SARS-COV-2: Genel Bakış
Özet
2019 Aralık ayında Çin’de başlayıp kısa sürede dünyaya yayılan COVID-19 nedeniyle DSÖ’nün raporuna göre (26 Mart 2023 tarihi itibariyle) 6.8 milyonun üzerinde kişi yaşamını yitirmiştir. Genetik bulgular SARS-CoV-2'nin muhtemelen hayvanlardan kaynaklanan bir virüs olduğunu desteklese de virüsün rezervuar ve ara konakçısı net olarak kanıtlanamamıştır. Koronavirüsler, segmentsiz, tek iplikçikli, pozitif polariteli, zarflı pleomorfik RNA virüsleridir. Genomun her iki ucunda 5' metillenmiş başlık ve 3' poliadenilatlanmış kuyruk ile kısa çevrilmemiş bölgeler (UTR) vardır. Tipik olarak genomlar, altısı korunan ve aynı sırayı izleyen 9-12 ORF içerir. Bu korunmuş ORF'ler, replikaz/transkriptaz poliproteinlerini, spike (S), zarf (E), membran (M) ve nükleokapsid (N) proteinlerini kodlar. Diğer RNA virüsleri gibi SARS-CoV-2 de yeni insan konakçılarına uyum sağlarken, zaman içinde mutasyonların gelişmesiyle genetik evrime uğramaya yatkındır ve bu da ata suşlarından farklı özelliklere sahip olabilecek mutant varyantlarla sonuçlanır. Virüsün fenotipik değişikliklerine neden olabilecek herhangi bir mutasyonun hemen belirlenmesi çok önemli olduğundan, dünya çapında SARS-CoV-2'nin sürekli genomik izlenmesine ihtiyaç vardır.
Referanslar
Hu B, Guo H, Zhou P, et al. Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. Nature Reviews Microbiology 2021;19(3):141-154. doi:10.1038/s41579-020-00459-7.
Adhikari SP, Meng S, Wu YJ, et al. Epidemiology, causes, clinical manifestation and diagnosis, prevention and control of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) during the early outbreak period: a scoping review. Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2020;9(1): 29. doi:10.1186/s40249-020-00646-x.
Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, et al. Early Transmission Dynamics in Wuhan, China, of Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia. The New England Journal of Medicine 2020;382(13): 1199-1207. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2001316.
Evren E, Us E. COVID-19 Etkeni. Memikoğlu O, Genç V (ed). COVID-19 içinde. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Basımevi; 2021. p. 11-18. (30 Mart 2023 tarihinde http://www.medicine.ankara.edu.tr/wp-content/uploads/sites/121/2021/04/COVID19-Genisletilmis-Ikinci-Baskii.pdf adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Cascella M, Rajnik M, Aleem A, Dulebohn SC, Di Napoli R. Features, Evaluation, and Treatment of Coronavirus (COVID-19). In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; January 9, 2023.
De Sabato L, Lelli D, Faccin F, et al. Full genome characterization of two novel Alpha-coronavirus species from Italian bats. Virus Research. 2019;260:60-66. doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2018.11.007.
Llanes A, Restrepo CM, Caballero Z, et al. Betacoronavirus Genomes: How Genomic Information has been Used to Deal with Past Outbreaks and the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2020;21(12):4546. doi:10.3390/ijms21124546.
Mohamadian M, Chiti H, Shoghli A, et al. COVID-19: Virology, biology and novel laboratory diagnosis. The Journal of Gene Medicine 2021;23(2): e3303. doi:10.1002/jgm.3303.
Lotfi M, Hamblin MR, Rezaei N. COVID-19: Transmission, prevention, and potential therapeutic opportunities. Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry 2020;508: 254-266. doi:10.1016/j.cca.2020.05.044.
Schindell BG, Allardice M, McBride JAM, et al. SARS-CoV-2 and the Missing Link of Intermediate Hosts in Viral Emergence - What We Can Learn From Other Betacoronaviruses. Frontiers in Virology 2022;2: 875213. doi: 10.3389/fviro.2022.875213..
Viana Martins CP, Xavier CSF, Cobrado L. Disinfection methods against SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review. Journal of Hospital Infection 2022;119:84-117. doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2021.07.014.
Bai C, Zhong Q, Gao GF. Overview of SARS-CoV-2 genome-encoded proteins. Science China. Life Sciences 2022;65(2): 280-294. doi:10.1007/s11427-021-1964-4.
Zhang Q, Xiang R, Huo S, et al. Molecular mechanism of interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and host cells and interventional therapy. Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy 2021;6(1):233. doi:10.1038/s41392-021-00653-w.
Kadam SB, Sukhramani GS, Bishnoi P, et al. SARS-CoV-2, the pandemic coronavirus: Molecular and structural insights. Journal of Basic Microbiology 2021;61(3):180-202. doi:10.1002/jobm.202000537.
Yadav R, Chaudhary JK, Jain N, et al. Role of Structural and Non-Structural Proteins and Therapeutic Targets of SARS-CoV-2 for COVID-19. Cells 2021;10(4):821. doi:10.3390/cells10040821.
V'kovski P, Kratzel A, Steiner S, et al. Coronavirus biology and replication: implications for SARS-CoV-2. Nature Reviews. Microbiology 2021;19(3):155-170. doi:10.1038/s41579-020-00468-6.
Erensoy S. COVID-19 Pandemisinde SARS-CoV-2 ve Mikrobiyolojik Tanı Dinamikler [SARS-CoV-2 and Microbiological Diagnostic Dynamics in COVID-19 Pandemic]. Mikrobiyoloji Bulteni. 2020;54(3):497-509. doi:10.5578/mb.69839.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. SARS-CoV-2 Variant Classifications and Definitions. (30 Mart 2023 tarihinde https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/variants/variant-classifications.html adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Pangolin. Phylogenetic Assignment of Named Global Outbreak Lineages. (30 Mart 2023 tarihinde https://cov-lineages.org/resources/pangolin.html adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Nextstrain. Genomic epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 with subsampling focused globally over the past 6 months. (30 Mart 2023 tarihinde https://nextstrain.org/ncov/gisaid/global/6m adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
21. World Health Organization. Tracking SARS-CoV-2 variants. (30 Mart 2023 tarihinde https://www.who.int/activities/tracking-SARS-CoV-2-variants adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
World Health Organization. Statement on the update of WHO’s working definitions and tracking system for SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and variants of interest. (30 Mart 2023 tarihinde https://www.who.int/news/item/16-03-2023-statement-on-the-update-of-who-s-working-definitions- and-tracking-system-for-sars-cov-2-variants-of-concern-and-variants-of-interest adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
World Health Organization. XBB.1.16 Initial Risk Assessment, 17 April 2023. (26 Nisan 2023 tarihinde https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/21042023xbb.1.16ra-v2.pdf?sfvrsn=84577350_1 adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Referanslar
Hu B, Guo H, Zhou P, et al. Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. Nature Reviews Microbiology 2021;19(3):141-154. doi:10.1038/s41579-020-00459-7.
Adhikari SP, Meng S, Wu YJ, et al. Epidemiology, causes, clinical manifestation and diagnosis, prevention and control of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) during the early outbreak period: a scoping review. Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2020;9(1): 29. doi:10.1186/s40249-020-00646-x.
Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, et al. Early Transmission Dynamics in Wuhan, China, of Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia. The New England Journal of Medicine 2020;382(13): 1199-1207. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2001316.
Evren E, Us E. COVID-19 Etkeni. Memikoğlu O, Genç V (ed). COVID-19 içinde. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Basımevi; 2021. p. 11-18. (30 Mart 2023 tarihinde http://www.medicine.ankara.edu.tr/wp-content/uploads/sites/121/2021/04/COVID19-Genisletilmis-Ikinci-Baskii.pdf adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Cascella M, Rajnik M, Aleem A, Dulebohn SC, Di Napoli R. Features, Evaluation, and Treatment of Coronavirus (COVID-19). In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; January 9, 2023.
De Sabato L, Lelli D, Faccin F, et al. Full genome characterization of two novel Alpha-coronavirus species from Italian bats. Virus Research. 2019;260:60-66. doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2018.11.007.
Llanes A, Restrepo CM, Caballero Z, et al. Betacoronavirus Genomes: How Genomic Information has been Used to Deal with Past Outbreaks and the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2020;21(12):4546. doi:10.3390/ijms21124546.
Mohamadian M, Chiti H, Shoghli A, et al. COVID-19: Virology, biology and novel laboratory diagnosis. The Journal of Gene Medicine 2021;23(2): e3303. doi:10.1002/jgm.3303.
Lotfi M, Hamblin MR, Rezaei N. COVID-19: Transmission, prevention, and potential therapeutic opportunities. Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry 2020;508: 254-266. doi:10.1016/j.cca.2020.05.044.
Schindell BG, Allardice M, McBride JAM, et al. SARS-CoV-2 and the Missing Link of Intermediate Hosts in Viral Emergence - What We Can Learn From Other Betacoronaviruses. Frontiers in Virology 2022;2: 875213. doi: 10.3389/fviro.2022.875213..
Viana Martins CP, Xavier CSF, Cobrado L. Disinfection methods against SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review. Journal of Hospital Infection 2022;119:84-117. doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2021.07.014.
Bai C, Zhong Q, Gao GF. Overview of SARS-CoV-2 genome-encoded proteins. Science China. Life Sciences 2022;65(2): 280-294. doi:10.1007/s11427-021-1964-4.
Zhang Q, Xiang R, Huo S, et al. Molecular mechanism of interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and host cells and interventional therapy. Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy 2021;6(1):233. doi:10.1038/s41392-021-00653-w.
Kadam SB, Sukhramani GS, Bishnoi P, et al. SARS-CoV-2, the pandemic coronavirus: Molecular and structural insights. Journal of Basic Microbiology 2021;61(3):180-202. doi:10.1002/jobm.202000537.
Yadav R, Chaudhary JK, Jain N, et al. Role of Structural and Non-Structural Proteins and Therapeutic Targets of SARS-CoV-2 for COVID-19. Cells 2021;10(4):821. doi:10.3390/cells10040821.
V'kovski P, Kratzel A, Steiner S, et al. Coronavirus biology and replication: implications for SARS-CoV-2. Nature Reviews. Microbiology 2021;19(3):155-170. doi:10.1038/s41579-020-00468-6.
Erensoy S. COVID-19 Pandemisinde SARS-CoV-2 ve Mikrobiyolojik Tanı Dinamikler [SARS-CoV-2 and Microbiological Diagnostic Dynamics in COVID-19 Pandemic]. Mikrobiyoloji Bulteni. 2020;54(3):497-509. doi:10.5578/mb.69839.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. SARS-CoV-2 Variant Classifications and Definitions. (30 Mart 2023 tarihinde https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/variants/variant-classifications.html adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Pangolin. Phylogenetic Assignment of Named Global Outbreak Lineages. (30 Mart 2023 tarihinde https://cov-lineages.org/resources/pangolin.html adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Nextstrain. Genomic epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 with subsampling focused globally over the past 6 months. (30 Mart 2023 tarihinde https://nextstrain.org/ncov/gisaid/global/6m adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
21. World Health Organization. Tracking SARS-CoV-2 variants. (30 Mart 2023 tarihinde https://www.who.int/activities/tracking-SARS-CoV-2-variants adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
World Health Organization. Statement on the update of WHO’s working definitions and tracking system for SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and variants of interest. (30 Mart 2023 tarihinde https://www.who.int/news/item/16-03-2023-statement-on-the-update-of-who-s-working-definitions- and-tracking-system-for-sars-cov-2-variants-of-concern-and-variants-of-interest adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
World Health Organization. XBB.1.16 Initial Risk Assessment, 17 April 2023. (26 Nisan 2023 tarihinde https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/21042023xbb.1.16ra-v2.pdf?sfvrsn=84577350_1 adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
