Mikro/Nanorobotlar
Özet
Mikro/nanorobotlar, algılayabilen, sinyal verebilen, yanıt verebilen ve işleyebilen mikro veya nano boyutlu, zekaya ve bilgiye sahip makinelerdir. Sensörlerden elektronik cihazlara kadar birçok üründe bu akıllı sistemlerin kullanımı gün geçtikçe artmaktadır. Hatta geliştirilen yeni stratejiler robotik nanoteknolojinin kanser başta olmak üzere çeşitli hastalıkların teşhisinde ve hedeflendirilmiş tedavisinde kullanımının etkili olabileceğini ortaya koymuştur. Bu bölümde mikro/nanorobotların ilaç taşıyıcı sistemler olarak özellikleri, üretim yöntemleri, motor için itici güç kaynakları, ilaçların mikro/nanorobotlar aracılığıyla hedeflendirilmesi ve mikro/nanorobotlar ile farklı tedavi yaklaşımlarından bahsedilmiştir.
Referanslar
. Sun Z, Hou Y. Intelligent micro/nanorobots for improved tumor therapy. BMEMat. 2023; 1 (2). https://doi.org/10.1002/bmm2.12012.
Çalış S. Nanoaygıtlar. Zırh-Gürsoy A, (ed.) Nanofarmasötikler ve uygulamaları. Kontrollü Salım Sistemleri Derneği. 2014. p. 179-191.
Liu D, Wang T, Lu Y. Untethered microrobots for active drug delivery: From rational design to clinical settings. Advanced Health Materials. 2022; 11 (3):e2102253. https://doi.org/10.1002/adhm.202102253.
Chattha GM, Arshad S, Kamal Y, et al. Nanorobots: An innovative approach for DNA-based cancer treatment. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology. 2023; 80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2023.104173.
Meisami AH, Abbasi M, Mosleh-Shirazi S, et al. Self-propelled micro/nanobots: A new insight into precisely targeting cancerous cells through intelligent and deep cancer penetration. European Journal of Pharmacology. 2022; 926:175011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175011.
Luo M, Feng Y, Wang T, et al. Micro-/nanorobots at work in active drug delivery. Advanced Functional Materials. 2018; 28 (25). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201706100.
Sun Z, Hou Y. Micro/nanorobots as active delivery systems for biomedicine: From self‐propulsion to controllable navigation. Advanced Therapeutics. 2022; 5 (7). https://doi.org/10.1002/adtp.202100228.
Wu Z, Wu Y, He W, et al. Self-propelled polymer-based multilayer nanorockets for transportation and drug release. Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 2013; 52 (27):7000-7003. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201301643.
Zhang W, Zhang Z, Fu S, et al. Micro/nanomotor: A promising drug delivery system for cancer therapy. ChemPhysMater. 2023; 2 (2):114-125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chphma.2022.07.002.
Wang J, Dong Y, Ma P, et al. Intelligent micro-/nanorobots for cancer theragnostic. Advanced Materials. 2022; 34 (52):e2201051. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202201051.
Fusi AD, Li Y, Llopis-Lorente A, et al. Achieving control in micro-/nanomotor mobility. Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 2023; 62 (5):e202214754. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202214754.
Soto F, Karshalev E, Zhang F, et al. Smart materials for microrobots. Chemical Reviews. 2022; 122 (5):5365-5403. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00999.
Sridhar V, Yildiz E, Rodríguez-Camargo A, et al. Designing covalent organic framework-based light-driven microswimmers towards intraocular theranostic applications. arXiv. 2023; 2301.13787. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2301.13787.
Oral CM, Pumera M. In vivo applications of micro/nanorobots. Nanoscale. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1039/d3nr00502j.
Fusco S, Huang HW, Peyer KE, et al. Shape-switching microrobots for medical applications: The influence of shape in drug delivery and locomotion. ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces. 2015; 7 (12):6803-6811. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5b00181.
Liu D, Guo R, Wang B, et al. Magnetic micro/nanorobots: A new age in biomedicines. Advanced Intelligent Systems. 2022; 4 (12). https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202200208.
Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Han Y, et al. Micro/nanorobots for medical diagnosis and disease treatment. Micromachines (Basel). 2022; 13 (5). https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13050648.
Zheng Y, Zhao H, Cai Y, et al. Recent advances in one-dimensional micro/nanomotors: Fabrication, propulsion and application. Nano-Micro Letters. 2022; 15 (1):20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-022-00988-1.
Tezel G, Timur SS, Kuralay F, et al. Current status of micro/nanomotors in drug delivery. Journal of Drug Targeting. 2021; 29 (1):29-45. https://doi.org/10.1080/1061186X.2020.1797052.
Wang H, Pumera M. Fabrication of micro/nanoscale motors. Chemical Reviews. 2015; 115 (16):8704-8735. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00047.
Qu C, Alphenaar B, McNamara S, et al. Design of line seeds for glancing angle deposition. Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A. 2021; 39 (4). https://doi.org/10.1116/6.0000998.
Tottori S, Zhang L, Qiu F, et al. Magnetic helical micromachines: Fabrication, controlled swimming, and cargo transport. Advanced Materials. 2012; 24 (6):811-816. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201103818.
Carlsen RW, Sitti M. Bio-hybrid cell-based actuators for microsystems. Small. 2014; 10 (19):3831-3851. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201400384.
Nauber R, Goudu SR, Goeckenjan M, et al. Medical microrobots in reproductive medicine from the bench to the clinic. Nature Communications. 2023; 14 (1):728. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-36215-7.
Ulucan-Karnak F, Camci-Unal G, Karacaoglu B, et al. Design and control of nanorobots and nanomachines in drug delivery and diagnosis. Philip A, Shahiwala A, Rashid M, Faiyazuddin M, (eds.) A handbook of artificial intelligence in drug delivery. Academic Press, Elsevier Inc. 2023. p. 371-394. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-89925-3.00013-7.
Zhou Y, Dai L, Jiao N. Review of bubble applications in microrobotics: Propulsion, manipulation, and assembly. Micromachines (Basel). 2022; 13 (7). https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13071068.
Dong Y, Wang L, Iacovacci V, et al. Magnetic helical micro-/nanomachines: Recent progress and perspective. Matter. 2022; 5 (1):77-109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matt.2021.10.010.
Hogg T, Freitas Jr RA. Acoustic communication for medical nanorobots. Nano Communication Networks. 2012; 3 (2):83-102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nancom.2012.02.002.
Kwan JJ, Myers R, Coviello CM, et al. Ultrasound-propelled nanocups for drug delivery. Small. 2015; 11 (39):5305-5314. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201501322.
Li J, Dekanovsky L, Khezri B, et al. Biohybrid micro- and nanorobots for intelligent drug delivery. Cyborg and Bionic Systems. 2022; 2022:9824057. https://doi.org/10.34133/2022/9824057.
Bastos-Arrieta J, Revilla-Guarinos A, Uspal WE, et al. Bacterial biohybrid microswimmers. Frontiers in Robotics and AI. 2018; 5:97. https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2018.00097.
Wu L, Bao F, Li L, et al. Bacterially mediated drug delivery and therapeutics: Strategies and advancements. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. 2022; 187:114363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2022.114363.
Park BW, Zhuang J, Yasa O, et al. Multifunctional bacteria-driven microswimmers for targeted active drug delivery. ACS Nano. 2017; 11 (9):8910-8923. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.7b03207.
Mehta N, Lyon JG, Patil K, et al. Bacterial carriers for glioblastoma therapy. Molecular Therapy Oncolytics. 2017; 4:1-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.omto.2016.12.003.
Singh AK, Awasthi R, Malviya R. Bioinspired microrobots: Opportunities and challenges in targeted cancer therapy. Journal of Controlled Release. 2023; 354:439-452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.01.042.
Naseri N, Ajorlou E, Asghari F, et al. An update on nanoparticle-based contrast agents in medical imaging. Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine and Biotechnology. 2018; 46 (6):1111-1121. https://doi.org/10.1080/21691401.2017.1379014.
Urtti A. Challenges and obstacles of ocular pharmacokinetics and drug delivery. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. 2006; 58 (11):1131-1135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2006.07.027.
Fusco S, Ullrich F, Pokki J, et al. Microrobots: A new era in ocular drug delivery. Expert Opinion Drug Delivery. 2014; 11 (11):1815-1826. https://doi.org/10.1517/17425247.2014.938633.
Ullrich F, Bergeles C, Pokki J, et al. Mobility experiments with microrobots for minimally invasive intraocular surgery. Investigatie Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 2013; 54 (4):2853-2863. https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.13-11825.
Arabi F, Mansouri V, Ahmadbeigi N. Gene therapy clinical trials, where do we go? An overview. Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy. 2022; 153:113324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113324.
Cring MR, Sheffield VC. Gene therapy and gene correction: Targets, progress, and challenges for treating human diseases. Gene Therapy. 2022; 29 (1-2):3-12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41434-020-00197-8.
Alnasser SM. Review on mechanistic strategy of gene therapy in the treatment of disease. Gene. 2021; 769:145246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2020.145246.
Ramamoorth M, Narvekar A. Non viral vectors in gene therapy- an overview. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research. 2015; 9 (1):GE01-06. https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2015/10443.5394.
Purohit B, Vernekar PR, Shetti NP, et al. Biosensor nanoengineering: Design, operation, and implementation for biomolecular analysis. Sensors International. 2020; 1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sintl.2020.100040.
Wu R, Zhu Y, Cai X, et al. Recent process in microrobots: From propulsion to swarming for biomedical applications. Micromachines (Basel). 2022; 13 (9). https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13091473.
Llacer-Wintle J, Rivas-Dapena A, Chen XZ, et al. Biodegradable small-scale swimmers for biomedical applications. Advanced Materials. 2021; 33 (42):e2102049. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202102049.
Referanslar
. Sun Z, Hou Y. Intelligent micro/nanorobots for improved tumor therapy. BMEMat. 2023; 1 (2). https://doi.org/10.1002/bmm2.12012.
Çalış S. Nanoaygıtlar. Zırh-Gürsoy A, (ed.) Nanofarmasötikler ve uygulamaları. Kontrollü Salım Sistemleri Derneği. 2014. p. 179-191.
Liu D, Wang T, Lu Y. Untethered microrobots for active drug delivery: From rational design to clinical settings. Advanced Health Materials. 2022; 11 (3):e2102253. https://doi.org/10.1002/adhm.202102253.
Chattha GM, Arshad S, Kamal Y, et al. Nanorobots: An innovative approach for DNA-based cancer treatment. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology. 2023; 80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2023.104173.
Meisami AH, Abbasi M, Mosleh-Shirazi S, et al. Self-propelled micro/nanobots: A new insight into precisely targeting cancerous cells through intelligent and deep cancer penetration. European Journal of Pharmacology. 2022; 926:175011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175011.
Luo M, Feng Y, Wang T, et al. Micro-/nanorobots at work in active drug delivery. Advanced Functional Materials. 2018; 28 (25). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201706100.
Sun Z, Hou Y. Micro/nanorobots as active delivery systems for biomedicine: From self‐propulsion to controllable navigation. Advanced Therapeutics. 2022; 5 (7). https://doi.org/10.1002/adtp.202100228.
Wu Z, Wu Y, He W, et al. Self-propelled polymer-based multilayer nanorockets for transportation and drug release. Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 2013; 52 (27):7000-7003. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201301643.
Zhang W, Zhang Z, Fu S, et al. Micro/nanomotor: A promising drug delivery system for cancer therapy. ChemPhysMater. 2023; 2 (2):114-125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chphma.2022.07.002.
Wang J, Dong Y, Ma P, et al. Intelligent micro-/nanorobots for cancer theragnostic. Advanced Materials. 2022; 34 (52):e2201051. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202201051.
Fusi AD, Li Y, Llopis-Lorente A, et al. Achieving control in micro-/nanomotor mobility. Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 2023; 62 (5):e202214754. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202214754.
Soto F, Karshalev E, Zhang F, et al. Smart materials for microrobots. Chemical Reviews. 2022; 122 (5):5365-5403. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00999.
Sridhar V, Yildiz E, Rodríguez-Camargo A, et al. Designing covalent organic framework-based light-driven microswimmers towards intraocular theranostic applications. arXiv. 2023; 2301.13787. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2301.13787.
Oral CM, Pumera M. In vivo applications of micro/nanorobots. Nanoscale. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1039/d3nr00502j.
Fusco S, Huang HW, Peyer KE, et al. Shape-switching microrobots for medical applications: The influence of shape in drug delivery and locomotion. ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces. 2015; 7 (12):6803-6811. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5b00181.
Liu D, Guo R, Wang B, et al. Magnetic micro/nanorobots: A new age in biomedicines. Advanced Intelligent Systems. 2022; 4 (12). https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202200208.
Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Han Y, et al. Micro/nanorobots for medical diagnosis and disease treatment. Micromachines (Basel). 2022; 13 (5). https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13050648.
Zheng Y, Zhao H, Cai Y, et al. Recent advances in one-dimensional micro/nanomotors: Fabrication, propulsion and application. Nano-Micro Letters. 2022; 15 (1):20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-022-00988-1.
Tezel G, Timur SS, Kuralay F, et al. Current status of micro/nanomotors in drug delivery. Journal of Drug Targeting. 2021; 29 (1):29-45. https://doi.org/10.1080/1061186X.2020.1797052.
Wang H, Pumera M. Fabrication of micro/nanoscale motors. Chemical Reviews. 2015; 115 (16):8704-8735. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00047.
Qu C, Alphenaar B, McNamara S, et al. Design of line seeds for glancing angle deposition. Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A. 2021; 39 (4). https://doi.org/10.1116/6.0000998.
Tottori S, Zhang L, Qiu F, et al. Magnetic helical micromachines: Fabrication, controlled swimming, and cargo transport. Advanced Materials. 2012; 24 (6):811-816. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201103818.
Carlsen RW, Sitti M. Bio-hybrid cell-based actuators for microsystems. Small. 2014; 10 (19):3831-3851. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201400384.
Nauber R, Goudu SR, Goeckenjan M, et al. Medical microrobots in reproductive medicine from the bench to the clinic. Nature Communications. 2023; 14 (1):728. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-36215-7.
Ulucan-Karnak F, Camci-Unal G, Karacaoglu B, et al. Design and control of nanorobots and nanomachines in drug delivery and diagnosis. Philip A, Shahiwala A, Rashid M, Faiyazuddin M, (eds.) A handbook of artificial intelligence in drug delivery. Academic Press, Elsevier Inc. 2023. p. 371-394. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-89925-3.00013-7.
Zhou Y, Dai L, Jiao N. Review of bubble applications in microrobotics: Propulsion, manipulation, and assembly. Micromachines (Basel). 2022; 13 (7). https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13071068.
Dong Y, Wang L, Iacovacci V, et al. Magnetic helical micro-/nanomachines: Recent progress and perspective. Matter. 2022; 5 (1):77-109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matt.2021.10.010.
Hogg T, Freitas Jr RA. Acoustic communication for medical nanorobots. Nano Communication Networks. 2012; 3 (2):83-102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nancom.2012.02.002.
Kwan JJ, Myers R, Coviello CM, et al. Ultrasound-propelled nanocups for drug delivery. Small. 2015; 11 (39):5305-5314. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201501322.
Li J, Dekanovsky L, Khezri B, et al. Biohybrid micro- and nanorobots for intelligent drug delivery. Cyborg and Bionic Systems. 2022; 2022:9824057. https://doi.org/10.34133/2022/9824057.
Bastos-Arrieta J, Revilla-Guarinos A, Uspal WE, et al. Bacterial biohybrid microswimmers. Frontiers in Robotics and AI. 2018; 5:97. https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2018.00097.
Wu L, Bao F, Li L, et al. Bacterially mediated drug delivery and therapeutics: Strategies and advancements. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. 2022; 187:114363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2022.114363.
Park BW, Zhuang J, Yasa O, et al. Multifunctional bacteria-driven microswimmers for targeted active drug delivery. ACS Nano. 2017; 11 (9):8910-8923. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.7b03207.
Mehta N, Lyon JG, Patil K, et al. Bacterial carriers for glioblastoma therapy. Molecular Therapy Oncolytics. 2017; 4:1-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.omto.2016.12.003.
Singh AK, Awasthi R, Malviya R. Bioinspired microrobots: Opportunities and challenges in targeted cancer therapy. Journal of Controlled Release. 2023; 354:439-452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.01.042.
Naseri N, Ajorlou E, Asghari F, et al. An update on nanoparticle-based contrast agents in medical imaging. Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine and Biotechnology. 2018; 46 (6):1111-1121. https://doi.org/10.1080/21691401.2017.1379014.
Urtti A. Challenges and obstacles of ocular pharmacokinetics and drug delivery. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. 2006; 58 (11):1131-1135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2006.07.027.
Fusco S, Ullrich F, Pokki J, et al. Microrobots: A new era in ocular drug delivery. Expert Opinion Drug Delivery. 2014; 11 (11):1815-1826. https://doi.org/10.1517/17425247.2014.938633.
Ullrich F, Bergeles C, Pokki J, et al. Mobility experiments with microrobots for minimally invasive intraocular surgery. Investigatie Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 2013; 54 (4):2853-2863. https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.13-11825.
Arabi F, Mansouri V, Ahmadbeigi N. Gene therapy clinical trials, where do we go? An overview. Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy. 2022; 153:113324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113324.
Cring MR, Sheffield VC. Gene therapy and gene correction: Targets, progress, and challenges for treating human diseases. Gene Therapy. 2022; 29 (1-2):3-12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41434-020-00197-8.
Alnasser SM. Review on mechanistic strategy of gene therapy in the treatment of disease. Gene. 2021; 769:145246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2020.145246.
Ramamoorth M, Narvekar A. Non viral vectors in gene therapy- an overview. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research. 2015; 9 (1):GE01-06. https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2015/10443.5394.
Purohit B, Vernekar PR, Shetti NP, et al. Biosensor nanoengineering: Design, operation, and implementation for biomolecular analysis. Sensors International. 2020; 1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sintl.2020.100040.
Wu R, Zhu Y, Cai X, et al. Recent process in microrobots: From propulsion to swarming for biomedical applications. Micromachines (Basel). 2022; 13 (9). https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13091473.
Llacer-Wintle J, Rivas-Dapena A, Chen XZ, et al. Biodegradable small-scale swimmers for biomedical applications. Advanced Materials. 2021; 33 (42):e2102049. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202102049.
