Hipospadias
Özet
Hipospadias, peniste en sık görülen kojenital malformasyondur. Ayrıca inmemiş testisten sonra erkek çocuklarda konjenital anomali sıklığında 2.sırada gelir. Canlı erkek doğum başına, yaklaşık olarak 1/250-300 oranında karşımıza çıkar. Hipospadias için yapılan sınıflama temel olarak meatal yerleşim yerine göre yapılır. Üç ana lokalizasyon olarak; distal (anterior), orta ve proksimal (posterior) bölgeler belirtilmiştir. Konjenital bir eksternal genital anomali hipospadias, doğum sonrası ilk saatlerde inspeksiyona dayalı fizik muayene ile tanı almalıdır. Hipospadias tedavisi cerrahidir. Amaç işlevsel ve kozmetik sorunları ortan kaldırmaya yöneliktir. Literatürde tanımlanmış yüzlerce hipospadias onarım tekniği mevcuttur.
Referanslar
Lambert SM, Snyder HM, Canning DA. The history of hypospadias and hypospadias repairs. Urology. 2011;77(6):1277-83.
Kraft KH, Shukla AR, Canning DA. Hypospadias. The Urologic clinics of North America. 2010;37(2):167-81.
Vaughan Jr ED, Middleton GW. Pertinent genitourinary embryology Review for practicing urologist. Urology. 1975;6(2):139-49.
Sinclair AH, Berta P, Palmer MS, Hawkins JR, Griffiths BL, Smith MJ, et al. A gene from the human sex-determining region encodes a protein with homology to a conserved DNA-binding motif. Nature. 1990;346(6281):240-4.
Blaschko SD, Cunha GR, Baskin LS. Molecular mechanisms of external genitalia development. Differentiation; research in biological diversity. 2012;84(3):261-8.
Kojima Y, Kohri K, Hayashi Y. Genetic pathway of external genitalia formation and molecular etiology of hypospadias. Journal of pediatric urology. 2010;6(4):346-54.
Ságodi L, Kiss A, Kiss-Tóth E, Barkai L. [Prevalence and possible causes of hypospadias]. Orvosi hetilap. 2014;155(25):978-85.
Lund L, Engebjerg MC, Pedersen L, Ehrenstein V, Nørgaard M, Sørensen HT. Prevalence of hypospadias in Danish boys: a longitudinal study, 1977-2005. European urology. 2009;55(5):1022-6.
Paulozzi LJ, Erickson JD, Jackson RJ. Hypospadias trends in two US surveillance systems. Pediatrics. 1997;100(5):831-4.
Kalfa N, Sultan C, Baskin LS. Hypospadias: etiology and current research. The Urologic clinics of North America. 2010;37(2):159-66.
Fredell L, Kockum I, Hansson E, Holmner S, Lundquist L, Läckgren G, et al. Heredity of hypospadias and the significance of low birth weight. The Journal of urology. 2002;167(3):1423-7.
Barcat J. Anatomic-clinical studies in hypospadias symposium. Ann Chir Infant. 1969;10:285.
Duckett JW. Hypospadias. Pediatr Rev. 1989;11(2):37-42.
Demirer Z, Kibar Y. Hipospadiasın Tanım ve Sınıflandırması, Klinik Belirtiler ve Birlikte Olan Durumlar. Turk Urol Sem. 2011(2):181-4.
Kojima Y, Kohri K, Hayashi Y. Genetic pathway of external genitalia formation and molecular etiology of hypospadias. Journal of pediatric urology. 2010;6(4):346-54.
Manzoni G, Bracka A, Palminteri E, Marrocco G. Hypospadias surgery: when, what and by whom? BJU international. 2004;94(8):1188-95.
Markiewicz MR, Lukose MA, Margarone JE, Barbagli G, Miller KS, Chuang S-K. The oral mucosa graft: a systematic review. The Journal of urology. 2007;178(2):387-94.
Chalmers D, Wiedel CA, Siparsky GL, Campbell JB, Wilcox DT. Discovery of hypospadias during newborn circumcision should not preclude completion of the procedure. The Journal of Pediatrics. 2014;164(5):1171-4. e1.
Andersen B, Mitchell M. Recent advances in hypospadias: current surgical technique and research in incidence and etiology. Current Urology Reports. 2001;2:122-6.
Referanslar
Lambert SM, Snyder HM, Canning DA. The history of hypospadias and hypospadias repairs. Urology. 2011;77(6):1277-83.
Kraft KH, Shukla AR, Canning DA. Hypospadias. The Urologic clinics of North America. 2010;37(2):167-81.
Vaughan Jr ED, Middleton GW. Pertinent genitourinary embryology Review for practicing urologist. Urology. 1975;6(2):139-49.
Sinclair AH, Berta P, Palmer MS, Hawkins JR, Griffiths BL, Smith MJ, et al. A gene from the human sex-determining region encodes a protein with homology to a conserved DNA-binding motif. Nature. 1990;346(6281):240-4.
Blaschko SD, Cunha GR, Baskin LS. Molecular mechanisms of external genitalia development. Differentiation; research in biological diversity. 2012;84(3):261-8.
Kojima Y, Kohri K, Hayashi Y. Genetic pathway of external genitalia formation and molecular etiology of hypospadias. Journal of pediatric urology. 2010;6(4):346-54.
Ságodi L, Kiss A, Kiss-Tóth E, Barkai L. [Prevalence and possible causes of hypospadias]. Orvosi hetilap. 2014;155(25):978-85.
Lund L, Engebjerg MC, Pedersen L, Ehrenstein V, Nørgaard M, Sørensen HT. Prevalence of hypospadias in Danish boys: a longitudinal study, 1977-2005. European urology. 2009;55(5):1022-6.
Paulozzi LJ, Erickson JD, Jackson RJ. Hypospadias trends in two US surveillance systems. Pediatrics. 1997;100(5):831-4.
Kalfa N, Sultan C, Baskin LS. Hypospadias: etiology and current research. The Urologic clinics of North America. 2010;37(2):159-66.
Fredell L, Kockum I, Hansson E, Holmner S, Lundquist L, Läckgren G, et al. Heredity of hypospadias and the significance of low birth weight. The Journal of urology. 2002;167(3):1423-7.
Barcat J. Anatomic-clinical studies in hypospadias symposium. Ann Chir Infant. 1969;10:285.
Duckett JW. Hypospadias. Pediatr Rev. 1989;11(2):37-42.
Demirer Z, Kibar Y. Hipospadiasın Tanım ve Sınıflandırması, Klinik Belirtiler ve Birlikte Olan Durumlar. Turk Urol Sem. 2011(2):181-4.
Kojima Y, Kohri K, Hayashi Y. Genetic pathway of external genitalia formation and molecular etiology of hypospadias. Journal of pediatric urology. 2010;6(4):346-54.
Manzoni G, Bracka A, Palminteri E, Marrocco G. Hypospadias surgery: when, what and by whom? BJU international. 2004;94(8):1188-95.
Markiewicz MR, Lukose MA, Margarone JE, Barbagli G, Miller KS, Chuang S-K. The oral mucosa graft: a systematic review. The Journal of urology. 2007;178(2):387-94.
Chalmers D, Wiedel CA, Siparsky GL, Campbell JB, Wilcox DT. Discovery of hypospadias during newborn circumcision should not preclude completion of the procedure. The Journal of Pediatrics. 2014;164(5):1171-4. e1.
Andersen B, Mitchell M. Recent advances in hypospadias: current surgical technique and research in incidence and etiology. Current Urology Reports. 2001;2:122-6.
