COVID-19 Koenfeksiyonları: Fungal Etkenler
Özet
Koronavirüs hastalığı 2019'a (COVID-19) neden olan ağır akut solunum sendromu koronavirüsü 2 (SARS-CoV-2), son yıllarda sağlık hizmetleri sunum sistemini yönlendiren en önemli patojen olmuştur. COVID-19 enfeksiyonu, mantar enfeksiyonları için bilinen predispozan faktörler olan akciğer hasarı, immünsupresyon, oksijen tedavisi ihtiyacı, monoklonal antikor kullanımı, steroid tedavisi gibi birçok risk faktörünü de beraberinde getirmiştir. Mantar patojenlerinin kapsamı ve şiddeti o kadar artmıştır ki CAC (COVID-19 ile ilişkili kandidiyaz), CAPA (COVID-19 ile ilişkili pulmoner aspergilloz) ve CAM (COVID-19 ile ilişkili mukormikoz) gibi yeni terminolojilerin ortaya çıkmasına neden olmuştur. COVID-19 pandemi sürecinde, fungal koenfeksiyonlar ile edinilen bilgi ve birikim fungal enfeksiyonların patogenez yolları, antifungal ilaç yönetimi, hızlı tanı yöntemleri ve yönetim politikaları için yön vermektedir.
Referanslar
Zhou P, Yang XL, Wang XG, et al. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature 2020;579(7798):270-273. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7.
Coronaviridae Study Group of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. The species severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: classifying 2019-nCoV and naming it SARS-CoV-2. Nature microbiology 2020;5(4):536-544. doi:10.1038/s41564-020-0695-z.
Yang S, Hua M, Liu X, et al. Bacterial and fungal co-infections among COVID-19 patients in intensive care unit. Microbes and infection 2021;23(4-5):104806. doi:10.1016/j.micinf.2021.104806.
Abdoli A, Falahi S, Kenarkoohi A. COVID-19-associated opportunistic infections: a snapshot on the current reports. Clinical and ExperimentalMedicine2022;22(3):327-346.doi:10.1007/s10238-021 00751-7.
Barnes PD, Marr KA. Aspergillosis: spectrum of disease, diagnosis, and treatment. Infectious disease clinics of North America 2006;20(3):545-vi. doi:10.1016/j.idc.2006.06.001.
Arastehfar A, Carvalho A, van de Veerdonk FL, et al. COVID-19 associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA)-from immunology to treatment. Journal of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland) 2020;6(2):91. doi:10.3390/jof6020091.
Tolle LB, Standiford TJ. Danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) in acute lung injury. The Journal of Pathology 2013;229(2):145-156. doi:10.1002/path.4124.
Cunha C, Carvalho A, Esposito A, et al. DAMP signaling in fungal infections and diseases. Frontiers in Immunology 2012;3:286. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2012.00286.
Rutsaert L, Steinfort N, Van Hunsel T, et al. COVID-19-associated invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Annals of Intensive Care 2020;10(1):71. doi:10.1186/s13613-020-00686-4.
Lai CC, Yu WL. COVID-19 associated with pulmonary aspergillosis: a literature review. Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection 2021;54(1):46-53. doi:10.1016/j.jmii.2020.09.004.
Clemons KV, Grunig G, Sobel RA, et al. Role of IL-10 in invasive aspergillosis: increased resistance of IL-10 gene knockout mice to lethal systemic aspergillosis. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 2000;122(2):186-191. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2249.2000.01382.x.
Song G, Liang G, Liu W. Fungal co-infections associated with global COVID-19 pandemic: a clinical and diagnostic perspective from China. Mycopathologia 2020;185(4):599-606. doi:10.1007/s11046-020-00462-9.
Huang SF, Ying-Jung Wu A, Shin-Jung Lee S, et al. COVID-19 associated mold infections: Review of COVID-19 associated pulmonary aspergillosis and mucormycosis. Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection 2022;S1684-1182(22)00285-7. doi:10.1016/j.jmii.2022.12.004.
Shishido AA, Mathew M, Baddley JW. Overview of COVID-19-associated invasive fungal infection. Current Fungal Infection Reports 2022;16(3):87-97. doi:10.1007/s12281-022-00434-0.
Apostolopoulou A, Esquer Garrigos Z, Vijayvargiya P, et al. Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection: a systematic review of the literature. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020;10(10):807. doi:10.3390/diagnostics10100807.
Salmanton-García J, Sprute R, Stemler J, et al. COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis, March-August 2020. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2021;27(4):1077-1086. doi:10.3201/eid2704.204895.
Dellière S, Dudoignon E, Fodil S, et al. Risk factors associated with COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis in ICU patients: a French multicentric retrospective cohort. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2020;27(5):790.e1-790.e5. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2020.12.005.
Donnelly JP, Chen SC, Kauffman CA, et al. Revision and update of the consensus Definitions of Invasive Fungal Disease From the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer and the Mycoses Study Group Education and Research Consortium. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2020;71(6):1367-1376. doi:10.1093/cid/ciz1008.
Blot SI, Taccone FS, Van den Abeele AM, et al. A clinical algorithm to diagnose invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in critically ill patients. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2012;186(1):56-64. doi:10.1164/rccm.201111-1978OC.
Koehler P, Bassetti M, Chakrabarti A, et al. Defining and managing COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis: the 2020 ECMM/ISHAM consensus criteria for research and clinical guidance. The Lancet. Infectious Diseases 2021;21(6):e149-e162. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30847-1.
van Arkel ALE, Rijpstra TA, Belderbos HNA, et al. COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2020;202(1):132-135. doi:10.1164/rccm.202004-1038LE.
Patterson TF, Thompson GR 3rd, Denning DW, et al. Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of aspergillosis: 2016 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2016;63(4):e1-e60. doi:10.1093/cid/ciw326.
Hage CA, Carmona EM, Epelbaum O, et al. Microbiological laboratory testing in the diagnosis of fungal infections in pulmonary and critical care practice. An Official American Thoracic Society Clinical Practice Guideline American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2019;200(5):535-550. doi:10.1164/rccm.201906-1185ST.
Cornely OA, Alastruey-Izquierdo A, Arenz D, et al. Global guideline for the diagnosis and management of mucormycosis: an initiative of the European Confederation of Medical Mycology in cooperation with the Mycoses Study Group Education and Research Consortium. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 2019;19(12):e405-e421. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(19)30312-3.
Kundu R, Singla N. COVID-19 and plethora of fungal infections. Current Fungal Infection Reports 2022;16(2):47-54. doi:10.1007/s12281-022-00432-2.
Richardson M. The ecology of the Zygomycetes and its impact on environmental exposure. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2009;15 Suppl 5:2-9. doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.02972.x.
Sen M, Lahane S, Lahane TP, et al. Mucor in a viral land: a tale of two pathogens. Indian journal of ophthalmology 2021;69(2):244-252. doi:10.4103/ijo.IJO_3774_20.
Kumar A. Mucormycosis in COVID-19 recovered patients. Journal of Medical Virology 2022;94(4):1272-1273. doi:10.1002/jmv.27522.
Hoenigl M, Seidel D, Carvalho A, et al. The emergence of COVID-19 associated mucormycosis: a review of cases from 18 countries. The Lancet Microbe 2022;3(7):e543-e552. doi:10.1016/S2666-5247(21)00237-8.
Nagalli S, Kikkeri NS. Mucormycosis in COVID-19: A systematic review of literature. Le Infezioni in Medicina 2021;29(4):504-512. doi:10.53854/liim-2904-2.
Pal R, Singh B, Bhadada SK, et al. COVID-19-associated mucormycosis: an updated systematic review of literature. Mycoses 2021;64(12):1452-1459. doi:10.1111/myc.13338.
Skiada A, Pavleas I, Drogari-Apiranthitou M. Epidemiology and diagnosis of mucormycosis: an update. Journal of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland) 2020;6(4):265. doi:10.3390/jof6040265.
Skiada A, Lass-Floerl C, Klimko N, et al. Challenges in the diagnosis and treatment of mucormycosis. Medical Mycology 2018;56(suppl_1):93-101. doi:10.1093/mmy/myx101.
Dadwal SS, Kontoyiannis DP. Recent advances in the molecular diagnosis of mucormycosis. Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics 2018;18(10):845-854. doi:10.1080/14737159.2018.1522250.
Garg D, Muthu V, Sehgal IS, et al. Coronavirus disease (Covid-19) associated mucormycosis (CAM): case report and systematic review of literature. Mycopathologia 2021;186(2):289-298. doi:10.1007/s11046-021-00528-2.
Frías-De-León MG, Pinto-Almazán R, Hernández-Castro R, et al. Epidemiology of systemic mycoses in the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland) 2021;7(7):556. doi:10.3390/jof7070556.
Pappas PG, Lionakis MS, Arendrup MC, et al. Invasive candidiasis. Nature Reviews Disease Primers 2018;4:18026. doi:10.1038/nrdp.2018.26.
Calandra T, Roberts JA, Antonelli M, et al. Diagnosis and management of invasive candidiasis in the ICU: an updated approach to an old enemy. Critical Care (London, England) 2016;20(1):125. doi:10.1186/s13054-016-1313-6.
Chiurlo M, Mastrangelo A, Ripa M, et al. Invasive fungal infections in patients with COVID-19: a review on pathogenesis, epidemiology, clinical features, treatment, and outcomes. The New Microbiologica 2021;44(2):71-83.
https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/candidiasis/invasive/index.html) (Erişim Tarihi: 24.04.2023).
Al-Hatmi AMS, Mohsin J, Al-Huraizi A, et al. COVID-19 associated invasive candidiasis. The Journal of Infection 2021;82(2):e45-e46. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2020.08.005.
Cavayas YA, Yusuff H, Porter R. Fungal infections in adult patients on extracorporeal life support. Critical Care (London, England) 2018;22(1):98. doi:10.1186/s13054-018-2023-z.
Kayaaslan B, Eser F, Kaya Kalem A, et al. Characteristics of candidemia in COVID-19 patients; increased incidence, earlier occurrence and higher mortality rates compared to non-COVID-19 patients. Mycoses 2021;64(9):1083-1091. doi:10.1111/myc.13332.
Riche CVW, Cassol R, Pasqualotto AC. Is the frequency of candidemia increasing in COVID-19 patients receiving corticosteroids?. Journal of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland) 2020;6(4):286. doi:10.3390/jof6040286.
Seagle EE, Jackson BR, Lockhart SR, et al. The landscape of candidemia during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2022;74(5):802-811. doi:10.1093/cid/ciab562.
Arastehfar A, Carvalho A, Nguyen MH, et al. COVID-19-sssociated candidiasis (CAC): an underestimated complication in the absence of immunological predispositions?. Journal of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland) 2020;6(4):211.doi:10.3390/jof6040211.
Moin S, Farooqi J, Rattani S, et al. C. auris and non-C. auris candidemia in hospitalized adult and pediatric COVID-19 patients; single center data from Pakistan. Medical Mycology,2021;59(12):1238-1242. doi:10.1093/mmy/myab057.
Rajni E, Singh A, Tarai B, et al. A high frequency of Candida auris blood stream infections in coronavirus disease 2019 patients admitted to intensive care units, Northwestern India: a case control study. Open Forum Infectious Diseases 2021;8(12):ofab452. doi:10.1093/ofid/ofab452.
Mo Y, Adarkwah O, Zeibeq J, et al. Treatment with tocilizumab for patients with COVID-19 infections: a case-series study. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 2021;61(3):406-411. doi:10.1002/jcph.1787.
Villanueva-Lozano H, Treviño-Rangel RJ, González GM, et al. Outbreak of Candida auris infection in a COVID-19 hospital in Mexico, Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 2021;27(5):813-816. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2020.12.030.
Ibáñez-Martínez E, Ruiz-Gaitán A, Pemán-García J. Update on the diagnosis of invasive fungal infection. Revista Espanola de Quimioterapia 2017;30 Suppl 1:16-21.
Lei Y, Song Y, Shu Y, et al. Fungal antigenemia in patients with severe Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): the facts and challenges. Journal of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infection 2020;53(4):657-659. doi:10.1016/j.jmii.2020.05.010.
White PL, Dhillon R, Cordey A, et al. A national strategy to diagnose Coronavirus Disease 2019-sssociated invasive fungal disease in the intensive care unit. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2021;73(7):e1634-e1644. doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa1298.
Song G, Liang G, Liu W. Fungal co-infections associated with global COVID-19 pandemic: a clinical and diagnostic perspective from China. Mycopathologia 2020;185(4):599-606. doi:10.1007/s11046-020-00462-9.
Basso RP, Poester VR, Benelli JL, et al. COVID-19-associated Histoplasmosis in an AIDS Patient. Mycopathologia 2021;186(1):109-112. doi:10.1007/s11046-020-00505-1.
Messina FA, Marin E, Caceres DH, et al. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in a patient with disseminated Histoplasmosis and HIV-a case report from Argentina and literature review. Journal of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland) 2020;6(4):275. doi:10.3390/jof6040275.
Bhat P, Noval M, Doub JB, et al. Concurrent COVID-19 and Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in a severely immunocompromised 25-year-old patient. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 2020;99:119-121. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.07.06.
Poignon C, Blaize M, Vezinet C, et al. Invasive pulmonary fusariosis in an immunocompetent critically ill patient with severe COVID-19. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2020;26(11):1582-1584. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2020.06.026.
Referanslar
Zhou P, Yang XL, Wang XG, et al. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature 2020;579(7798):270-273. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7.
Coronaviridae Study Group of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. The species severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: classifying 2019-nCoV and naming it SARS-CoV-2. Nature microbiology 2020;5(4):536-544. doi:10.1038/s41564-020-0695-z.
Yang S, Hua M, Liu X, et al. Bacterial and fungal co-infections among COVID-19 patients in intensive care unit. Microbes and infection 2021;23(4-5):104806. doi:10.1016/j.micinf.2021.104806.
Abdoli A, Falahi S, Kenarkoohi A. COVID-19-associated opportunistic infections: a snapshot on the current reports. Clinical and ExperimentalMedicine2022;22(3):327-346.doi:10.1007/s10238-021 00751-7.
Barnes PD, Marr KA. Aspergillosis: spectrum of disease, diagnosis, and treatment. Infectious disease clinics of North America 2006;20(3):545-vi. doi:10.1016/j.idc.2006.06.001.
Arastehfar A, Carvalho A, van de Veerdonk FL, et al. COVID-19 associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA)-from immunology to treatment. Journal of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland) 2020;6(2):91. doi:10.3390/jof6020091.
Tolle LB, Standiford TJ. Danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) in acute lung injury. The Journal of Pathology 2013;229(2):145-156. doi:10.1002/path.4124.
Cunha C, Carvalho A, Esposito A, et al. DAMP signaling in fungal infections and diseases. Frontiers in Immunology 2012;3:286. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2012.00286.
Rutsaert L, Steinfort N, Van Hunsel T, et al. COVID-19-associated invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Annals of Intensive Care 2020;10(1):71. doi:10.1186/s13613-020-00686-4.
Lai CC, Yu WL. COVID-19 associated with pulmonary aspergillosis: a literature review. Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection 2021;54(1):46-53. doi:10.1016/j.jmii.2020.09.004.
Clemons KV, Grunig G, Sobel RA, et al. Role of IL-10 in invasive aspergillosis: increased resistance of IL-10 gene knockout mice to lethal systemic aspergillosis. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 2000;122(2):186-191. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2249.2000.01382.x.
Song G, Liang G, Liu W. Fungal co-infections associated with global COVID-19 pandemic: a clinical and diagnostic perspective from China. Mycopathologia 2020;185(4):599-606. doi:10.1007/s11046-020-00462-9.
Huang SF, Ying-Jung Wu A, Shin-Jung Lee S, et al. COVID-19 associated mold infections: Review of COVID-19 associated pulmonary aspergillosis and mucormycosis. Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection 2022;S1684-1182(22)00285-7. doi:10.1016/j.jmii.2022.12.004.
Shishido AA, Mathew M, Baddley JW. Overview of COVID-19-associated invasive fungal infection. Current Fungal Infection Reports 2022;16(3):87-97. doi:10.1007/s12281-022-00434-0.
Apostolopoulou A, Esquer Garrigos Z, Vijayvargiya P, et al. Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection: a systematic review of the literature. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020;10(10):807. doi:10.3390/diagnostics10100807.
Salmanton-García J, Sprute R, Stemler J, et al. COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis, March-August 2020. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2021;27(4):1077-1086. doi:10.3201/eid2704.204895.
Dellière S, Dudoignon E, Fodil S, et al. Risk factors associated with COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis in ICU patients: a French multicentric retrospective cohort. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2020;27(5):790.e1-790.e5. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2020.12.005.
Donnelly JP, Chen SC, Kauffman CA, et al. Revision and update of the consensus Definitions of Invasive Fungal Disease From the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer and the Mycoses Study Group Education and Research Consortium. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2020;71(6):1367-1376. doi:10.1093/cid/ciz1008.
Blot SI, Taccone FS, Van den Abeele AM, et al. A clinical algorithm to diagnose invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in critically ill patients. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2012;186(1):56-64. doi:10.1164/rccm.201111-1978OC.
Koehler P, Bassetti M, Chakrabarti A, et al. Defining and managing COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis: the 2020 ECMM/ISHAM consensus criteria for research and clinical guidance. The Lancet. Infectious Diseases 2021;21(6):e149-e162. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30847-1.
van Arkel ALE, Rijpstra TA, Belderbos HNA, et al. COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2020;202(1):132-135. doi:10.1164/rccm.202004-1038LE.
Patterson TF, Thompson GR 3rd, Denning DW, et al. Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of aspergillosis: 2016 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2016;63(4):e1-e60. doi:10.1093/cid/ciw326.
Hage CA, Carmona EM, Epelbaum O, et al. Microbiological laboratory testing in the diagnosis of fungal infections in pulmonary and critical care practice. An Official American Thoracic Society Clinical Practice Guideline American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2019;200(5):535-550. doi:10.1164/rccm.201906-1185ST.
Cornely OA, Alastruey-Izquierdo A, Arenz D, et al. Global guideline for the diagnosis and management of mucormycosis: an initiative of the European Confederation of Medical Mycology in cooperation with the Mycoses Study Group Education and Research Consortium. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 2019;19(12):e405-e421. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(19)30312-3.
Kundu R, Singla N. COVID-19 and plethora of fungal infections. Current Fungal Infection Reports 2022;16(2):47-54. doi:10.1007/s12281-022-00432-2.
Richardson M. The ecology of the Zygomycetes and its impact on environmental exposure. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2009;15 Suppl 5:2-9. doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.02972.x.
Sen M, Lahane S, Lahane TP, et al. Mucor in a viral land: a tale of two pathogens. Indian journal of ophthalmology 2021;69(2):244-252. doi:10.4103/ijo.IJO_3774_20.
Kumar A. Mucormycosis in COVID-19 recovered patients. Journal of Medical Virology 2022;94(4):1272-1273. doi:10.1002/jmv.27522.
Hoenigl M, Seidel D, Carvalho A, et al. The emergence of COVID-19 associated mucormycosis: a review of cases from 18 countries. The Lancet Microbe 2022;3(7):e543-e552. doi:10.1016/S2666-5247(21)00237-8.
Nagalli S, Kikkeri NS. Mucormycosis in COVID-19: A systematic review of literature. Le Infezioni in Medicina 2021;29(4):504-512. doi:10.53854/liim-2904-2.
Pal R, Singh B, Bhadada SK, et al. COVID-19-associated mucormycosis: an updated systematic review of literature. Mycoses 2021;64(12):1452-1459. doi:10.1111/myc.13338.
Skiada A, Pavleas I, Drogari-Apiranthitou M. Epidemiology and diagnosis of mucormycosis: an update. Journal of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland) 2020;6(4):265. doi:10.3390/jof6040265.
Skiada A, Lass-Floerl C, Klimko N, et al. Challenges in the diagnosis and treatment of mucormycosis. Medical Mycology 2018;56(suppl_1):93-101. doi:10.1093/mmy/myx101.
Dadwal SS, Kontoyiannis DP. Recent advances in the molecular diagnosis of mucormycosis. Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics 2018;18(10):845-854. doi:10.1080/14737159.2018.1522250.
Garg D, Muthu V, Sehgal IS, et al. Coronavirus disease (Covid-19) associated mucormycosis (CAM): case report and systematic review of literature. Mycopathologia 2021;186(2):289-298. doi:10.1007/s11046-021-00528-2.
Frías-De-León MG, Pinto-Almazán R, Hernández-Castro R, et al. Epidemiology of systemic mycoses in the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland) 2021;7(7):556. doi:10.3390/jof7070556.
Pappas PG, Lionakis MS, Arendrup MC, et al. Invasive candidiasis. Nature Reviews Disease Primers 2018;4:18026. doi:10.1038/nrdp.2018.26.
Calandra T, Roberts JA, Antonelli M, et al. Diagnosis and management of invasive candidiasis in the ICU: an updated approach to an old enemy. Critical Care (London, England) 2016;20(1):125. doi:10.1186/s13054-016-1313-6.
Chiurlo M, Mastrangelo A, Ripa M, et al. Invasive fungal infections in patients with COVID-19: a review on pathogenesis, epidemiology, clinical features, treatment, and outcomes. The New Microbiologica 2021;44(2):71-83.
https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/candidiasis/invasive/index.html) (Erişim Tarihi: 24.04.2023).
Al-Hatmi AMS, Mohsin J, Al-Huraizi A, et al. COVID-19 associated invasive candidiasis. The Journal of Infection 2021;82(2):e45-e46. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2020.08.005.
Cavayas YA, Yusuff H, Porter R. Fungal infections in adult patients on extracorporeal life support. Critical Care (London, England) 2018;22(1):98. doi:10.1186/s13054-018-2023-z.
Kayaaslan B, Eser F, Kaya Kalem A, et al. Characteristics of candidemia in COVID-19 patients; increased incidence, earlier occurrence and higher mortality rates compared to non-COVID-19 patients. Mycoses 2021;64(9):1083-1091. doi:10.1111/myc.13332.
Riche CVW, Cassol R, Pasqualotto AC. Is the frequency of candidemia increasing in COVID-19 patients receiving corticosteroids?. Journal of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland) 2020;6(4):286. doi:10.3390/jof6040286.
Seagle EE, Jackson BR, Lockhart SR, et al. The landscape of candidemia during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2022;74(5):802-811. doi:10.1093/cid/ciab562.
Arastehfar A, Carvalho A, Nguyen MH, et al. COVID-19-sssociated candidiasis (CAC): an underestimated complication in the absence of immunological predispositions?. Journal of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland) 2020;6(4):211.doi:10.3390/jof6040211.
Moin S, Farooqi J, Rattani S, et al. C. auris and non-C. auris candidemia in hospitalized adult and pediatric COVID-19 patients; single center data from Pakistan. Medical Mycology,2021;59(12):1238-1242. doi:10.1093/mmy/myab057.
Rajni E, Singh A, Tarai B, et al. A high frequency of Candida auris blood stream infections in coronavirus disease 2019 patients admitted to intensive care units, Northwestern India: a case control study. Open Forum Infectious Diseases 2021;8(12):ofab452. doi:10.1093/ofid/ofab452.
Mo Y, Adarkwah O, Zeibeq J, et al. Treatment with tocilizumab for patients with COVID-19 infections: a case-series study. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 2021;61(3):406-411. doi:10.1002/jcph.1787.
Villanueva-Lozano H, Treviño-Rangel RJ, González GM, et al. Outbreak of Candida auris infection in a COVID-19 hospital in Mexico, Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 2021;27(5):813-816. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2020.12.030.
Ibáñez-Martínez E, Ruiz-Gaitán A, Pemán-García J. Update on the diagnosis of invasive fungal infection. Revista Espanola de Quimioterapia 2017;30 Suppl 1:16-21.
Lei Y, Song Y, Shu Y, et al. Fungal antigenemia in patients with severe Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): the facts and challenges. Journal of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infection 2020;53(4):657-659. doi:10.1016/j.jmii.2020.05.010.
White PL, Dhillon R, Cordey A, et al. A national strategy to diagnose Coronavirus Disease 2019-sssociated invasive fungal disease in the intensive care unit. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2021;73(7):e1634-e1644. doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa1298.
Song G, Liang G, Liu W. Fungal co-infections associated with global COVID-19 pandemic: a clinical and diagnostic perspective from China. Mycopathologia 2020;185(4):599-606. doi:10.1007/s11046-020-00462-9.
Basso RP, Poester VR, Benelli JL, et al. COVID-19-associated Histoplasmosis in an AIDS Patient. Mycopathologia 2021;186(1):109-112. doi:10.1007/s11046-020-00505-1.
Messina FA, Marin E, Caceres DH, et al. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in a patient with disseminated Histoplasmosis and HIV-a case report from Argentina and literature review. Journal of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland) 2020;6(4):275. doi:10.3390/jof6040275.
Bhat P, Noval M, Doub JB, et al. Concurrent COVID-19 and Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in a severely immunocompromised 25-year-old patient. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 2020;99:119-121. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.07.06.
Poignon C, Blaize M, Vezinet C, et al. Invasive pulmonary fusariosis in an immunocompetent critically ill patient with severe COVID-19. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2020;26(11):1582-1584. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2020.06.026.
