COVID-19 ve Otoimmünite
Özet
Otoimmün hastalıkların etiyolojisi henüz tam olarak bilinmemektedir, fakat genetik predispozisyon, bakteriyel, viral, fungal, parazitik enfeksiyonlar, hormonal faktörler ve immün sistem disregülasyonu gibi çeşitli faktörlerin katkıda bulunduğu düşünülmektedir. Hiperinflamatuvar hastalıklar ve COVID-19 arasında ortak patojenik mekanizmalar ve klinik-radyolojik durumlar olduğu düşünülmüştür ve genetik olarak predispoze kişilerde SARS-CoV-2'nin hızlı bir otoimmün ve/veya otoinflamatuvar disregülasyon gelişimine neden olarak ağır interstisyel pnömoniyi tetiklediği öne sürülmüştür. COVID-19 enfeksiyonunu takiben gelişen otoimmün hastalıklar otoimmün büllöz dermatozlar, myastenia gravis, Hashimoto tiroiditi, sistemik lupus eritematozus, Graves hastalığı, jeneralize püstüler psoriazis, Guillain-Barre sendromu, immün trombositopenik purpura ve trombozdur.
Referanslar
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Selmi C, Leung PS, Sherr DH, et al. Mechanisms of environmental influence on human autoimmunity: a National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences expert panel workshop. Journal of autoimmunity 2012;39(4):272-284.doi: 10.1016/j.jaut.2012.05.007.
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Hussein HM, Rahal EA. The role of viral infections in the development of autoimmune diseases. Critical reviews in microbiology 2019;45(4):394-412.doi: 10.1080/1040841X.2019.1614904.
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Pinto AA, Carroll LS, Nar V, et al. CNS inflammatory vasculopathy with antimyelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies in COVID-19. Neuroimmunology and neuroinflammation 2020;7(5):e813. doi: 10.1212/NXI.0000000000000813.
Guilmot A, Maldonado Slootjes S, Sellimi A, et al. Immune-mediated neurological syndromes in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients. Journal of neurology 2021;268(3):751-757.doi: 10.1007/s00415-020-10108-x.
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Zamani B, Moeini Taba SM, Shayestehpour M. Systemic lupus erythematosus manifestation following COVID-19: a case report. Journal of medical case reports 2021;15(1):29.doi: 10.1186/s13256-020-02582-8.
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Referanslar
Sakkas LI, Bogdanos DP. Infections as a cause of autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Auto- immunity highlights 2016;7(1):13.doi: 10.1007/s13317-016-0086-x.
Selmi C, Leung PS, Sherr DH, et al. Mechanisms of environmental influence on human autoimmunity: a National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences expert panel workshop. Journal of autoimmunity 2012;39(4):272-284.doi: 10.1016/j.jaut.2012.05.007.
Floreani A, Leung PS, Gershwin ME. Environmental Basis of Autoimmunity. Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology 2016;50(3):287-300.doi: 10.1007/s12016-015-8493-8.
Hussein HM, Rahal EA. The role of viral infections in the development of autoimmune diseases. Critical reviews in microbiology 2019;45(4):394-412.doi: 10.1080/1040841X.2019.1614904.
Caso F, Costa L, Ruscitti P, et al. Could Sars-coronavirus-2 trigger autoimmune and/or autoinflammatory mechanisms in genetically predisposed subjects? Autoimmunity reviews 19(5), 102524.doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102524.doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102524.
Gazzaruso C, Carlo Stella N, Mariani G, et al. High prevalence of antinuclear antibodies and lupus anticoagulant in patients hospitalized for SARS-CoV2 pneumonia. Clinical rheumatology 39(7), 2095–2097.doi: 10.1007/s10067-020-05180-7
Zhou Y, Han T, Chen J, et al. Clinical and Autoimmune Characteristics of Severe and Critical Cases of COVID-19. Clinical and translational science 2020;13(6):1077-1086.doi: 10.1111/cts.12805.
Woodruff MC, Ramonell RP, Haddad NS, et al. Dysregulated naive B cells and de novo autoreactivity in severe COVID-19. Nature 2022;611(7934):139-147. doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05273-0
Bastard P, Rosen LB, Zhang Q, et al. Autoantibodies against type I IFNs in patients with life-threatening COVID-19. Science 2020;370(6515).doi: 10.1126/science.abd4585
Moderbacher CR, Ramirez SI, Dan JM, et al. Antigen-specific adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in acute COVID-19 and associations with age and disease severity. Cell 2020;183(4):996-1012.doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.09.038
Satış H, Özger HS, Aysert Yıldız P, et al. Prognostic value of interleukin-18 and its association with other inflammatory markers and disease severity in COVID-19. Cytokine 2021;137:155302.doi: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155302
Vassallo M, Manni S, Pini P, et al. Patients with Covid-19 exhibit different immunological profiles according to their clinical presentation. International journal of infectious diseases 2020;101:174-179.doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.09.1438
Azar MM, Shin JJ, Kang I, et al. Diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the setting of the cytokine release syndrome. Expert review of molecular diagnostics 2020;20(11):1087-1097.doi: 10.1080/14737159.2020.1830760
Sun Y, Dong Y, Wang L, et al. Characteristics and prognostic factors of disease severity in patients with COVID-19: The Beijing experience. Journal of autoimmunity 2020;112:102473.doi: 10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102473
Chen L, Long X, Xu Q, et al. Elevated serum levels of S100A8/A9 and HMGB1 at hospital admission are correlated with inferior clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients. Cellular & molecular immunology 2020;17(9):992-994.doi: 10.1038/s41423-020-0492-x.
Conti P, Caraffa A, Gallenga CE, et al. Coronavirus-19 (SARS-CoV-2) induces acute severe lung inflammation via IL-1 causing cytokine storm in COVID-19: a promising inhibitory strategy. Journal of biological regulators and homeosatic agents 2020;34(6):1971-1975.doi: 10.23812/20-1-E
Wampler Muskardin TL. Intravenous Anakinra for Macrophage Activation Syndrome May Hold Lessons for Treatment of Cytokine Storm in the Setting of Coronavirus Disease 2019. ACR open rheumatology 2(5), 283–285.doi: 10.1002/acr2.11140.
Woodruff MC, Ramonell RP, Nguyen DC, et al. Extrafollicular B cell responses correlate with neutralizing antibodies and morbidity in COVID-19. Nature immunology 21(12),1506–1516.doi: 10.1038/s41590-020-00814-z
Oliviero B, Varchetta S, Mele D, et al. Expansion of atypical memory B cells is a prominent feature of COVID-19. Cellular & molecular immunology 17(10), 1101–1103.doi: 10.1038/s41423-020-00542-2.
Varchetta S, Mele D, Oliviero B, et al. Unique immunological profile in patients with COVID-19. Cellular & molecular immunology 18(3), 604–612.doi: 10.1038/s41423-020-00557-9.
Zuo Y, Yalavarthi S, Shi H, et al. Neutrophil extracellular traps in COVID-19. Journal of clinical investigation insight 2020;5(11):e138999. doi: 10.1172/jci.insight.138999
Reyes-Castillo Z, Valdés-Miramontes E, Llamas-Covarrubias M, et al. Troublesome friends within us: the role of gut microbiota on rheumatoid arthritis etiopathogenesis and its clinical and therapeutic relevance. Clinical and experimental medicine 2021;21:1-13.doi: 10.1007/s10238-020-00647-y.
Harley JB, James JA. Everyone comes from somewhere: systemic lupus erythematosus and Epstein-Barr virus induction of host interferon and humoral anti-Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 1 immunity. Arthritis and rheumatism 2010;62(6):1571-1575.doi: 10.1002/art.27421.
Jog NR, Young KA, Munroe ME, et al. Association of Epstein-Barr virus serological reactivation with transitioning to systemic lupus erythematosus in at-risk individuals. Annals of the rheumatic diseases 2019;78(9):1235-1241.doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2019-215361
Jog NR, McClain MT, Heinlen LD, et al. Epstein Barr virus nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA-1) peptides recognized by adult multiple sclerosis patient sera induce neurologic symptoms in a murine model. Journal of autoimmunity 2020;106:102332.doi: 10.1016/j.jaut.2019.102332.
Ramasamy R, Mohammed F, Meier UC. HLA DR2b-binding peptides from human endogenous retrovirus envelope, Epstein-Barr virus and brain proteins in the context of molecular mimicry in multiple sclerosis. Immunology letters 2020;217:15-24.doi: 10.1016/j.imlet.2019.10.017.
Basavalingappa RH, Arumugam R, Lasrado N, et al. Viral myocarditis involves the generation of autoreactive T cells with multiple antigen specificities that localize in lymphoid and non-lymphoid organs in the mouse model of CVB3 infection. Molecular immunology 2020;124:218-228.doi: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.06.017.
Marino Gammazza A, Légaré S, Lo Bosco G, et al. Human molecular chaperones share with SARS-CoV-2 antigenic epitopes potentially capable of eliciting autoimmunity against endothelial cells: possible role of molecular mimicry in COVID-19. Cell stress & chaperones 2020;25(5):737-741.doi: 10.1007/s12192-020-01148-3.
Pascolini S, Vannini A, Deleonardi G, et al. COVID-19 and Immunological Dysregulation: Can Autoantibodies be Useful? Clinical and translational science 2021;14(2):502-508.doi: 10.1111/cts.12908.
Reyes Gil M, Barouqa M, Szymanski J, et al. Assessment of Lupus Anticoagulant Positivity in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). JAMA network open. 2020;3(8):e2017539.doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.17539
Amezcua-Guerra LM, Rojas-Velasco G, Brianza-Padilla M, et al. Presence of antiphospholipid antibodies in COVID-19: a case series study. Annals of the rheumatic diseases 2021;80(5):e73.doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-218100.
Pinto AA, Carroll LS, Nar V, et al. CNS inflammatory vasculopathy with antimyelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies in COVID-19. Neuroimmunology and neuroinflammation 2020;7(5):e813. doi: 10.1212/NXI.0000000000000813.
Guilmot A, Maldonado Slootjes S, Sellimi A, et al. Immune-mediated neurological syndromes in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients. Journal of neurology 2021;268(3):751-757.doi: 10.1007/s00415-020-10108-x.
Jensen CE, Wilson S, Thombare A, et al. Cold agglutinin syndrome as a complication of Covid-19 in two cases. Clinical infection in practice 2020;7:100041.doi: 10.1016/j.clinpr.2020.100041.
Fujii H, Tsuji T, Yuba T, et al. High levels of anti-SSA/Ro antibodies in COVID-19 patients with severe respiratory failure: a case-based review : High levels of anti-SSA/Ro antibodies in COVID-19. Clinical rheumatology, 39(11), 3171–3175.doi: 10.1007/s10067-020-05359-y.
Wang L, Wang Y, Ye D, et al. Review of the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) based on current evidence. International journal of antimicrobial agents 2020;55(6):105948.doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105948.
Wu H, Wang ZH, Yan A, et al. Protection against pemphigus foliaceus by desmoglein 3 in neonates. The New England journal of medicine 343(1),31–35.doi: 10.1056/NEJM200007063430105
Schmidt E, Zillikens D. Pemphigoid diseases. Lancet 2013;381(9863):320-332.doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61140-4.
Hübers A, Lascano AM, Lalive PH. Management of patients with generalised myasthenia gravis and COVID-19: four case reports. Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry 2020;91(10):1124-1125.doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2020-323565.
Baig AM, Khaleeq A, Ali U, et al. Evidence of the COVID-19 virus targeting the CNS: tissue distribution, host–virus interaction, and proposed neurotropic mechanisms. American Chemical Society chemical neuroscience 2020;11(7):995-998.doi: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00122.
Ralli M, Angeletti D, Fiore M, et al. Hashimoto's thyroiditis: An update on pathogenic mechanisms, diagnostic protocols, therapeutic strategies, and potential malignant transformation. Autoimmunity reviews 2020;19(10):102649.doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102649.
Tee LY, Harjanto S, Rosario BH. COVID-19 complicated by Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Singapore medical journal 2021;62(5):265.doi: 10.11622/smedj.2020106.
Zamani B, Moeini Taba SM, Shayestehpour M. Systemic lupus erythematosus manifestation following COVID-19: a case report. Journal of medical case reports 2021;15(1):29.doi: 10.1186/s13256-020-02582-8.
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