Zehirlenmeye Genel Yaklaşım
Özet
Zehirlenmeler, zehirlenen kişi açısından ciddi klinik sonuçlar doğurmanın yanında halk sağlığı açısından da büyük sorunlara neden olur. Burada, zamanında doğru tedavi ile morbidite ve mortalitesi belirgin şekilde azaltılabilecek zehirlenme olgularına genel yaklaşım özetlenmiştir.
Referanslar
Yates C, Manini AF. Utility of the electrocardiogram in drug overdose and poisoning: theoretical considerations and clinical implications. Current Cardiology Reviews. 2012;8(2):137-151. doi: 10.2174/157340312801784961.
Thompson TM, Theobald J, Lu J, et al. The general approach to the poisoned patient. Disease-a-month: DM. 2014;60(11):509-524. doi: 10.1016/j.disamonth.2014.10.002.
Buckley NA. Poisoning and epidemiology: 'toxicoepidemiology'. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology & Physiology. 1998;25(3-4):195-203. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.1998.t01-5-.x.
Bronstein AC, Spyker DA, Cantilena LR, Jr., et al. 2007 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers' National Poison Data System (NPDS): 25th Annual Report. Clinical Toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa). 2008;46(10):927-1057. doi: 10.1080/15563650802559632.
Ayan M, Başol N, Karaman T, et al. Zehirlenme ile acil servise gelen hastaların retrospektif değerlendirilmesi: 20 aylık çalışma. Akademik Acil Tıp Dergisi. 2012;11:146-150. doi: 10.5152/jaem.2012.022
Günay A, Uğurlu Z, Akyüz E, et al. Bir Üniversite Hastanesinin Erişkin Acil Servisine Başvuran Zehirlenme Vakalarının Retrospektif Olarak İncelenmesi. Sürekli Tıp Eğitimi Dergisi. 2022;31(2):102-107. doi: 10.17942/sted.862801
Yılmaz Y, İnal FY, Toptaş M, et al. Sivas Numune Hastanesine başvuran intoksikasyon olgularının geriye dönük değerlendirilmesi. Haseki Tıp Bülteni. 2013;51:178-182. doi: 10.4274/Haseki.1247
Gunes H, Saritas A, Eroz R, et al. Use of argyrophilic nucleolar–organizer region-associated protein synthesis in skeletal muscle cells for prediction of chronic carbon monoxide exposure. Toxin Reviews. 2020;39(4):349–354. doi: 10.1080/15569543.2018.1525401
Greene S. General Management of Poisoned Patients. In: Tintinalli J, Stapczynski J, Ma O, Yealy D, Meckler G, Cline DM, editors. Tintinalli's Emergency Medicine A Comprehensive Study Guide. 8th ed: McGraw-Hill; 2016. p. 1207-1213.
Mellesdal L, Kroken RA, Lutro O, et al. Self-harm induced somatic admission after discharge from psychiatric hospital - a prospective cohort study. European Psychiatry. 2014;29(4):246-252. doi: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2013.06.006.
Quist TJ. Patience with difficult patients. Journal of Healthcare Protection Management. 2013;29(2):83-87. PMID: 24020324
Ahuja AK, Biesaga K, Sudak DM, et al. Suicide on facebook. Journal of Psychiatric Practice. 2014;20(2):141-146. doi: 10.1097/01.pra.0000445249.38801.d1.
Hookano R, Knight LD, Brunelli RA, et al. Applications of social network media in medicolegal death investigation. Journal of Forensic Sciences. 2013;58(6):1628-1632. doi: 10.1111/1556-4029.12173.
Lam SW, Engebretsen KM, Bauer SR. Toxicology today: what you need to know now. Journal of Pharmacy Practice. 2011;24(2):174-188. doi: 10.1177/0897190011400552.
Burket GA, Horowitz BZ, Hendrickson RG, et al. Endotracheal Intubation in the Pharmaceutical-Poisoned Patient: a Narrative Review of the Literature. Journal of Medical Toxicology. 2021;17(1):61-69. doi: 10.1007/s13181-020-00779-3.
Schneir AB, Offerman SR, Clark RF. Poisoning from the application of a scrotal transdermal fentanyl patch. Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 2001;39(5):487-488. doi: 10.1081/07313810.2001.11835447
Meehan TJ, Bryant SM, Aks SE. Drugs of abuse: the highs and lows of altered mental states in the emergency department. Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America. 2010;28(3):663-682. doi: 10.1016/j.emc.2010.03.012.
Serra A, Leigh RJ. Diagnostic value of nystagmus: spontaneous and induced ocular oscillations. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2002;73(6):615-618. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.73.6.615.
Thanacoody HK, Thomas SH. Tricyclic antidepressant poisoning : cardiovascular toxicity. Toxicological Reviews. 2005;24(3):205-214. doi: 10.2165/00139709-200524030-00013.
Zimmerman JL. Poisonings and overdoses in the intensive care unit: general and specific management issues. Critical Care Medicine. 2003;31(12):2794-2801. doi: 10.1097/01.CCM.0000100123.50896.F0.
Mokhlesi B, Leiken JB, Murray P, et al. Adult toxicology in critical care: part I: general approach to the intoxicated patient. Chest. 2003;123(2):577-592. doi: 10.1378/chest.123.2.577.
Shahnazi M, Sanei Taheri M, Pourghorban R. Body packing and its radiologic manifestations: a review article. Iranian Journal of Radiology. 2011;8(4):205-210. doi: 10.5812/iranjradiol.4757.
Nordt SP, Campbell C, Medak A, et al. Ultrasound visualization of ingested tablets: a pilot study. Pharmacotherapy. 2011;31(3):273-276. doi: 10.1592/phco.31.3.273.
Boyle JS, Bechtel LK, Holstege CP. Management of the critically poisoned patient. Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine. 2009;17:29. doi: 10.1186/1757-7241-17-29.
Holstege CP, Dobmeier SG, Bechtel LK. Critical care toxicology. Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America. 2008;26(3):715-739, viii-ix. doi: 10.1016/j.emc.2008.04.003.
Tran TP, Panacek EA, Rhee KJ, et al. Response to dopamine vs norepinephrine in tricyclic antidepressant-induced hypotension. Academic Emergency Medicine. 1997;4(9):864-868. doi: 10.1111/j.1553-2712.1997.tb03811.x.
Krenzelok EP. New developments in the therapy of intoxications. Toxicology Letters. 2002;127(1-3):299-305. doi: 10.1016/s0378-4274(01)00512-4.
Vale JA. Position statement: gastric lavage. American Academy of Clinical Toxicology; European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists. Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 1997;35(7):711-719. doi: 10.3109/15563659709162568.
Derlet RW, Albertson TE. Activated charcoal--past, present and future. The Western Journal of Medicine. 1986;145(4):493-496.
Chyka PA, Seger D, Krenzelok EP, et al. Position paper: Single-dose activated charcoal. Clinical Toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa). 2005;43(2):61-87. doi: 10.1081/clt-200051867.
Adams BK, Mann MD, Aboo A, et al. Prolonged gastric emptying half-time and gastric hypomotility after drug overdose. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2004;22(7):548-554. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2004.08.017.
Position paper: cathartics. Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 2004;42(3):243-253. doi: 10.1081/clt-120039801.
Proudfoot AT, Krenzelok EP, Vale JA. Position Paper on urine alkalinization. Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 2004;42(1):1-26. doi: 10.1081/clt-120028740.
Mbarouk GS, Sawe HR, Mfinanga JA, , et al. Patients with acute poisoning presenting to an urban emergency department of a tertiary hospital in Tanzania. BMC Research Notes. 2017;10(1):482. doi: 10.1186/s13104-017-2807-2.
Abdollahi M, Jalali N, Sabzevari O, et al. A retrospective study of poisoning in Tehran. Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 1997;35(4):387-393. doi: 10.3109/15563659709043371.
Bentur Y, Raikhlin-Eisenkraft B, Lavee M. Toxicological features of deliberate self-poisonings. Human & Experimental Toxicology. 2004;23(7):331-337. doi: 10.1191/0960327104ht454oa.
Hepler BR, Sutheimer CA, Sunshine I. Role of the toxicology laboratory in the treatment of acute poisoning. Medical Toxicology. 1986;1(1):61-75. doi: 10.1007/BF03259828.
Thakar CV. Toxicology and Kidney: Not so Innocent Bystander. Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease. 2020;27(1):1-2. doi: 10.1053/j.ackd.2020.01.001.
Mowry JB, Spyker DA, Cantilena LR, Jr., et al. 2013 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers' National Poison Data System (NPDS): 31st Annual Report. Clinical Toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa). 2014;52(10):1032-1283. doi: 10.3109/15563650.2014.987397.
Harbord N. Common Toxidromes and the Role of Extracorporeal Detoxification. Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease. 2020;27(1):11-17. doi: 10.1053/j.ackd.2019.08.016.
Smith SW. Drugs and pharmaceuticals: management of intoxication and antidotes. EXS. 2010;100:397-460. doi: 10.1007/978-3-7643-8338-1_12.
Buckley NA, Dawson AH, Juurlink DN, et al. Who gets antidotes? choosing the chosen few. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2016;81(3):402-407. doi: 10.1111/bcp.12894.
Referanslar
Yates C, Manini AF. Utility of the electrocardiogram in drug overdose and poisoning: theoretical considerations and clinical implications. Current Cardiology Reviews. 2012;8(2):137-151. doi: 10.2174/157340312801784961.
Thompson TM, Theobald J, Lu J, et al. The general approach to the poisoned patient. Disease-a-month: DM. 2014;60(11):509-524. doi: 10.1016/j.disamonth.2014.10.002.
Buckley NA. Poisoning and epidemiology: 'toxicoepidemiology'. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology & Physiology. 1998;25(3-4):195-203. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.1998.t01-5-.x.
Bronstein AC, Spyker DA, Cantilena LR, Jr., et al. 2007 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers' National Poison Data System (NPDS): 25th Annual Report. Clinical Toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa). 2008;46(10):927-1057. doi: 10.1080/15563650802559632.
Ayan M, Başol N, Karaman T, et al. Zehirlenme ile acil servise gelen hastaların retrospektif değerlendirilmesi: 20 aylık çalışma. Akademik Acil Tıp Dergisi. 2012;11:146-150. doi: 10.5152/jaem.2012.022
Günay A, Uğurlu Z, Akyüz E, et al. Bir Üniversite Hastanesinin Erişkin Acil Servisine Başvuran Zehirlenme Vakalarının Retrospektif Olarak İncelenmesi. Sürekli Tıp Eğitimi Dergisi. 2022;31(2):102-107. doi: 10.17942/sted.862801
Yılmaz Y, İnal FY, Toptaş M, et al. Sivas Numune Hastanesine başvuran intoksikasyon olgularının geriye dönük değerlendirilmesi. Haseki Tıp Bülteni. 2013;51:178-182. doi: 10.4274/Haseki.1247
Gunes H, Saritas A, Eroz R, et al. Use of argyrophilic nucleolar–organizer region-associated protein synthesis in skeletal muscle cells for prediction of chronic carbon monoxide exposure. Toxin Reviews. 2020;39(4):349–354. doi: 10.1080/15569543.2018.1525401
Greene S. General Management of Poisoned Patients. In: Tintinalli J, Stapczynski J, Ma O, Yealy D, Meckler G, Cline DM, editors. Tintinalli's Emergency Medicine A Comprehensive Study Guide. 8th ed: McGraw-Hill; 2016. p. 1207-1213.
Mellesdal L, Kroken RA, Lutro O, et al. Self-harm induced somatic admission after discharge from psychiatric hospital - a prospective cohort study. European Psychiatry. 2014;29(4):246-252. doi: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2013.06.006.
Quist TJ. Patience with difficult patients. Journal of Healthcare Protection Management. 2013;29(2):83-87. PMID: 24020324
Ahuja AK, Biesaga K, Sudak DM, et al. Suicide on facebook. Journal of Psychiatric Practice. 2014;20(2):141-146. doi: 10.1097/01.pra.0000445249.38801.d1.
Hookano R, Knight LD, Brunelli RA, et al. Applications of social network media in medicolegal death investigation. Journal of Forensic Sciences. 2013;58(6):1628-1632. doi: 10.1111/1556-4029.12173.
Lam SW, Engebretsen KM, Bauer SR. Toxicology today: what you need to know now. Journal of Pharmacy Practice. 2011;24(2):174-188. doi: 10.1177/0897190011400552.
Burket GA, Horowitz BZ, Hendrickson RG, et al. Endotracheal Intubation in the Pharmaceutical-Poisoned Patient: a Narrative Review of the Literature. Journal of Medical Toxicology. 2021;17(1):61-69. doi: 10.1007/s13181-020-00779-3.
Schneir AB, Offerman SR, Clark RF. Poisoning from the application of a scrotal transdermal fentanyl patch. Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 2001;39(5):487-488. doi: 10.1081/07313810.2001.11835447
Meehan TJ, Bryant SM, Aks SE. Drugs of abuse: the highs and lows of altered mental states in the emergency department. Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America. 2010;28(3):663-682. doi: 10.1016/j.emc.2010.03.012.
Serra A, Leigh RJ. Diagnostic value of nystagmus: spontaneous and induced ocular oscillations. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2002;73(6):615-618. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.73.6.615.
Thanacoody HK, Thomas SH. Tricyclic antidepressant poisoning : cardiovascular toxicity. Toxicological Reviews. 2005;24(3):205-214. doi: 10.2165/00139709-200524030-00013.
Zimmerman JL. Poisonings and overdoses in the intensive care unit: general and specific management issues. Critical Care Medicine. 2003;31(12):2794-2801. doi: 10.1097/01.CCM.0000100123.50896.F0.
Mokhlesi B, Leiken JB, Murray P, et al. Adult toxicology in critical care: part I: general approach to the intoxicated patient. Chest. 2003;123(2):577-592. doi: 10.1378/chest.123.2.577.
Shahnazi M, Sanei Taheri M, Pourghorban R. Body packing and its radiologic manifestations: a review article. Iranian Journal of Radiology. 2011;8(4):205-210. doi: 10.5812/iranjradiol.4757.
Nordt SP, Campbell C, Medak A, et al. Ultrasound visualization of ingested tablets: a pilot study. Pharmacotherapy. 2011;31(3):273-276. doi: 10.1592/phco.31.3.273.
Boyle JS, Bechtel LK, Holstege CP. Management of the critically poisoned patient. Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine. 2009;17:29. doi: 10.1186/1757-7241-17-29.
Holstege CP, Dobmeier SG, Bechtel LK. Critical care toxicology. Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America. 2008;26(3):715-739, viii-ix. doi: 10.1016/j.emc.2008.04.003.
Tran TP, Panacek EA, Rhee KJ, et al. Response to dopamine vs norepinephrine in tricyclic antidepressant-induced hypotension. Academic Emergency Medicine. 1997;4(9):864-868. doi: 10.1111/j.1553-2712.1997.tb03811.x.
Krenzelok EP. New developments in the therapy of intoxications. Toxicology Letters. 2002;127(1-3):299-305. doi: 10.1016/s0378-4274(01)00512-4.
Vale JA. Position statement: gastric lavage. American Academy of Clinical Toxicology; European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists. Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 1997;35(7):711-719. doi: 10.3109/15563659709162568.
Derlet RW, Albertson TE. Activated charcoal--past, present and future. The Western Journal of Medicine. 1986;145(4):493-496.
Chyka PA, Seger D, Krenzelok EP, et al. Position paper: Single-dose activated charcoal. Clinical Toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa). 2005;43(2):61-87. doi: 10.1081/clt-200051867.
Adams BK, Mann MD, Aboo A, et al. Prolonged gastric emptying half-time and gastric hypomotility after drug overdose. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2004;22(7):548-554. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2004.08.017.
Position paper: cathartics. Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 2004;42(3):243-253. doi: 10.1081/clt-120039801.
Proudfoot AT, Krenzelok EP, Vale JA. Position Paper on urine alkalinization. Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 2004;42(1):1-26. doi: 10.1081/clt-120028740.
Mbarouk GS, Sawe HR, Mfinanga JA, , et al. Patients with acute poisoning presenting to an urban emergency department of a tertiary hospital in Tanzania. BMC Research Notes. 2017;10(1):482. doi: 10.1186/s13104-017-2807-2.
Abdollahi M, Jalali N, Sabzevari O, et al. A retrospective study of poisoning in Tehran. Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 1997;35(4):387-393. doi: 10.3109/15563659709043371.
Bentur Y, Raikhlin-Eisenkraft B, Lavee M. Toxicological features of deliberate self-poisonings. Human & Experimental Toxicology. 2004;23(7):331-337. doi: 10.1191/0960327104ht454oa.
Hepler BR, Sutheimer CA, Sunshine I. Role of the toxicology laboratory in the treatment of acute poisoning. Medical Toxicology. 1986;1(1):61-75. doi: 10.1007/BF03259828.
Thakar CV. Toxicology and Kidney: Not so Innocent Bystander. Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease. 2020;27(1):1-2. doi: 10.1053/j.ackd.2020.01.001.
Mowry JB, Spyker DA, Cantilena LR, Jr., et al. 2013 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers' National Poison Data System (NPDS): 31st Annual Report. Clinical Toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa). 2014;52(10):1032-1283. doi: 10.3109/15563650.2014.987397.
Harbord N. Common Toxidromes and the Role of Extracorporeal Detoxification. Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease. 2020;27(1):11-17. doi: 10.1053/j.ackd.2019.08.016.
Smith SW. Drugs and pharmaceuticals: management of intoxication and antidotes. EXS. 2010;100:397-460. doi: 10.1007/978-3-7643-8338-1_12.
Buckley NA, Dawson AH, Juurlink DN, et al. Who gets antidotes? choosing the chosen few. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2016;81(3):402-407. doi: 10.1111/bcp.12894.
