acetyl CoA links adipose tissue inflammation to hepatic insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Cell, 2015; 160(4), 745-758.

Petersen, M. C., Vatner, D. F., & Shulman, G. I. Regulation of hepatic glucose metabolism in health and disease. Nature Reviews Endocrinology.

Madiraju, A. K., Erion, D. M., Rahimi, Y., et al. Metformin suppresses gluconeogenesis by inhibiting mitochondrial glycerophosphate dehydrogenase. Nature, 2014; 510(7506), 542-546.

Camacho, L., Dasgupta, A., & Jiralerspong, S. Metformin in breast cancer- an evolving mystery. Breast Cancer Research, 2015; 17(1), 88–91.

Dowling, R. J. O., Niraula, S., Chang, M. C., Done, S. J., Ennis, M., McCready, D. R., Leong, W. L., Escallon, J. M., Reedijk, M., Goodwin, P. J., & Stambolic, V. Changes in insulin receptor signaling underlie neoadjuvant metformin administration in breast cancer: A prospective window of opportunity neoadjuvant study. Breast Cancer Research, 2015; 17(1), 1–12.

Zakikhani, M., Dowling, R., Fantus, I. G., Sonenberg, N., & Pollak, M. Metformin is an AMP kinase-dependent growth inhibitor for breast cancer cells. Cancer Research, 2006; 66(21), 10269–10273.

Atici, Y., Baskol, G. and Bayram, F. A new approach for the pleiotropic effect of metformin use in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Turkish Journal of Biochemistry, 2022; 47 (6), 775-782.