Kanserde Kaşeksi Mekanizması ve Klinik Önemi

Muscaritoli M, Anker SD, Argilés J, et al. Consensus definition of sarcopenia, cachexia and pre-cachexia: Joint document elaborated by Special Interest Groups (SIG)“cachexia-anorexia in chronic wasting diseases” and “nutrition in geriatrics”. Clin. Nutr.; 2010; 29:154–159. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2009.12.004

Bennani-Baiti N, Walsh, D. What is cancer anorexia-cachexia syndrome? A historical perspective. J. R. Coll. Physicians Edinb; 2009; 39: 257–262.

Argiles JM, Busquets S, Stemmler B, et al. Cancer cachexia: Understanding the molecular basis. Nat. Rev. Cancer 2014; 14: 754–762. doi: 10.1038/nrc3829.

Zagzag J, Hu MI, Fisher SB, et al. Hypercalcemia and cancer: Differential diagnosis and treatment. Cancer J. Clin. 2018; 68:377–386. doi: 10.3322/caac.21489.

Fearon KC, Glass DJ & Guttridge DC. Cancer cachexia: Mediators, signaling, and metabolic pathways. Cell. Metab. 2012; 16:153–166. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2012.06.011.

Petruzzelli M, Wagner EF. Mechanisms of metabolic dysfunction in cancer-associated cachexia. Genes Dev. 2016; 30:489–501. doi: 10.1101/gad.276733.115.

Fearon K, Strasser F, Anker SD, et al. Definition and classification of cancer cachexia: An international consensus. Lancet Oncol. 2011;12: 489–495. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(10)70218-7.

Wakabayashi H, Arai H & Inui A. The regulatory approval of anamorelin for treatment of cachexia in patients with non-smallcell lung cancer, gastric cancer, pancreatic cancer, and colorectal cancer in Japan: Facts and numbers. J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2021; 12:14–16. doi: 10.1002/jcsm.12675.

Rausch V, Sala V, Penna F, et al. Understanding the common mechanisms of heart and skeletal musclewasting in cancer cachexia. Oncogene 2021; 10:1–13. doi: 10.1038/s41389-020-00288-6.

Roeland EJ, Bohlke K, Baracos VE et al. Management of Cancer Cachexia: ASCO Guideline. J. Clin. Oncol. 2020; 38:2438–2453. doi: 10.1200/JCO.20.00611.

Farkas J, von Haehling S, Kalantar-Zadeh K, et al. Cachexia as a major public health problem:Frequent, costly, and deadly. J. Cachex-Sarcopenia Muscle 2013;4: 173–178. doi: 10.1007/s13539-013-0105-y.

Evans WJ, Morley JE, Argilés J, et al. Cachexia: A new definition. Clin. Nutr. 2008; 27:793–799. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2008.06.013.

Zhou T, Wang B, Liu H, et al. Development and validation of a clinically applicable score to classify cachexia stages in advanced cancer patients. J. Cachex-Sarcopenia Muscle 2018; 9: 306–314. doi: 10.1002/jcsm.12275.

Arends J, Strasser F, Gonella S, et al. Cancer Cachexia in Adult Patients: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines. Available online: https://www.esmo.org/guidelines/supportive-and-palliative-care/cancer-cachexia-in-adult-patients (accessed on 2 June 2021).

Nishikawa H, Enomoto H, Nishiguchi S, et al. Sarcopenic Obesity in Liver Cirrhosis: Possible Mechanism and Clinical Impact. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021; 22: 1917. doi: 10.3390/ijms22041917.

Aapro M, Arends J, Bozzetti F, et al. Early recognition of malnutrition and cachexia in the cancer patient: A position paper of a European School of Oncology Task Force. Ann. Oncol. 2014; 25: 1492–1499. doi: 10.1093/annonc/mdu085.

Martin C, Senesse P, Gioulbasanis I, et al. Diagnostic Criteria for the Classification of Cancer-Associated Weight Loss. J. Clin. Oncol. 2015; 33: 90–99. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2014.56.1894.

Penafuerte CA, Gagnon B, Sirois J, et al. Identification of neutrophil-derived pro-teases and angiotensin II as biomarkers of cancer cachexia. Br. J. Cancer 2016; 114: 680–687. doi: 10.1038/bjc.2016.3.

Nishikawa H, Goto M, Fukunishi S, et al. Cancer Cachexia: Its Mechanism and Clinical Significance. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021; 22: 8491. doi: 10.3390/ijms22168491.

Tisdale MJ. Mechanisms of Cancer Cachexia. Physiol. Rev. 2009; 89:381–410. doi: 10.1038/nrdp.2017.105.

Mirza K, Tisdale MJ. Functional identity of receptors for proteolysis-inducing factor on human and murine skeletal muscle. Br.J. Cancer 2014; 111:903–908. doi: 10.1038/bjc.2014.379.

Wang Q, Lu JB, Wu B, et al. Expression and Clinicopathologic Significance of Proteolysis-Inducing Factor in Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer: An Immunohistochemical Analysis. Clin. Lung Cancer 2010; 11: 346–351. doi: 10.3816/CLC.2010.n.044.

Argilés JM, López-Soriano FJ & Busquets S. Mediators of cachexia in cancer patients. Nutrition 2019; 66: 11–15. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2019.03.012.

Aniort J, Stella A, Philipponnet C, et al. Muscle wasting in patients with end-stage renal disease or ear-ly-stage lung cancer: Common mechanisms at work. J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2019; 10:323–337. doi: 10.1002/jcsm.12376.

Akash MSH, Rehman K, & Liaqat A. Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha: Role in Development of Insulin Resistance and Pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. J. Cell Biochem. 2018; 119: 105–110. doi: 10.1002/jcb.26174.

Stewart AF. Hypercalcemia Associated with Cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 2005; 352:373–379. doi: 10.1056/NEJMcp042806.

Zhang R, Li J, Assaker G, et al. Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein (PTHrP): An Emerging Target in Cancer Progression and Metastasis. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 2019: 1164; 161–178. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-22254-3_13.

Scheele C, Wolfrum C. Brown Adipose Crosstalk in Tissue Plasticity and Human Metabolism. Endocr. Rev. 2020:1;41(1):53-65. doi: 10.1210/endrev/bnz007.

Zhang X, Cheng Q, Wang Y, et al. Hedgehog signaling in bone regulates whole-body energy metabolism through a bone–adipose endocrine relay mediated by PTHrP and adiponectin. Cell Death Differ. 2016: 24(2); 225–237. doi: 10.1038/cdd.2016.113.

Rupert JE, Narasimhan A, Jengelley DH, et al. Tumor-derived IL-6 and trans-signaling among tumor, fat, and muscle mediate pancreatic cancer cachexia. J. Exp. Med. 2021: 7; 218(6):e20190450. doi: 10.1084/jem.20190450.

Sun X, Feng X, Wu X, et al. Fat Wasting Is Damaging: Role of Adipose Tissue in Cancer-Associated Cachexia. Front. Cell Dev. Biol. 2020:12; 8:33. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00033.

Marceca GP, Londhe P, & Calore F. Management of Cancer Cachexia: Attempting to Develop New Pharmacological Agents for New Effective Therapeutic Options. Front. Oncol. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00298

Borg JJ, Anker SD, Rosano G, et al. Multimodal management as requirement for the clinical use of anticachexia drugs—A regulatory and a clinical perspective. Curr. Opin. Support. Palliat. Care 2015; 9:333–345. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00298

Fearon K, Arends J, & Baracos V. Understanding the mechanisms and treatment options in cancer cachexia. Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol. 2012; 10:90–99. doi: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2012.209.

Bland KA, Harrison M, Zopf EM, et al. Quality of Life and Symptom Burden Improve in Patients Attending a Multidisciplinary Clinical Service for Cancer Cachexia: A Retrospective Observational Review. J. Pain Symptom Manag. 2021; 62(3): e164-e176. doi: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2021.02.034.

Balstad TR, Solheim TS, Strasser F, et al. Dietary treatment of weight loss in patients with advanced cancer and cachexia: A systematic literature review. Crit. Rev. Oncol. 2014;91: 210–221. doi 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2014.02.005.

Grande AJ, Silva V, & Maddocks M. Exercise for cancer cachexia in adults: Executive summary of a Cochrane Collaborationsystematic review. J. Cachex-Sarcopenia Muscle 2015; 6:208–211. doi: 10.1002/jcsm.12055.

Baldwin C, Spiro A, McGough C, et al. Simple nutritional intervention in patients with advanced cancers of the gastrointestinal tract, non-small cell lung cancers or mesothelioma and weight loss receiving chemotherapy: A randomised controlled trial. J. Hum. Nutr. Diet. 2011; 24:431–440. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-277X.2011.01189.x.

Bourdel-Marchasson I, Blanc-Bisson C, Doussau A, et al. Nutritional advice in older patients at risk of malnutrition during treatment for chemotherapy: A two-yearrandomized con-trolled trial. PLoS ONE 2014; 9: e108687. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108687.

Arends J, Baracos V, Bertz H, et al. ESPEN expert group recommendations for action against cancer-related malnutrition. Clin. Nutr. 2017; 36(5):1187-1196. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2017.06.017.

Muscaritoli M, Arends J, Bachmann P, et al. ESPEN practical guideline: Clinical Nutrition in cancer. Clin. Nutr. 2021; 40(5):2898-2913. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2021.02.005.

Fukatsu K, Kudsk KA. Nutrition and gut immunity. Surg. Clin. N. Am. 2011;91(4):755-70. doi: 10.1016/j.suc.2011.04.007.

Bozzetti F, Bozzetti V. Is the intravenous supplementation of amino acid to cancer patients adequate? A critical appraisal of literature. Clin. Nutr. 2013; 32(1):142-6. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2012.10.017.

Deutz N, Safar A, Schutzler S et al. Muscle protein synthesis in cancer patients can be stimulated with a specially formulated medical food. Clin. Nutr. 2011;30(6):759-68. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2011.05.008.

Dobs AS, Boccia RV, Croot CC et al. Effects of enobosarm onmuscle wasting and physical function in patients with cancer: A double-blind, randomised controlled phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol.2013; 14(4):335-45. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(13)70055-X.

Advani SM, Advani PG, VonVille HM et al. Pharmacological management of cachexia in adult cancer patients: A systematic review of clinical trials. BMC Cancer 27;18(1):1174. doi: 10.1186/s12885-018-5080-4.

Crawford J. Clinical results in cachexia therapeutics. Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care 2016;19(3):199-204. doi: 10.1097/MCO.0000000000000274.

Hickish T, André T, Wyrwicz L et al. MABp1 as a novel antibody treatment for advanced colorectal cancer: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 study. Lancet Oncol. 2017;18(2):192-201. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(17)30006-2.

Muscaritoli M, Anker SD, Argilés J, et al. Consensus definition of sarcopenia, cachexia and pre-cachexia: Joint document elaborated by Special Interest Groups (SIG)“cachexia-anorexia in chronic wasting diseases” and “nutrition in geriatrics”. Clin. Nutr.; 2010; 29:154–159. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2009.12.004

Bennani-Baiti N, Walsh, D. What is cancer anorexia-cachexia syndrome? A historical perspective. J. R. Coll. Physicians Edinb; 2009; 39: 257–262.

Argiles JM, Busquets S, Stemmler B, et al. Cancer cachexia: Understanding the molecular basis. Nat. Rev. Cancer 2014; 14: 754–762. doi: 10.1038/nrc3829.

Zagzag J, Hu MI, Fisher SB, et al. Hypercalcemia and cancer: Differential diagnosis and treatment. Cancer J. Clin. 2018; 68:377–386. doi: 10.3322/caac.21489.

Fearon KC, Glass DJ & Guttridge DC. Cancer cachexia: Mediators, signaling, and metabolic pathways. Cell. Metab. 2012; 16:153–166. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2012.06.011.

Petruzzelli M, Wagner EF. Mechanisms of metabolic dysfunction in cancer-associated cachexia. Genes Dev. 2016; 30:489–501. doi: 10.1101/gad.276733.115.

Fearon K, Strasser F, Anker SD, et al. Definition and classification of cancer cachexia: An international consensus. Lancet Oncol. 2011;12: 489–495. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(10)70218-7.

Wakabayashi H, Arai H & Inui A. The regulatory approval of anamorelin for treatment of cachexia in patients with non-smallcell lung cancer, gastric cancer, pancreatic cancer, and colorectal cancer in Japan: Facts and numbers. J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2021; 12:14–16. doi: 10.1002/jcsm.12675.

Rausch V, Sala V, Penna F, et al. Understanding the common mechanisms of heart and skeletal musclewasting in cancer cachexia. Oncogene 2021; 10:1–13. doi: 10.1038/s41389-020-00288-6.

Roeland EJ, Bohlke K, Baracos VE et al. Management of Cancer Cachexia: ASCO Guideline. J. Clin. Oncol. 2020; 38:2438–2453. doi: 10.1200/JCO.20.00611.

Farkas J, von Haehling S, Kalantar-Zadeh K, et al. Cachexia as a major public health problem:Frequent, costly, and deadly. J. Cachex-Sarcopenia Muscle 2013;4: 173–178. doi: 10.1007/s13539-013-0105-y.

Evans WJ, Morley JE, Argilés J, et al. Cachexia: A new definition. Clin. Nutr. 2008; 27:793–799. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2008.06.013.

Zhou T, Wang B, Liu H, et al. Development and validation of a clinically applicable score to classify cachexia stages in advanced cancer patients. J. Cachex-Sarcopenia Muscle 2018; 9: 306–314. doi: 10.1002/jcsm.12275.

Arends J, Strasser F, Gonella S, et al. Cancer Cachexia in Adult Patients: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines. Available online: https://www.esmo.org/guidelines/supportive-and-palliative-care/cancer-cachexia-in-adult-patients (accessed on 2 June 2021).

Nishikawa H, Enomoto H, Nishiguchi S, et al. Sarcopenic Obesity in Liver Cirrhosis: Possible Mechanism and Clinical Impact. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021; 22: 1917. doi: 10.3390/ijms22041917.

Aapro M, Arends J, Bozzetti F, et al. Early recognition of malnutrition and cachexia in the cancer patient: A position paper of a European School of Oncology Task Force. Ann. Oncol. 2014; 25: 1492–1499. doi: 10.1093/annonc/mdu085.

Martin C, Senesse P, Gioulbasanis I, et al. Diagnostic Criteria for the Classification of Cancer-Associated Weight Loss. J. Clin. Oncol. 2015; 33: 90–99. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2014.56.1894.

Penafuerte CA, Gagnon B, Sirois J, et al. Identification of neutrophil-derived pro-teases and angiotensin II as biomarkers of cancer cachexia. Br. J. Cancer 2016; 114: 680–687. doi: 10.1038/bjc.2016.3.

Nishikawa H, Goto M, Fukunishi S, et al. Cancer Cachexia: Its Mechanism and Clinical Significance. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021; 22: 8491. doi: 10.3390/ijms22168491.

Tisdale MJ. Mechanisms of Cancer Cachexia. Physiol. Rev. 2009; 89:381–410. doi: 10.1038/nrdp.2017.105.

Mirza K, Tisdale MJ. Functional identity of receptors for proteolysis-inducing factor on human and murine skeletal muscle. Br.J. Cancer 2014; 111:903–908. doi: 10.1038/bjc.2014.379.

Wang Q, Lu JB, Wu B, et al. Expression and Clinicopathologic Significance of Proteolysis-Inducing Factor in Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer: An Immunohistochemical Analysis. Clin. Lung Cancer 2010; 11: 346–351. doi: 10.3816/CLC.2010.n.044.

Argilés JM, López-Soriano FJ & Busquets S. Mediators of cachexia in cancer patients. Nutrition 2019; 66: 11–15. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2019.03.012.

Aniort J, Stella A, Philipponnet C, et al. Muscle wasting in patients with end-stage renal disease or ear-ly-stage lung cancer: Common mechanisms at work. J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2019; 10:323–337. doi: 10.1002/jcsm.12376.

Akash MSH, Rehman K, & Liaqat A. Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha: Role in Development of Insulin Resistance and Pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. J. Cell Biochem. 2018; 119: 105–110. doi: 10.1002/jcb.26174.

Stewart AF. Hypercalcemia Associated with Cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 2005; 352:373–379. doi: 10.1056/NEJMcp042806.

Zhang R, Li J, Assaker G, et al. Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein (PTHrP): An Emerging Target in Cancer Progression and Metastasis. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 2019: 1164; 161–178. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-22254-3_13.

Scheele C, Wolfrum C. Brown Adipose Crosstalk in Tissue Plasticity and Human Metabolism. Endocr. Rev. 2020:1;41(1):53-65. doi: 10.1210/endrev/bnz007.

Zhang X, Cheng Q, Wang Y, et al. Hedgehog signaling in bone regulates whole-body energy metabolism through a bone–adipose endocrine relay mediated by PTHrP and adiponectin. Cell Death Differ. 2016: 24(2); 225–237. doi: 10.1038/cdd.2016.113.

Rupert JE, Narasimhan A, Jengelley DH, et al. Tumor-derived IL-6 and trans-signaling among tumor, fat, and muscle mediate pancreatic cancer cachexia. J. Exp. Med. 2021: 7; 218(6):e20190450. doi: 10.1084/jem.20190450.

Sun X, Feng X, Wu X, et al. Fat Wasting Is Damaging: Role of Adipose Tissue in Cancer-Associated Cachexia. Front. Cell Dev. Biol. 2020:12; 8:33. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00033.

Marceca GP, Londhe P, & Calore F. Management of Cancer Cachexia: Attempting to Develop New Pharmacological Agents for New Effective Therapeutic Options. Front. Oncol. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00298

Borg JJ, Anker SD, Rosano G, et al. Multimodal management as requirement for the clinical use of anticachexia drugs—A regulatory and a clinical perspective. Curr. Opin. Support. Palliat. Care 2015; 9:333–345. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00298

Fearon K, Arends J, & Baracos V. Understanding the mechanisms and treatment options in cancer cachexia. Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol. 2012; 10:90–99. doi: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2012.209.

Bland KA, Harrison M, Zopf EM, et al. Quality of Life and Symptom Burden Improve in Patients Attending a Multidisciplinary Clinical Service for Cancer Cachexia: A Retrospective Observational Review. J. Pain Symptom Manag. 2021; 62(3): e164-e176. doi: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2021.02.034.

Balstad TR, Solheim TS, Strasser F, et al. Dietary treatment of weight loss in patients with advanced cancer and cachexia: A systematic literature review. Crit. Rev. Oncol. 2014;91: 210–221. doi 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2014.02.005.

Grande AJ, Silva V, & Maddocks M. Exercise for cancer cachexia in adults: Executive summary of a Cochrane Collaborationsystematic review. J. Cachex-Sarcopenia Muscle 2015; 6:208–211. doi: 10.1002/jcsm.12055.

Baldwin C, Spiro A, McGough C, et al. Simple nutritional intervention in patients with advanced cancers of the gastrointestinal tract, non-small cell lung cancers or mesothelioma and weight loss receiving chemotherapy: A randomised controlled trial. J. Hum. Nutr. Diet. 2011; 24:431–440. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-277X.2011.01189.x.

Bourdel-Marchasson I, Blanc-Bisson C, Doussau A, et al. Nutritional advice in older patients at risk of malnutrition during treatment for chemotherapy: A two-yearrandomized con-trolled trial. PLoS ONE 2014; 9: e108687. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108687.

Arends J, Baracos V, Bertz H, et al. ESPEN expert group recommendations for action against cancer-related malnutrition. Clin. Nutr. 2017; 36(5):1187-1196. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2017.06.017.

Muscaritoli M, Arends J, Bachmann P, et al. ESPEN practical guideline: Clinical Nutrition in cancer. Clin. Nutr. 2021; 40(5):2898-2913. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2021.02.005.

Fukatsu K, Kudsk KA. Nutrition and gut immunity. Surg. Clin. N. Am. 2011;91(4):755-70. doi: 10.1016/j.suc.2011.04.007.

Bozzetti F, Bozzetti V. Is the intravenous supplementation of amino acid to cancer patients adequate? A critical appraisal of literature. Clin. Nutr. 2013; 32(1):142-6. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2012.10.017.

Deutz N, Safar A, Schutzler S et al. Muscle protein synthesis in cancer patients can be stimulated with a specially formulated medical food. Clin. Nutr. 2011;30(6):759-68. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2011.05.008.

Dobs AS, Boccia RV, Croot CC et al. Effects of enobosarm onmuscle wasting and physical function in patients with cancer: A double-blind, randomised controlled phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol.2013; 14(4):335-45. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(13)70055-X.

Advani SM, Advani PG, VonVille HM et al. Pharmacological management of cachexia in adult cancer patients: A systematic review of clinical trials. BMC Cancer 27;18(1):1174. doi: 10.1186/s12885-018-5080-4.

Crawford J. Clinical results in cachexia therapeutics. Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care 2016;19(3):199-204. doi: 10.1097/MCO.0000000000000274.

Hickish T, André T, Wyrwicz L et al. MABp1 as a novel antibody treatment for advanced colorectal cancer: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 study. Lancet Oncol. 2017;18(2):192-201. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(17)30006-2.