Kinürenin Yolağı

Höglund E, Øverli Ø, Winberg S. Tryptophan Metabolic Pathways and Brain Sero- tonergic Activity: A Comparative Review. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2019 Apr 8;10:158. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00158. PMID: 31024440; PMCID: PMC6463810.

Badawy AA. Tryptophan metabolism, disposition and utilization in pregnancy. Biosci Rep. 2015 Sep 17;35(5):e00261. doi: 10.1042/BSR20150197. PMID: 26381576; PM- CID: PMC4626867.

Badawy AA. Kynurenine Pathway of Tryptophan Metabolism: Regulatory and Fun- ctional Aspects. Int J Tryptophan Res. 2017 Mar 15;10:1178646917691938. doi: 10.1177/1178646917691938. PMID: 28469468; PMCID: PMC5398323.

Kim YK, Myint AM, Verkerk R, Scharpe S, Steinbusch H, Leonard B. Cytokine chan- ges and tryptophan metabolites in medication-naïve and medication-free schizoph-

renic patients. Neuropsychobiology. 2009;59(2):123-9. doi: 10.1159/000213565. Epub 2009 Apr 22. PMID: 19390223.

Sugimoto H, Oda S, Otsuki T, Hino T, Yoshida T, Shiro Y. Crystal structure of hu- man indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase: catalytic mechanism of O2 incorporation by a heme-containing dioxygenase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Feb 21;103(8):2611- 6. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0508996103. Epub 2006 Feb 13. PMID: 16477023; PMCID: PMC1413787.

Mbongue JC, Nicholas DA, Torrez TW, Kim NS, Firek AF, Langridge WH. The Role of Indoleamine 2, 3-Dioxygenase in Immune Suppression and Autoimmunity. Vaccines (Basel). 2015 Sep 10;3(3):703-29. doi: 10.3390/vaccines3030703. PMID: 26378585; PMCID: PMC4586474.

Munn DH, Sharma MD, Baban B, Harding HP, Zhang Y, Ron D, Mellor AL. GCN2 kinase in T cells mediates proliferative arrest and anergy induction in response to indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase. Immunity. 2005 May;22(5):633-42. doi: 10.1016/j.im- muni.2005.03.013. PMID: 15894280.

Opitz CA, Wick W, Steinman L, Platten M. Tryptophan degradation in autoimmune diseases. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2007 Oct;64(19-20):2542-63. doi: 10.1007/s00018-007- 7140-9. PMID: 17611712.

Terness P, Chuang JJ, Opelz G. The immunoregulatory role of IDO-producing hu- man dendritic cells revisited. Trends Immunol. 2006 Feb;27(2):68-73. doi: 10.1016/j. it.2005.12.006. Epub 2006 Jan 10. PMID: 16406698.

Moffett JR, Namboodiri MA. Tryptophan and the immune response. Immunol Cell Biol. 2003 Aug;81(4):247-65. doi: 10.1046/j.1440-1711.2003.t01-1-01177.x. PMID: 12848846.

Groseclose EE, Frank L. The activity of pulmonary indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in rats and mice is not altered by oxygen exposure. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1982 Aug 10;705(3):341-7. doi: 10.1016/0167-4838(82)90256-4. PMID: 6289901.

Mellor AL, Chandler P, Lee GK, Johnson T, Keskin DB, Lee J, Munn DH. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, immunosuppression and pregnancy. J Reprod Immunol. 2002 Oct- Nov;57(1-2):143-50. doi: 10.1016/s0165-0378(02)00040-2. PMID: 12385839.

Munn DH, Zhou M, Attwood JT, Bondarev I, Conway SJ, Marshall B, Brown C, Mel- lor AL. Prevention of allogeneic fetal rejection by tryptophan catabolism. Science. 1998 Aug 21;281(5380):1191-3. doi: 10.1126/science.281.5380.1191. PMID: 9712583.

Brandacher G, Cakar F, Winkler C, Schneeberger S, Obrist P, Bösmüller C, Wer- ner-Felmayer G, Werner ER, Bonatti H, Margreiter R, Fuchs D. Non-invasive moni- toring of kidney allograft rejection through IDO metabolism evaluation. Kidney Int. 2007 Jan;71(1):60-7. doi: 10.1038/sj.ki.5002023. Epub 2006 Nov 15. PMID: 17136028.

Su J, Chen X, Huang Y, Li W, Li J, Cao K, Cao G, Zhang L, Li F, Roberts AI, Kang H, Yu P, Ren G, Ji W, Wang Y, Shi Y. Phylogenetic distinction of iNOS and IDO function in mesenchymal stem cell-mediated immunosuppression in mammalian species. Cell Death Differ. 2014 Mar;21(3):388-96. doi: 10.1038/cdd.2013.149. Epub 2013 Oct 25. PMID: 24162664; PMCID: PMC3921585.

Shi Y, Su J, Roberts AI, Shou P, Rabson AB, Ren G. How mesenchymal stem cells in- teract with tissue immune responses. Trends Immunol. 2012 Mar;33(3):136-43. doi: 10.1016/j.it.2011.11.004. Epub 2012 Jan 7. PMID: 22227317; PMCID: PMC3412175.

Meisel R, Zibert A, Laryea M, Göbel U, Däubener W, Dilloo D. Human bone marrow stromal cells inhibit allogeneic T-cell responses by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-me- diated tryptophan degradation. Blood. 2004 Jun 15;103(12):4619-21. doi: 10.1182/ blood-2003-11-3909. Epub 2004 Mar 4. PMID: 15001472.

Adam R, Rüssing D, Adams O, Ailyati A, Sik Kim K, Schroten H, Däubener W. Role of human brain microvascular endothelial cells during central nervous system infecti- on. Significance of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in antimicrobial defence and immu- noregulation. Thromb Haemost. 2005 Aug;94(2):341-6. doi: 10.1160/TH05-01-0053. PMID: 16113824.

Kwidzinski E, Bechmann I. IDO expression in the brain: a double-edged sword. J Mol Med (Berl). 2007 Dec;85(12):1351-9. doi: 10.1007/s00109-007-0229-7. Epub 2007 Jun 27. PMID: 17594069.

Liu H, Liu L, Liu K, Bizargity P, Hancock WW, Visner GA. Reduced cytotoxic func- tion of effector CD8+ T cells is responsible for indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-depen- dent immune suppression. J Immunol. 2009 Jul 15;183(2):1022-31. doi: 10.4049/jim- munol.0900408. Epub 2009 Jun 29. PMID: 19564344.

Liu WL, Lin YH, Xiao H, Xing S, Chen H, Chi PD, Zhang G. Epstein-Barr virus infection induces indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase expression in human monocyte-de- rived macrophages through p38/mitogen-activated protein kinase and NF-κB pat- hways: impairment in T cell functions. J Virol. 2014 Jun;88(12):6660-71. doi: 10.1128/ JVI.03678-13. Epub 2014 Apr 2. PMID: 24696473; PMCID: PMC4054364.

Grant RS, Naif H, Thuruthyil SJ, Nasr N, Littlejohn T, Takikawa O, Kapoor V. In- duction of indolamine 2,3-dioxygenase in primary human macrophages by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 is strain dependent. J Virol. 2000 May;74(9):4110-5. doi: 10.1128/jvi.74.9.4110-4115.2000. PMID: 10756023; PMCID: PMC111925.

Boasso A, Herbeuval JP, Hardy AW, Anderson SA, Dolan MJ, Fuchs D, Shearer GM. HIV inhibits CD4+ T-cell proliferation by inducing indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Blood. 2007 Apr 15;109(8):3351-9. doi: 10.1182/blo- od-2006-07-034785. Epub 2006 Dec 7. PMID: 17158233; PMCID: PMC1852248.

Cunningham AL, Donaghy H, Harman AN, Kim M, Turville SG. Manipulation of dendritic cell function by viruses. Curr Opin Microbiol. 2010 Aug;13(4):524-9. doi: 10.1016/j.mib.2010.06.002. Epub 2010 Jul 2. PMID: 20598938.

Fuchs D, Forsman A, Hagberg L, Larsson M, Norkrans G, Reibnegger G, Werner ER, Wachter H. Immune activation and decreased tryptophan in patients with HIV- 1 infection. J Interferon Res. 1990 Dec;10(6):599-603. doi: 10.1089/jir.1990.10.599. PMID: 2128302.

Fauci AS, Pantaleo G, Stanley S, Weissman D. Immunopathogenic mechanisms of HIV infection. Ann Intern Med. 1996 Apr 1;124(7):654-63. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819- 124-7-199604010-00006. PMID: 8607594.

Linde A. Diagnosis of Epstein-Barr virus-related diseases. Scand J Infect Dis Suppl. 1996;100:83-8. PMID: 8860358.

Tugizov S, Herrera R, Veluppillai P, Greenspan J, Greenspan D, Palefsky JM. Epste- in-Barr virus (EBV)-infected monocytes facilitate dissemination of EBV within the oral mucosal epithelium. J Virol. 2007 Jun;81(11):5484-96. doi: 10.1128/JVI.00171- 07. Epub 2007 Mar 21. PMID: 17376918; PMCID: PMC1900306.

Platten M, Wick W, Van den Eynde BJ. Tryptophan catabolism in cancer: beyond IDO and tryptophan depletion. Cancer Res. 2012 Nov 1;72(21):5435-40. doi: 10.1158/0008- 5472.CAN-12-0569. Epub 2012 Oct 22. PMID: 23090118.

Schroecksnadel K, Winkler C, Duftner C, Wirleitner B, Schirmer M, Fuchs D. Tryp- tophan degradation increases with stage in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Rheumatol. 2006 May;25(3):334-7. doi: 10.1007/s10067-005-0056-6. Epub 2005 Nov 1. PMID: 16261283.

Widner B, Sepp N, Kowald E, Ortner U, Wirleitner B, Fritsch P, Baier-Bitterlich G, Fuchs D. Enhanced tryptophan degradation in systemic lupus erythematosus. Im- munobiology. 2000 Apr;201(5):621-30. doi: 10.1016/S0171-2985(00)80079-0. PMID: 10834318.

Pertovaara M, Raitala A, Uusitalo H, Pukander J, Helin H, Oja SS, Hurme M. Mecha- nisms dependent on tryptophan catabolism regulate immune responses in primary Sjögren’s syndrome. Clin Exp Immunol. 2005 Oct;142(1):155-61. doi: 10.1111/j.1365- 2249.2005.02889.x. PMID: 16178870; PMCID: PMC1809473.

Schröcksnadel K, Wirleitner B, Winkler C, Fuchs D. Monitoring tryptophan meta- bolism in chronic immune activation. Clin Chim Acta. 2006 Feb;364(1-2):82-90. doi: 10.1016/j.cca.2005.06.013. Epub 2005 Sep 1. PMID: 16139256.

Huang Y, Louie A, Yang Q, Massenkoff N, Xu C, Hunt PW, Gee W. A simple LC-MS/ MS method for determination of kynurenine and tryptophan concentrations in hu- man plasma from HIV-infected patients. Bioanalysis. 2013 Jun;5(11):1397-407. doi: 10.4155/bio.13.74. Erratum in: Bioanalysis. 2013 Jun;5(12):1602. PMID: 23742309; PMCID: PMC3830928.

Höglund E, Øverli Ø, Winberg S. Tryptophan Metabolic Pathways and Brain Sero- tonergic Activity: A Comparative Review. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2019 Apr 8;10:158. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00158. PMID: 31024440; PMCID: PMC6463810.

Badawy AA. Tryptophan metabolism, disposition and utilization in pregnancy. Biosci Rep. 2015 Sep 17;35(5):e00261. doi: 10.1042/BSR20150197. PMID: 26381576; PM- CID: PMC4626867.

Badawy AA. Kynurenine Pathway of Tryptophan Metabolism: Regulatory and Fun- ctional Aspects. Int J Tryptophan Res. 2017 Mar 15;10:1178646917691938. doi: 10.1177/1178646917691938. PMID: 28469468; PMCID: PMC5398323.

Kim YK, Myint AM, Verkerk R, Scharpe S, Steinbusch H, Leonard B. Cytokine chan- ges and tryptophan metabolites in medication-naïve and medication-free schizoph-

renic patients. Neuropsychobiology. 2009;59(2):123-9. doi: 10.1159/000213565. Epub 2009 Apr 22. PMID: 19390223.

Sugimoto H, Oda S, Otsuki T, Hino T, Yoshida T, Shiro Y. Crystal structure of hu- man indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase: catalytic mechanism of O2 incorporation by a heme-containing dioxygenase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Feb 21;103(8):2611- 6. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0508996103. Epub 2006 Feb 13. PMID: 16477023; PMCID: PMC1413787.

Mbongue JC, Nicholas DA, Torrez TW, Kim NS, Firek AF, Langridge WH. The Role of Indoleamine 2, 3-Dioxygenase in Immune Suppression and Autoimmunity. Vaccines (Basel). 2015 Sep 10;3(3):703-29. doi: 10.3390/vaccines3030703. PMID: 26378585; PMCID: PMC4586474.

Munn DH, Sharma MD, Baban B, Harding HP, Zhang Y, Ron D, Mellor AL. GCN2 kinase in T cells mediates proliferative arrest and anergy induction in response to indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase. Immunity. 2005 May;22(5):633-42. doi: 10.1016/j.im- muni.2005.03.013. PMID: 15894280.

Opitz CA, Wick W, Steinman L, Platten M. Tryptophan degradation in autoimmune diseases. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2007 Oct;64(19-20):2542-63. doi: 10.1007/s00018-007- 7140-9. PMID: 17611712.

Terness P, Chuang JJ, Opelz G. The immunoregulatory role of IDO-producing hu- man dendritic cells revisited. Trends Immunol. 2006 Feb;27(2):68-73. doi: 10.1016/j. it.2005.12.006. Epub 2006 Jan 10. PMID: 16406698.

Moffett JR, Namboodiri MA. Tryptophan and the immune response. Immunol Cell Biol. 2003 Aug;81(4):247-65. doi: 10.1046/j.1440-1711.2003.t01-1-01177.x. PMID: 12848846.

Groseclose EE, Frank L. The activity of pulmonary indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in rats and mice is not altered by oxygen exposure. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1982 Aug 10;705(3):341-7. doi: 10.1016/0167-4838(82)90256-4. PMID: 6289901.

Mellor AL, Chandler P, Lee GK, Johnson T, Keskin DB, Lee J, Munn DH. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, immunosuppression and pregnancy. J Reprod Immunol. 2002 Oct- Nov;57(1-2):143-50. doi: 10.1016/s0165-0378(02)00040-2. PMID: 12385839.

Munn DH, Zhou M, Attwood JT, Bondarev I, Conway SJ, Marshall B, Brown C, Mel- lor AL. Prevention of allogeneic fetal rejection by tryptophan catabolism. Science. 1998 Aug 21;281(5380):1191-3. doi: 10.1126/science.281.5380.1191. PMID: 9712583.

Brandacher G, Cakar F, Winkler C, Schneeberger S, Obrist P, Bösmüller C, Wer- ner-Felmayer G, Werner ER, Bonatti H, Margreiter R, Fuchs D. Non-invasive moni- toring of kidney allograft rejection through IDO metabolism evaluation. Kidney Int. 2007 Jan;71(1):60-7. doi: 10.1038/sj.ki.5002023. Epub 2006 Nov 15. PMID: 17136028.

Su J, Chen X, Huang Y, Li W, Li J, Cao K, Cao G, Zhang L, Li F, Roberts AI, Kang H, Yu P, Ren G, Ji W, Wang Y, Shi Y. Phylogenetic distinction of iNOS and IDO function in mesenchymal stem cell-mediated immunosuppression in mammalian species. Cell Death Differ. 2014 Mar;21(3):388-96. doi: 10.1038/cdd.2013.149. Epub 2013 Oct 25. PMID: 24162664; PMCID: PMC3921585.

Shi Y, Su J, Roberts AI, Shou P, Rabson AB, Ren G. How mesenchymal stem cells in- teract with tissue immune responses. Trends Immunol. 2012 Mar;33(3):136-43. doi: 10.1016/j.it.2011.11.004. Epub 2012 Jan 7. PMID: 22227317; PMCID: PMC3412175.

Meisel R, Zibert A, Laryea M, Göbel U, Däubener W, Dilloo D. Human bone marrow stromal cells inhibit allogeneic T-cell responses by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-me- diated tryptophan degradation. Blood. 2004 Jun 15;103(12):4619-21. doi: 10.1182/ blood-2003-11-3909. Epub 2004 Mar 4. PMID: 15001472.

Adam R, Rüssing D, Adams O, Ailyati A, Sik Kim K, Schroten H, Däubener W. Role of human brain microvascular endothelial cells during central nervous system infecti- on. Significance of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in antimicrobial defence and immu- noregulation. Thromb Haemost. 2005 Aug;94(2):341-6. doi: 10.1160/TH05-01-0053. PMID: 16113824.

Kwidzinski E, Bechmann I. IDO expression in the brain: a double-edged sword. J Mol Med (Berl). 2007 Dec;85(12):1351-9. doi: 10.1007/s00109-007-0229-7. Epub 2007 Jun 27. PMID: 17594069.

Liu H, Liu L, Liu K, Bizargity P, Hancock WW, Visner GA. Reduced cytotoxic func- tion of effector CD8+ T cells is responsible for indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-depen- dent immune suppression. J Immunol. 2009 Jul 15;183(2):1022-31. doi: 10.4049/jim- munol.0900408. Epub 2009 Jun 29. PMID: 19564344.

Liu WL, Lin YH, Xiao H, Xing S, Chen H, Chi PD, Zhang G. Epstein-Barr virus infection induces indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase expression in human monocyte-de- rived macrophages through p38/mitogen-activated protein kinase and NF-κB pat- hways: impairment in T cell functions. J Virol. 2014 Jun;88(12):6660-71. doi: 10.1128/ JVI.03678-13. Epub 2014 Apr 2. PMID: 24696473; PMCID: PMC4054364.

Grant RS, Naif H, Thuruthyil SJ, Nasr N, Littlejohn T, Takikawa O, Kapoor V. In- duction of indolamine 2,3-dioxygenase in primary human macrophages by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 is strain dependent. J Virol. 2000 May;74(9):4110-5. doi: 10.1128/jvi.74.9.4110-4115.2000. PMID: 10756023; PMCID: PMC111925.

Boasso A, Herbeuval JP, Hardy AW, Anderson SA, Dolan MJ, Fuchs D, Shearer GM. HIV inhibits CD4+ T-cell proliferation by inducing indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Blood. 2007 Apr 15;109(8):3351-9. doi: 10.1182/blo- od-2006-07-034785. Epub 2006 Dec 7. PMID: 17158233; PMCID: PMC1852248.

Cunningham AL, Donaghy H, Harman AN, Kim M, Turville SG. Manipulation of dendritic cell function by viruses. Curr Opin Microbiol. 2010 Aug;13(4):524-9. doi: 10.1016/j.mib.2010.06.002. Epub 2010 Jul 2. PMID: 20598938.

Fuchs D, Forsman A, Hagberg L, Larsson M, Norkrans G, Reibnegger G, Werner ER, Wachter H. Immune activation and decreased tryptophan in patients with HIV- 1 infection. J Interferon Res. 1990 Dec;10(6):599-603. doi: 10.1089/jir.1990.10.599. PMID: 2128302.

Fauci AS, Pantaleo G, Stanley S, Weissman D. Immunopathogenic mechanisms of HIV infection. Ann Intern Med. 1996 Apr 1;124(7):654-63. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819- 124-7-199604010-00006. PMID: 8607594.

Linde A. Diagnosis of Epstein-Barr virus-related diseases. Scand J Infect Dis Suppl. 1996;100:83-8. PMID: 8860358.

Tugizov S, Herrera R, Veluppillai P, Greenspan J, Greenspan D, Palefsky JM. Epste- in-Barr virus (EBV)-infected monocytes facilitate dissemination of EBV within the oral mucosal epithelium. J Virol. 2007 Jun;81(11):5484-96. doi: 10.1128/JVI.00171- 07. Epub 2007 Mar 21. PMID: 17376918; PMCID: PMC1900306.

Platten M, Wick W, Van den Eynde BJ. Tryptophan catabolism in cancer: beyond IDO and tryptophan depletion. Cancer Res. 2012 Nov 1;72(21):5435-40. doi: 10.1158/0008- 5472.CAN-12-0569. Epub 2012 Oct 22. PMID: 23090118.

Schroecksnadel K, Winkler C, Duftner C, Wirleitner B, Schirmer M, Fuchs D. Tryp- tophan degradation increases with stage in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Rheumatol. 2006 May;25(3):334-7. doi: 10.1007/s10067-005-0056-6. Epub 2005 Nov 1. PMID: 16261283.

Widner B, Sepp N, Kowald E, Ortner U, Wirleitner B, Fritsch P, Baier-Bitterlich G, Fuchs D. Enhanced tryptophan degradation in systemic lupus erythematosus. Im- munobiology. 2000 Apr;201(5):621-30. doi: 10.1016/S0171-2985(00)80079-0. PMID: 10834318.

Pertovaara M, Raitala A, Uusitalo H, Pukander J, Helin H, Oja SS, Hurme M. Mecha- nisms dependent on tryptophan catabolism regulate immune responses in primary Sjögren’s syndrome. Clin Exp Immunol. 2005 Oct;142(1):155-61. doi: 10.1111/j.1365- 2249.2005.02889.x. PMID: 16178870; PMCID: PMC1809473.

Schröcksnadel K, Wirleitner B, Winkler C, Fuchs D. Monitoring tryptophan meta- bolism in chronic immune activation. Clin Chim Acta. 2006 Feb;364(1-2):82-90. doi: 10.1016/j.cca.2005.06.013. Epub 2005 Sep 1. PMID: 16139256.

Huang Y, Louie A, Yang Q, Massenkoff N, Xu C, Hunt PW, Gee W. A simple LC-MS/ MS method for determination of kynurenine and tryptophan concentrations in hu- man plasma from HIV-infected patients. Bioanalysis. 2013 Jun;5(11):1397-407. doi: 10.4155/bio.13.74. Erratum in: Bioanalysis. 2013 Jun;5(12):1602. PMID: 23742309; PMCID: PMC3830928.