COVID-19 Koenfeksiyonları: Bakteriyel Etkenler
Özet
Diğer viral enfeksiyonlardaki gibi COVID-19’da da koenfeksiyonlar görülebilmektedir. Çoğunluğu bakteriyel kökenli olup, aynı anda birden fazla etken de görülebilmektedir. Bu durumun mekanizmaları daha çok bağışıklık sisteminden kaynaklanmaktadır. Tanı koymak için ek semptom varsa buna yönelik testler yapılmalı, yoksa aralıklarla örnek alınmalı, farklı tanı yöntemlerini bir arada kullanarak etken aranmalıdır. Ampirik tedavide epidemiyolojik verilerden yararlanılarak antibiyotikler seçilmeli, kültür ve antibiyotik duyarlılık test sonuçları çıktığında deeskalasyon uygulanmalıdır. COVID-19 pandemisi sırasında antibiyotik kullanımının artışı, mevcut direnç sorununun artmasına yol açmıştır. Tüberküloz hastalığının COVID-19 sırasında tanısının gecikmesi, latent enfeksiyonun reaktivasyonu, mevcut enfeksiyonun ağır geçmesi, hatta mortalitede artışa neden olmaktadır. COVID-19 tedavisinde kullanılan ilaçların da bu duruma yol açabileceğine dair görüşler vardır.
Referanslar
Wu HY, Chang PH, Chen KY, et al. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) associated bacterial coinfection: Incidence, diagnosis and treatment. Journal of Microbiology Immunology and, Infection 2022;55:985-992. doi:10.1016/j.jmii.2022.09.006.
Lardaro T, Wang AZ, Bucca A, et al. Characteristics of COVID-19 patients with bacterial coinfection admitted to the hospital from the emergency department in a large regional healthcare system. Journal of Medical Virology 2021;93:2883–2889. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.26795
Jonathan D. Baghdadi, K. Coffey A, et al. Antibiotic use and bacterial infection among inpatients in the first wave of COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study of 64,691 patients. Antimicrobal Agents and Chemotherapy. 2021;65(11):e0134121. doi: 10.1128/AAC.01341-21.
Kariyawasam RM, Julien DA, Jelinski DC, et al. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis (November 2019-June 2021) Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control 2022;11:45. doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-955203/v1.
Carolina GV, Gemma S, Estela MG, et al. Incidence of co-infections and superinfections in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2021;27(1):83-88. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2020.07.041.
Langford BJ, So M, Raybardhan S, et al. Antibiotic prescribing in patients with COVID-19: rapid review and meta-analysis. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2021;27(4):520-531. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2020.12.018.
Daniel M. Musher. Bacterial coinfection in COVID-19 and influenza pneumonia. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2021;204(5):498-500. doi:10.1164/rccm.202106-1467ED.
Russell CD, Fairfield CJ, Drake TM, et al. Co-infections, secondary infections, and antimicrobial use in patients hospitalised with COVID-19 during the first pandemic wave from the ISARIC WHO CCP-UK study: a multicentre, prospective cohort study. Lancet Microbe 2021;2(8):e354-e365. doi:10.1016/S2666-5247(21)00090-2.
Chong WH, Saha BK, Ananthakrishnan R.State-of-the-art review of secondary pulmonary infections in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. Infection 2021; 49(4):591–605. doi:10.1007/s15010-021-01602-z.
Mahmoudi H. Bacterial co-infections and antibiotic resistance in patients with COVID-19. GMS Hygiene and Infection Control 2020; 15: Doc35. doi: 10.3205/dgkh000370.
Martin-Loeches I, J Schultz M, Vincent JL, et al. Increased incidence of co-infection in critically ill patients with influenza. Intensive Care Medicine 2017;43(1):48-58. doi:10.1007/s00134-016-4578-y.
Mirzaei R, Goodarzi P, Asadi M, et al. Bacterial co-infections with SARS-CoV-2. IUBMB Life 2020;72(10):2097-2111. doi:10.1002/iub.2356.
Martín-Loeches I, Bermejo-Martin JF, Vallés J. et al. Macrolide-based regimens in absence of bacterial co-infection in critically ill H1N1 patients with primary viral pneumonia. Intensive Care Medicine 2013; 39(4):693–702. doi:10.1007/s00134-013-2829-8.
14.World Health Organisation. Antimicrobial resistance. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/antimicrobial-resistance.
CDC 2022 Special Report COVID-19 U.S. Impact on antimicrobial resistance. https://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/pdf/covid19-impact-report-508.pdf.
16.Gaspar GG, Ferreira LR, Feliciano CS, et al. Pre- and post-COVID-19 evaluation of antimicrobial susceptibility for healthcare-associated infections in the intensive care unit of a tertiary hospital. Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 2021;54:e00902021. doi:10.1590/0037-8682-0090-2021.
World Health Organisation. Mali national action plan on antimicrobial resistance: review of progress in the human health sector. Antimicrobial resistance policy information and action brief series, 17 Feb 2023. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240065468.
WHO Information Note. COVID-19: considerations for tuberculosis (TB) care. WHO reference number: WHO/2019-nCoV/TB_care/2021.1.
Khurana AK, Aggarwal D. The (in)significance of TB and COVID-19 co-infection. The European Respiratory Journal 2020;56(2):2002105. doi:10.1183/13993003.02105-2020.
Referanslar
Wu HY, Chang PH, Chen KY, et al. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) associated bacterial coinfection: Incidence, diagnosis and treatment. Journal of Microbiology Immunology and, Infection 2022;55:985-992. doi:10.1016/j.jmii.2022.09.006.
Lardaro T, Wang AZ, Bucca A, et al. Characteristics of COVID-19 patients with bacterial coinfection admitted to the hospital from the emergency department in a large regional healthcare system. Journal of Medical Virology 2021;93:2883–2889. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.26795
Jonathan D. Baghdadi, K. Coffey A, et al. Antibiotic use and bacterial infection among inpatients in the first wave of COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study of 64,691 patients. Antimicrobal Agents and Chemotherapy. 2021;65(11):e0134121. doi: 10.1128/AAC.01341-21.
Kariyawasam RM, Julien DA, Jelinski DC, et al. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis (November 2019-June 2021) Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control 2022;11:45. doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-955203/v1.
Carolina GV, Gemma S, Estela MG, et al. Incidence of co-infections and superinfections in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2021;27(1):83-88. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2020.07.041.
Langford BJ, So M, Raybardhan S, et al. Antibiotic prescribing in patients with COVID-19: rapid review and meta-analysis. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2021;27(4):520-531. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2020.12.018.
Daniel M. Musher. Bacterial coinfection in COVID-19 and influenza pneumonia. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2021;204(5):498-500. doi:10.1164/rccm.202106-1467ED.
Russell CD, Fairfield CJ, Drake TM, et al. Co-infections, secondary infections, and antimicrobial use in patients hospitalised with COVID-19 during the first pandemic wave from the ISARIC WHO CCP-UK study: a multicentre, prospective cohort study. Lancet Microbe 2021;2(8):e354-e365. doi:10.1016/S2666-5247(21)00090-2.
Chong WH, Saha BK, Ananthakrishnan R.State-of-the-art review of secondary pulmonary infections in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. Infection 2021; 49(4):591–605. doi:10.1007/s15010-021-01602-z.
Mahmoudi H. Bacterial co-infections and antibiotic resistance in patients with COVID-19. GMS Hygiene and Infection Control 2020; 15: Doc35. doi: 10.3205/dgkh000370.
Martin-Loeches I, J Schultz M, Vincent JL, et al. Increased incidence of co-infection in critically ill patients with influenza. Intensive Care Medicine 2017;43(1):48-58. doi:10.1007/s00134-016-4578-y.
Mirzaei R, Goodarzi P, Asadi M, et al. Bacterial co-infections with SARS-CoV-2. IUBMB Life 2020;72(10):2097-2111. doi:10.1002/iub.2356.
Martín-Loeches I, Bermejo-Martin JF, Vallés J. et al. Macrolide-based regimens in absence of bacterial co-infection in critically ill H1N1 patients with primary viral pneumonia. Intensive Care Medicine 2013; 39(4):693–702. doi:10.1007/s00134-013-2829-8.
14.World Health Organisation. Antimicrobial resistance. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/antimicrobial-resistance.
CDC 2022 Special Report COVID-19 U.S. Impact on antimicrobial resistance. https://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/pdf/covid19-impact-report-508.pdf.
16.Gaspar GG, Ferreira LR, Feliciano CS, et al. Pre- and post-COVID-19 evaluation of antimicrobial susceptibility for healthcare-associated infections in the intensive care unit of a tertiary hospital. Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 2021;54:e00902021. doi:10.1590/0037-8682-0090-2021.
World Health Organisation. Mali national action plan on antimicrobial resistance: review of progress in the human health sector. Antimicrobial resistance policy information and action brief series, 17 Feb 2023. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240065468.
WHO Information Note. COVID-19: considerations for tuberculosis (TB) care. WHO reference number: WHO/2019-nCoV/TB_care/2021.1.
Khurana AK, Aggarwal D. The (in)significance of TB and COVID-19 co-infection. The European Respiratory Journal 2020;56(2):2002105. doi:10.1183/13993003.02105-2020.
