Varikosel
Özet
Varikoselin erkek infertilitesi ile ilişkisi Celciusun dilate skrotal venlerin testiküler atrofi ile bağlantılı olabileceğini ortaya koyduğu milattan sonra birinci yüzyıla kadar uzanmaktadır. Varikosel pampiniform pleksus venlerinin dilatasyonu ve tortiyozu olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Klinik olarak genellikle sol tarafta görülmektedir. İzole sağ varikosel nadir görülmektedir ve genelde akla retroperitoneal kitleyi getirmektedir. Varikoselin ilerleyici testiküler hasara ve infertiliteye neden olduğu iyi bilinmektedir. Varikosel tanısı büyük ölçüde muayene ile konulmaktadır. Skrotal renkli doppler ultrasonografinin fizik muayeneye oranla %93 sensivite ve %85 spesifisitesi vardır. Tedavide ana kriter infertilitedir. Tedavisi varikoselektomidir.
Referanslar
Kaufman DG, Nagler HM. The Varicocele: Concepts of pathophysiology—Present and future. World Journal of Urology. 1986;4:88-91.
Gat Y, Bachar GN, Zukerman Z, Belenky A, Gornish M. Varicocele: a bilateral disease. Fertil Steril. 2004;81(2):424-9.
Nagler HM, Grotas AB. varicocele. Lipshultz LI, Howards SS, Niederberger CS, editors: New York: Cambridge University Press; 2009.
Lipshultz LI, Corriere JN, Jr. Progressive testicular atrophy in the varicocele patient. J Urol. 1977;117(2):175-6.
Dahl EV, Herrick JF. A vascular mechanism for maintaining testicular temperature by counter-current exchange. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1959;108(6):697-705.
Fretz PC, Sandlow JI. Varicocele: current concepts in pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Urol Clin North Am. 2002;29(4):921-37.
Kilinç F, Kayaselcuk F, Aygun C, Guvel S, Egilmez T, Ozkardes H. Experimental varicocele induces hypoxia inducible factor-1alpha, vascular endothelial growth factor expression and angiogenesis in the rat testis. J Urol. 2004;172(3):1188-91.
Hudson RW, Perez-Marrero RA, Crawford VA, McKay DE. Hormonal parameters of men with varicoceles before and after varicocelectomy. Fertil Steril. 1985;43(6):905-10.
Comhaire F, Vermeulen A. Varicocele sterility: cortisol and catecholamines. Fertil Steril. 1974;25(1):88-95.
L. D, D. AR. The varicocele and infertility. D. AR, L. D, C. WP, editors1977.
Chiou RK, Anderson JC, Wobig RK, Rosinsky DE, Matamoros A, Jr., Chen WS, et al. Color Doppler ultrasound criteria to diagnose varicoceles: correlation of a new scoring system with physical examination. Urology. 1997;50(6):953-6.
Sharlip I, Jarow J, Bekler A. AUA Best practice policy. Report on varicocele and infertility American Urological Association Inc, Baltimore, MD, USA. 2001.
Paduch DA, Niedzielski J. Repair versus observation in adolescent varicocele: a prospective study. J Urol. 1997;158(3 Pt 2):1128-32.
Hsiao W, Rosoff JS, Pale JR, Powell JL, Goldstein M. Varicocelectomy is associated with increases in serum testosterone independent of clinical grade. Urology. 2013;81(6):1213-8.
Chawla A, Kulkarni G, Kamal K, Zini A. Microsurgical varicocelectomy for recurrent or persistent varicoceles associated with orchalgia. Urology. 2005;66(5):1072-4.
Schlegel PN, Goldstein M. Alternate indications for varicocele repair: non-obstructive azoospermia, pain, androgen deficiency and progressive testicular dysfunction. Fertil Steril. 2011;96(6):1288-93.
Referanslar
Kaufman DG, Nagler HM. The Varicocele: Concepts of pathophysiology—Present and future. World Journal of Urology. 1986;4:88-91.
Gat Y, Bachar GN, Zukerman Z, Belenky A, Gornish M. Varicocele: a bilateral disease. Fertil Steril. 2004;81(2):424-9.
Nagler HM, Grotas AB. varicocele. Lipshultz LI, Howards SS, Niederberger CS, editors: New York: Cambridge University Press; 2009.
Lipshultz LI, Corriere JN, Jr. Progressive testicular atrophy in the varicocele patient. J Urol. 1977;117(2):175-6.
Dahl EV, Herrick JF. A vascular mechanism for maintaining testicular temperature by counter-current exchange. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1959;108(6):697-705.
Fretz PC, Sandlow JI. Varicocele: current concepts in pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Urol Clin North Am. 2002;29(4):921-37.
Kilinç F, Kayaselcuk F, Aygun C, Guvel S, Egilmez T, Ozkardes H. Experimental varicocele induces hypoxia inducible factor-1alpha, vascular endothelial growth factor expression and angiogenesis in the rat testis. J Urol. 2004;172(3):1188-91.
Hudson RW, Perez-Marrero RA, Crawford VA, McKay DE. Hormonal parameters of men with varicoceles before and after varicocelectomy. Fertil Steril. 1985;43(6):905-10.
Comhaire F, Vermeulen A. Varicocele sterility: cortisol and catecholamines. Fertil Steril. 1974;25(1):88-95.
L. D, D. AR. The varicocele and infertility. D. AR, L. D, C. WP, editors1977.
Chiou RK, Anderson JC, Wobig RK, Rosinsky DE, Matamoros A, Jr., Chen WS, et al. Color Doppler ultrasound criteria to diagnose varicoceles: correlation of a new scoring system with physical examination. Urology. 1997;50(6):953-6.
Sharlip I, Jarow J, Bekler A. AUA Best practice policy. Report on varicocele and infertility American Urological Association Inc, Baltimore, MD, USA. 2001.
Paduch DA, Niedzielski J. Repair versus observation in adolescent varicocele: a prospective study. J Urol. 1997;158(3 Pt 2):1128-32.
Hsiao W, Rosoff JS, Pale JR, Powell JL, Goldstein M. Varicocelectomy is associated with increases in serum testosterone independent of clinical grade. Urology. 2013;81(6):1213-8.
Chawla A, Kulkarni G, Kamal K, Zini A. Microsurgical varicocelectomy for recurrent or persistent varicoceles associated with orchalgia. Urology. 2005;66(5):1072-4.
Schlegel PN, Goldstein M. Alternate indications for varicocele repair: non-obstructive azoospermia, pain, androgen deficiency and progressive testicular dysfunction. Fertil Steril. 2011;96(6):1288-93.
