Genleri Beslemek Obezite Bilimi ve Popüler Diyetler Ardındaki Gerçekler ve İnsan İştahının Hikayesi

Yazarlar

Melis Durası

Özet

-

Referanslar

www.oecd.org/health/health-data.htm Accessed 22 May, 2018.

www.oecd.org/health/health-data.htm Accessed 22 May, 2018.

https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/prevalence-maps.html Accessed 22 May,2018.

http://www.pbs.org/independentlens/films/twin-sisters/ Accessed 22May, 2018.

Bailey, R.E., Hatton, T.J. and Inwood, K., ‘Health, Height and the Household at the Turn of the 20th Century.’ IZA Discussion Paper No. 8128 (April2014).

Stunkard, A.J., Foch, T.T. and Hrubec, Z., ‘A twin study of human obesity.’ JAMA

256 (1986);51–4; and Stunkard, A.J., Harris, J.R., Pedersen, N.L. and McClearn, G.E.,‘The body-mass index of twins who have been reared apart.’ N Engl J Med 322 (1990);1483–87.

Schulz, L.O. and Chaudhari, L.S., ‘High-Risk Populations: The Pimas of Arizona and Mexico.’ Curr Obes Rep4(1) (March 2015); 92–8.doi:10.1007/s13679-014-0132- 9. Review. PMID:25954599.

Neel, J.V., ‘Diabetes Mellitus: A “Thrifty” Genotype Rendered Detrimentalby “Pro- gress”?’AmJHumGenet14(4)(1962);353–62.PMC1932342.PMID13937884.

http://www.who.int/gho/ncd/risk_factors/overweight/en/ Accessed 22May, 2018.

Ingalls, A. M., Dickie, M. M. & Snell, G. D., ‘Obese, a new mutation in the house mouse.’ J Hered 41 (1950),317–18.

Hummel, K.P., Dickie, M. M. & Coleman, D. L., ‘Diabetes, a new mutation in the mouse.’ Science:153(1966),1127–28.

Coleman, D.L., ‘Effects of parabiosis of obese with diabetes and normal mice.’ Dia- betologia 9 (1973), 294–8.

Zhang, Y. et al., ‘Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homo- logue.’ Nature372 (1994),425–32, doi:10.1038/372425a0.

Chen, H. et al., ‘Evidence that the diabetes gene encodes the leptin receptor: iden- tification of a mutation in the leptin receptor gene in db/db mice.’ Cell 84 (1996), 491–5.

Montague, C.T. et al., ‘Congenital leptin deficiency is associated with severe early- onset obesity in humans.’ Nature 387(1997),903–8,doi:10.1038/43185.

Farooqi, I. S. et al., ‘Effects of recombinant leptin therapy in a child with con- genital leptin deficiency.’ N Engl J Med 341 (1999), 879–84, doi:10.1056/NEJM199909163411204.

Heymsfield, S. B. et al., ‘Recombinant leptin for weight loss in obese and lean adults: arandomized, controlled, dose-escalationtrial.’ JAMA282(1999),1568–75.

Ahima, R.S. et al., ‘Role of leptin in the neuroendocrine response to fasting.’ Nature 382, (1996), 250–52, doi:10.1038/382250a0.

Farooqi, I. S. et al., ‘Effects of recombinant leptin therapy . ..’

For those who are interested, here are some comprehensive reviews on the subject: Bluher, M., ‘Adipokines – removing road blocks to obesity and diabetes therapy.’ Mol Metab 3 (2014), 230–40, doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2014.01.005; Fasshauer, M. & Blu- her, M., ‘Adipokines in health and disease.’ Trends Pharmacol Sci 36 (2015), 461–70, doi:10.1016/j.tips.2015.04.014.

Aficionados can read reviews that many have written on the topic: Coll, A. P., Fa- rooqi, I.S. &O’Rahilly, S., ‘The hormonal control of food in take.’ Cell 129 (2007), 251–62, doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2007.04.001; Cone, R.D., ‘Anatomy and regulation of the central melanocortin system.’ Nat Neurosci 8 (2005), 571–8, doi:10.1038/nn1455; Yeo, G. S. & Heisler, L. K., ‘Unraveling the brain regulation of appetite: lessons fromgenetics.’ Nat Neurosci 15(2012),1343–49,doi:10.1038/nn.3211.

Raffan, E. et al., ‘A Deletion in the Canine POMC Gene Is Associated with Weight and Appetite in Obesity-Prone Labrador Retriever Dogs.’ Cell Metab 23 (2016), 893–900, doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2016.04.012.

Yeo, G.S. & Heisler, L.K., ‘Unraveling the brain regulation of appetite: lessons from genetics.’ Nat Neurosci 15 (2012), 1343–49,doi:10.1038/nn.3211.

Krude, H. et al., ‘Severe early-onset obesity, adrenal insufficiency and red hair pig- mentation caused by POMC mutations in humans.’ Nat Genet 19 (1998),155–7, doi:10.1038/509.

Raffan, E. et al., ‘A Deletion in the Canine POMC Gene . . .’

Yeo, G.S. et al., ‘A frameshift mutationin MC4R associated with dominantly inher- ited human obesity.’ Nat Genet 20 (1998), 111–12,doi:10.1038/2404.

Farooqi, I.S. et al., ‘Clinical spectrum of obesity and mutations in the melanocortin 4 receptorgene.’ N Engl J Med 348, (2003), 1085–95, doi:10.1056/NEJMoa022050.

Alharbi, K. K. et al.’, Prevalence and functionality of paucimorphic and private MC4R mutations in a large, unselected European British population, scanned by melt MADGE.’ Hum Mutat 28 (2007), 294–302,doi:10.1002/humu.20404.

Farooqi, I. S. et al., ‘Clinical spectrum . . .’

van der Klaauw, A.A. et al.,‘ Divergent effects of central melanocortin signalling on fat and sucrose preference in humans.’ Nat Commun 7 (2016), 13055, doi:10.1038/ ncomms 13055.

Kim, K. S., Larsen, N., Short, T., Plastow, G. and Rothschild, M. F., ‘A missense var- iant of the porcine melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) gene is associated with fat- ness,growth, and feed in take traits.’ Mamm Genome 11 (2000),131–5.

Aspiras, A. C., Rohner, N., Martineau, B., Borowsky, R. L. & Tabin, C. J., ‘Mel- anocortin 4 receptor mutations contribute to the adaptation of cavefish to nutri- ent-poorconditions.’ Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 112 (2015), 9668–73, doi:10.1073/ pnas. 1510802112.

Frayling, T. M. et al., ‘A common variant in the FTO gene is associated with body mass index and predisposes to childhood and adult obesity.’ Science 316 (2007), 889–94, doi:10.1126/science.1141634.

Locke, A. E. et al., ‘Genetic studies of body mass index yield new insights for obesity biology.’ Nature 518 (2015), 197–206,doi:10.1038/nature14177.

Shungin, D. et al., ‘New genetic loci link adipose and insulin biology to body fat distribution.’ Nature 518 (2015), 187–96,doi:10.1038/nature14132.

Loos, R. J., ‘Genetic determinants of common obesity and their value in pre- dic- tion.’ Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 26 (2012), 211–26, doi:10.1016/j. beem.2011.11.003.

Locke, A. E. et al., ‘Genetic studies of body mass index . . .’

3. Tüm kaloriler eşittir, ancak bazıları diğerlerinden daha eşittir

Nestle, M., and Nesheim, M., Why Calories Count: From Science to Politics, (Uni- versity of California Press, 18 April 2012), pp.189–90.ISBN978-0-520-26288-1. https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/ Accessed May 22nd,2018.

Nestle, M. and Nesheim, M., Why Calories Count . . .

Crockett, R.A., King, S.E., Marteau, T.M., Prevost, A.T., Bignardi, G., Roberts, N.W., Stubbs, B., Hollands, G.J., Jebb, S.A., ‘Nutritional labelling for healthier food or non-alcoholic drink purchasing and consumption.’ Cochrane Database Syst Rev (Feb27, 2018); 2:CD009315. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009315.pub2. Review.PMID: 29482264.

www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2017Accessed 22 May 2018.

Zehring, W.A., Wheeler, D.A., Reddy, P., Konopka, R.J., Kyriacou, C.P., Rosbash, M., and Hall, J.C., ‘P-element transformation with period locus DNA restores rhyth- micity to mutant, arrhythmic Drosophila melanogaster.’ Cell 39 (1984), 369– 76; and Bargiello, T.A., Jackson, F.R., and Young, M.W., ‘Restoration of circadian behavioural rhythms by gene transferin Drosophila.’ Nature 312 (1984),752–4.

Hoyle, N.P., Seinkmane, E., Putker, M., Feeney, K.A., Krogager, T.P., Chesham, J.E., Bray, L.K., Thomas, J.M., Dunn, K., Blaikley, J. and O’Neill, J.S., ‘Circadian actin dynamics drive rhythmic fibroblast mobilization during wound healing.’ Sci Transl Med(Nov8,2017);9(415).pii:eaal2774.doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aal2774.PMID: 29118260.

Garaulet, M., Gómez-Abellán, P., Alburquerque-Béjar, J.J., Lee, Y.C., Ordovás, J.M., Scheer, F.A., ‘Timing of food intake predicts weight loss effectiveness’. Int J Obes (Lond., Apr2013);37(4):604–11.doi:10.1038/ijo.2012.229. Epub Jan29, 2013. Erra- tumin:IntJObes(Lond.,Apr2013);37(4):624.PMID:23357955.

Jakubowicz, D., Barnea, M., Wainstein, J. and Froy, O., ‘High caloric intake at break- fast vs dinner differentially influences weight loss of overweight and obese wom- en.’Obesity(SilverSpring,Dec2013);21(12):2504–12.doi:10.1002/oby.20460. Epub- Jul2,2013.PMID:23512957.

Baron, K.G., Reid, K.J., Kern, A.S. and Zee, P.C., ‘Role of sleep timing in caloric intake and BMI.’ Obesity (Silver Spring, July, 2011); 19(7):1374–81. doi: 10.1038/ oby.2011.100.EpubApr28,2011.PMID:21527892.

Zhang, Y. et al., ‘Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homo- logue.’ Nature372(1994),425–32,doi:10.1038/372425a0.

Fasshauer,M.and Bluher, M., ‘Adipokines in healt hand disease.’ Trends Pharmacol Sci 36 (2015), 461–70, doi:10.1016/j.tips.2015.04.014.

Vidal-Puig, A., ‘Adipose tissue expandability, lipotoxicity and the metabolic syndrome.’ Endocrinol Nutr(2013);60 Suppl1:39–43.PMID:24490226.

Foster, M.T., Shi, H., Softic, S., Kohli, R., Seeley, R.J. and Woods, S.C., ‘Transplan- tation of non-visceral fat to the visceral cavity improves glucose tolerance in mice: investigation of hepatic lipids and insulin sensitivity.’ Diabetologia (Nov, 2011); 54(11):2890–9.doi:10.1007/s00125-011-2259-5.Epub Jul30, 2011.PMID:21805228.

Stolarczyk, E., ‘Adipose tissue inflammation in obesity: a metabolic or im- mune response?’ Curr Opin Pharmacol (Dec 2017); 37:35–40. doi: 10.1016/j. coph.2017.08.006. Epub Aug24, 2017. Review. PMID:28843953.

Lotta, L.A., Gulati, P., Day, F.R., Payne, F., Ongen, H., van de Bunt, M., Gaulton, K.J., Eicher, J.D., Sharp, S.J., Luan, J., De Lucia Rolfe, E., Stewart, I.D., Wheeler, E., Willems, S.M., Adams, C., Yaghootkar, H., EPIC-InterAct Consortium;Cambridge FPLD1 Consortium, Forouhi, N.G., Khaw, K.T., Johnson, A.D., Semple, R.K., Fray- ling, T., Perry, J.R., Dermitzakis, E., McCarthy, M.I., Barroso, I., Wareham, N.J., Sav- age, D.B., Langenberg, C., O’Rahilly, S. and Scott, R.A., ‘Integrative genomic anal- ysis implicates limited peripheral adipose storage capacity in the pathogenesis of human insulin resistance.’ Nat Genet (Jan 2017); 49(1):17–26. doi: 10.1038/ ng.3714. Epub Nov14,2016. PMID:27841877.

https://www.nzssd.org.nz/about-diabetesAccessed May 22nd,2018.

Chernev, A., ‘The Dieter’s Paradox.’ Journal of Consumer Psychology 21 (2011), 178– 83; and Chernev, A. and Gal, D., ‘Categorization Effects in Value Judgments: Aver- aging Bias in Evaluating Combinations of Vices and Virtues.’ Journal of Mar- keting Research 47 (2010),738–47.

Forwood, S.E., Ahern, A., Hollands, G.J., Fletcher, P.C. and Marteau, T.M., ‘Under- estimating calorie content when healthy foods are present: an averaging effect or a reference-dependent anchoring effect?’PLoS One(Aug14,2013),8(8):e71475.doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071475. eCollection 2013. PMID: 23967216.

Voegtlin, WalterL., The Stone Age Diet: based on in-depth studies of human ecology and the diet of man,(Vantage Press, 1975).

Cordain, L., The Paleo Diet Revised: Lose Weight and Get Healthy by Eating the Foods You Were Designed to Eat’ (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2010).

Cordain, L., Eaton, S.B., Sebastian, A., Mann, N., Lindeberg, S., Watkins, B.A., O’Keefe, J.H. and Brand-Miller, J., ‘Origins and evolution of the Western diet: health implications for the 21st century.’ The American Journal of Clinical Nutri- tion,Vol- ume 81, Issue 2, (1 February, 2005), pp. 341–54.

Cordain, L., The Paleo Diet Revised: Lose Weight and Get Healthy by Eating the Foods You Were DesignedtoEat’(Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2010), Preface to the revised edition the paleodiet.com/the-paleo-diet-premise/ Accessed 5 May2018.

Shewry, P.R., ‘Wheat.’ Journal of Experimental Botany, Volume 60, Issue 6 (1 April 2009), pp. 1537–53, https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erp058.

Sweeney, M., Mc Couch, S., ‘The complex history of the domestication ofrice.’ Ann Bot (Nov2007);100(5):951–7. Epub 2007 Jul 6. Review. PMID: 17617555; and Calla- way, E., ‘Domestication: The birth ofrice.’ Nature (Oct 30, 2014); 514 (7524): S58–9. PMID: 25368889.

Ranere, A.J., Piperno, D.R., Holst, I., Dickau, R. and Iriarte, J., ‘The cultural and chronological context of early Holocene maize and squash domestication in the Central Balsas River Valley, Mexico.’ Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (Mar 31, 2009); 106(13):5014–8.doi:10.1073/pnas.0812590106. Epub2009 Mar23. PMID:19307573; and Piperno, D.R., Ranere, A.J., Holst, I., Iriarte, J. and Dickau,R., ‘Starch grain and phytolith evidence for early ninth millennium B.P. maize from the Central Balsas River Valley, Mexico.’ Proc Natl Acad Sci USA(Mar31, 2009);106(13):5019–24.doi: 10.1073/pnas. 0812525106.Epub2009 Mar23.PMID:19307570.

Mummert, A., Esche, E., Robinson, J. and Armelagos, G.J., ‘Stature and robusticity during the agricultural transition: evidence from the bioarchaeological record.’ Econ Hum Biol (Jul 2011);9(3):284–301.doi:10.1016/j.ehb.2011.03.004.Epub2011 Apr 1. PMID:21507735.

Mummert, A., Esche, E., Robinson, J. and Armelagos, G.J., ‘Stature and robusticity during the agricultural transition: evidence from the bioarchaeological record.’ Econ Hum Biol (Jul 2011); 9(3):284–301.doi:10.1016/j.ehb.2011.03.004.Epub2011 Apr 1. PMID:21507735.

Barclay, E., ‘The Paleo Diet Moves from The Gym to the Doctor’s Office.’ npr (2012). www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2012/06/02/154166626/the-paleo-diet-moves- from-the-gym-to-the-doctors-office.

Cordain, L., Brand-Miller, J., Eaton, S.B., Mann, N., Holt, S. and Speth, J., ‘Plant- an- imal subsistence ratios and macronutrient energy estimations in worldwide hunt- er-gatherer diets.’ Am J Clin Nutr 71 (2000);682–92.

Milton, K., ‘Reply to L Cordain et al.’ Am J Clin Nutr 72(2000);1590–92.

Ungar, P., Grine, F. and Teaford, M., ‘Dietin Early Homo: A Review of the Evidence and a New Model of Adaptive Versatility.’ Annu. Ev. Anthropol. 35(2006); 209228.

michaelpollan.com/articles-archive/breaking-ground-the-call-of-the-wild-apple/ AccessedMay5th2018.

Zuk, Marlene, Paleofantasy: What evolution really tells us about sex, diet, andhow we live (W.W. Norton, 2013), p.124.

www.youtube.com/watch?v=BMOjVYgYaG8&t=2sTedx, 2013. Debunking the pal- eodiet.

Milton, K., ‘Reply to L Cordain et al.’ Am J Clin Nutr 72(2000);1590–92.

Mc Govern, P.E., Zhang, J., Tang, J., Zhang, Z., Hall, G.R., Moreau, R.A., Nuñez,A., Butrym, E.D., Richards, M.P., Wang, C.S., Cheng, G., Zhao, Z. and Wang, C., ‘Fermented beverages of pre- and proto-historic China.’ Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (Dec21,2004);101(51):17593–8.Epub2004 Dec8.PMID:15590771.

Kosikowski, F.V., Mistry, V.V., Cheese and fermented milk foods Volume 1(1997). Pub- lished by F.V. Kosikowski, the University of Wisconsin - Madison Edition 3, illus- trated.

Rajakumar,K., ‘Pellagrain the United States: a historical perspective.’ South Med J. (Mar 2000); 93(3):272–7. PMID: 10728513.

Revedin, A., Aranguren, B., Becattini, R., Longo, L., Marconi, E., Lippi, M., Skakun, N., Sinitsyn, A., Spiridonova, E. and Svoboda, J., ‘Thirty thousand-year-old evi- dence of plant food processing.’ PNAS107 (2010); 44; 18815–819.

Patin, E. and Quintana-Murci, L., ‘Demeter’s legacy: rapid changes to ourge- nome imposed by diet.’ Trends Ecol Evol (Feb 2008); 23(2):56–9. doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2007.11.002. Epub2008 Jan11. PMID:18191277.

Reiter, T., Jagoda, E. and Capellini, T.D., ‘Dietary Variation and Evolution of Gene Copy Number among Dog Breeds.’ PLoS One (Feb 10, 2016); 11(2):e0148899. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148899.eCollection2016. PMID:26863414.

Carrigan, M.A., Uryasev, O., Frye, C.B., Eckman, B.L., Myers, C.R., Hurley, T.D. and Benner, S.A., ‘Hominids adapted to metabolize ethanol long before human- directed fermentation.’ Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (Jan13, 2015); 112(2): 458–63.doi: 10.1073/pnas.1404167111. Epub 2014 Dec 1. PMID: 25453080.

McGovern, PE, et al., ‘Fermented beverages of pre- and proto-historic China.’ ProcNatl Acad SciUSA (Dec21, 2004); 101(51): 17593–8.Epub2004 Dec 8. PMID: 15590771.

http://www.dukandiet.co.uk/the-dukan-diet/4-phases?eprivacy=1Accessed May 5th2018.

Murphy, K.G. and Bloom, S.R., ‘Gut hormones and the regulation of energyhome- ostasis.’ Nature (Dec14, 2006); 444 (7121): 854–9. Review. PMID: 17167473.

Tschöp, M., Smiley, D.L. and Heiman, M.L., ‘Ghrelin induces adiposity inrodents.’

Nature (Oct 19, 2000); 407(6806):908–13. PMID: 11057670.

Cummings, D.E., Purnell, J.Q., Frayo, R.S., Schmidova, K., Wisse, B.E. and Weigle, D.S., ‘Apreprandial rise in plasma ghrelin levels suggests a role in meal initiationin humans.’ Diabetes (Aug 2001); 50(8): 1714–9. PMID:11473029.

Murphy, K.G. and Bloom, S.R., ‘Gut hormones . ..’

Meek, C.L., Lewis, H.B., Reimann, F., Gribble, F.M., Park, A.J., ‘The effect of bar- iatric surgery on gastrointestinal and pancreatic peptide hormones.’ Peptides (Mar2016);77:28–37.doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2015.08.013.Epub2015Sep5.Review. PMID:26344355.

Cummings, D.E. and Rubino, F., ‘Metabolic surgery for the treatment of type 2 diabetes in obese individuals.’ Diabetologia (Feb2018);61(2):257–64.doi:10.1007/ s00125-017-4513-y.Epub2017 Dec9.Review.PMID:29224190.

Manning, S., Pucci, A. and Batterham, R.L. ‘Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: effects on feeding behavior and underlying mechanisms.’ J Clin Invest (Mar 2, 2015); 125(3):939–48.doi:10.1172/JCI76305. Epub2015 Mar2. Review. PMID: 25729850.

Chakravartty, .S, Tassinar,i D., Salerno, A., Giorgakis, E. and Rubino, F., ‘What is the Mechanism Behind Weight Loss Maintenance with Gastric Bypass?’ Curr Obes Rep (Jun 2015); 4(2):262–8. doi: 10.1007/s13679-015-0158-7. Review. PMID: 26627220.

Simpson,S.J.andRaubenheimer,D.,‘Obesity:theproteinleveragehypothesis.’ Obes Rev (May 2005);6(2):133-42. Review. PMID: 15836464.

Simpson, S.J., Le Couteur, D.G. and Raubenheimer, D., ‘Putting the balance back in diet.’ Cell (Mar 26, 2015); 161(1):18–23. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.02.033. PMID: 25815981.

Fasano, A. ‘Clinical presentation of celiac disease in the pediatric population.’ Gas- troenterology 128, (2005), S68–73.

van Berge-Henegouwen, G. P. and Mulder, C. J., ‘Pioneer in the gluten free diet: Willem-Karel Dicke 1905–1962, over 50 years of gluten free diet.’ Gut 34 (1993), 1473–75.

Anderson, C.M., Frazer, A.C., French, J.M., Gerrard, J.W., Sammons, H.G. and Smellie, J.M., ‘Cœliac disease: gastro-intestinal studies and the effect of dietary wheat flour.’ Lancet Volume 259, Issue6713 (26 April 1952), 836–42.

Cooper, B. T., Holmes, G. K., Ferguson, R., Thompson, R. and Cooke, W. T., ‘Pro- ceedings: Chronic diarrhoea and gluten sensitivity.’ Gut 17 (1976), 398.

Ellis, A. and Linaker, B.D., ‘Non-coeliac gluten sensitivity?’Lancet1(1978),1358–59.

Sapone, A. et al., ‘Differential mucosal IL-17 expression in two gliadin-induced dis- orders: gluten sensitivity and the autoimmune enteropathy celiac disease.’ Int Arch Allergy Immunol 152 (2010), 75–80, doi: 10.1159/000260087.

Davis, W., Wheat Belly (Harper Thorsons, UK paperback edition, 2015), Introduction, p.x.

‘America the Beautiful’ (1910), Lyrics by Katharine Lee Bates, music by Samuel A. Ward.

Kasarda, D.D., ‘Can an increase in celiac diseasebe attributed to an increase in the gluten content of wheat as a consequence of wheat breeding?’ J Agric Food Chem 61(2013),1155–59,doi:10.1021/jf305122s.

Davis, W., Wheat Belly, Introduction p.xii.

Shungin, D. et al., ‘New genetic loci link adipose and insulin biology to body fat distribution.’ Nature 518 (2015), 187–96, doi:10.1038/nature14132.

Fasano, A. et al., ‘Prevalence of celiac disease in at-risk and not-at-risk groups in the United States: alarge multicenter study.’ Arch Intern Med 163 (2003), 286–92.

Sapone, A. et al. ‘Differential mucosal IL-17 expression in two gliadin-induced dis- orders: gluten sensitivity and the autoimmune enteropathy celiac disease.’ Int Arch Allergy Immunol 152 (2010), 75–80, doi:10.1159/000260087.

Clemente, M.G. et al., ‘Early effects of gliadin on enterocyte intracellular signalling involved in intestinal barrier function.’ Gut 52 (2003), 218–23.

Fasano, A. et al., ‘Zonulin, a newly discovered modulator of intestinal permeabil- ity, and its expression in coeliac disease.’ Lancet 355 (2000), 1518–19, doi:10.1016/

S0140-6736(00)02169-3; and Wang, W., Uzzau, S., Goldblum, S.E. and Fasano, A., ‘Human zonulin, a potential modulator of intestinal tight junctions.’ J Cell Sci 113 Pt 24 (2000),4435–40.

Sturgeon, C., Lan, J. and Fasano, A., ‘Zonulin transgenic mice show altered gut permeability and increased morbidity/mortality in the DSS colitis model.’ Ann NY Acad Sci1397(2017),130–42,doi:10.1111/nyas.13343.

Gibson, P.R. and Shepherd, S. J., ‘Personal view: food for thought – western lifestyle and susceptibility to Crohn’s disease. The FODMAP hypothesis.’ Aliment Pharmacol Ther 21 (2005), 1399–409, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2005.02506.x.

Ong, D. K. et al., ‘Manipulation of dietary short chain carbohydrates alters the pat- tern of gas production and genesis of symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome.’ J Gas- troenterol Hepatol 25 (2010), 1366-1373, doi:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2010.06370.x.

Staudacher, H.M. and Whelan, K., ‘The low FODMAP diet: recentadvances in understanding its mechanisms and efficacy in IBS.’ Gut 66 (2017), 1517–27, doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2017-313750.

Davis, William, Wheat Belly, Chapter 5, p.72.

Perlmutter, D., Grain Brain (Yellow Kite Books, UK edition, 2014), Introduction, p. 9.

Lebwohl, B. et al., ‘Long term gluten consumption in adults without celiac disease and risk of coronary heart disease: prospective cohort study.’ BMJ 357 (2017), j 1892, doi:10.1136/bmj.j1892.

Gerbault, P. et al., ‘Evolution of lactase persistence: an example of human niche construction.’ Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 366 (2011), 863–77, doi:10.1098/ rstb.2010.0268.

Boyce, J. A. et al., ‘Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Food Allergy in the United States: Summary of the NIAID-Sponsored Expert Panel Report.’ J Aller- gy Clin Immunol 126 (2010), 1105–18, doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2010.10.008.

Chessa, B. et al., ‘Revealing the history of sheep domestication using retrovirus integrations.’ Science 324 (2009), 532–36, doi:10.1126/science.1170587.

Groeneveld, L. F. et al., ‘Genetic diversity in farm animals – a review.’ AnimGenet 41

Suppl 1 (2010), 6–31, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2052.2010.02038.x.

Gerbault, P. et al., ‘Evolution of lactase persistence . . .’

Itan, Y., Powell, A., Beaumont, M.A., Burger, J. and Thomas, M.G., ‘The origins of lactase persistence in Europe.’ PLoS Comput Biol 5 (2009), e1000491, doi:10.1371/ journal.pcbi.1000491; and Gerbault, P. et al. Evolution of lactase persistence . . .’

Itan, Y., Powell, A., Beaumont, M. A., Burger, J. and Thomas, M.G., ‘The origins of lactase persistence . ..’

Ibid.

Salque, M. et al., ‘Earliest evidence for cheesemaking in the sixth millennium BC in northern Europe.’ Nature 493 (2013), 522–25,doi:10.1038/nature11698.

Gerbault, P. et al., ‘Evolution of lactase persistence . ..’

Liu, Y. P. et al., ‘Multipl ematernal origins of chickens: out of the Asian jungles.’ Mol Phylogenet Evol 38(2006), 12–19, doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.09.014.

Xiang, H. et al., ‘Early Holocene chicken domestication in northern China.’ Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 111 (2014), 17564–69,doi:10.1073/pnas.1411882111.

Giuffra, E. et al., ‘The origin of the domestic pig: independent domestication and subsequent introgression.’ Genetics 154 (2000), 1785–91.

Kim, M. Y., Van, K., Kang, Y. J., Kim, K. H. and Lee, S. H., ‘Tracing soybean do- mestication history: From nucleotide to genome.’ Breed Sci 61 (2012), 445–52, doi:10.1270/jsbbs.61.445.

Edenberg, H.J., ‘The genetics of alcohol metabolism: role of alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase variants.’ Alcohol Res Health 30 (2007), 5–13.

Exodus23:19.

Guo, J. et al., ‘Milk and dairy consumption and risk of cardiovascular diseases and all-cause mortality: dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.’ Eur

J Epidemiol 32 (2017), 269–87, doi:10.1007/s10654-017-0243-1; and Tong, X. et al., ‘Cheese Consumption and Risk of All-Cause Mortality: A Meta-Analysis of Pro- spective Studies.’ Nutrients 9 (2017), doi:10.3390/nu9010063.

Lu, L., Xun, P., Wan, Y., He, K. and Cai, W., ‘Long-term association between dairy consumption and risk of childhood obesity: a systematic review and meta-analy- sis of prospective cohort studies.’ Eur J Clin Nutr 70 (2016), 414–23, doi:10.1038/ ejcn.2015.226.

Um, C. Y., Judd, S. E., Flanders, W.D., Fedirko, V. and Bostick, R. M., ‘Associations of Calciumand Dairy Products with All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality in the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) Prospective Cohort Study.’ Nutr Cancer 69 (2017), 1185-1195, doi:10.1080/01635581.2017.136794 6.

Wilson, B., ‘Why we fell for clean eating’ Guardian Long Read, Friday 11th August 2017. www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2017/aug/11/why-we-fell-for-clean-eat- ing

Campbell, C. T. and Campbell, T.M., The China Study (Benbella Books, Paperback Edition, 2006), Chapter 1, p.12.

3. Ibid., pp. 12–13.

Appleton, B. S. and Campbell, T. C., ‘Dietary protein intervention during the post- dosing phase of aflatoxin B1-induced hepatic preneoplastic lesion development.’ J Natl Cancer Inst70 (1983),547–49.

Campbell, C.T. and Campbell, T.M., The China Study, Chapter 4, p.71.

6. Ibid., p.73.

7. Ibid., Introduction, p. 7. 8. Ibid., p. 107.

Ibid., Introduction to Part II,109–10

deniseminger.com/the-china-study/ Accessed May 6th, 2018; sciencebasedmed- icine.org/385/ Accessed May 6th, 2018; and www.cholesterol-and-health.com/Chi- na-Study.html Accessed May 6th, 2018.

O’Connor, T. P., Roebuck, B. D., Peterson, F. and Campbell, T. C., ‘Effect of dietary intake of fish oil and fish protein on the development of L-azaserine-induced pre- neoplastic lesionsin the rat pancreas.’ J Natl Cancer Inst 75 (1985), 959–62.

Schulsinger, D.A., Root, M.M. and Campbell, T.C., ‘Effect of dietary protein quality on development of aflatoxin B1-induced hepatic preneoplastic lesions.’ J Natl Can- cer Inst 81(1989),1241–45.

Esselstyn Jr., C.B., Prevent and Reverse Heart Disease: The Revolutionary, Scientifi- cally Proven, Nutrition-Based Cure. (Avery–Penguin Group First trade paperback edition, 2008).

Esselstyn Jr., C. B., Ellis, S. G., Medendorp, S. V. and Crowe, T. D., ‘Astrategy to arrest and reverse coronary artery disease: a 5-year longitudinal study of a single physi- cian’s practice.’ J Fam Pract 41 (1995),560–68.

Bouvard, V. et al. Carcinogenicity of consumption of red and processed meat. Lan- cet Oncol 16 (2015), 1599-1600, doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(15)00444-1.

www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/risk, Accessed May 6th,2018.

Bouvard,V. et al. Carcinogenicity of consumption of red and processed meat. Lancet Oncol 16 (2015), 1599-1600, doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(15)00444-1.

www.nhs.uk/Livewell/Vegetarianhealth/Pages/Vegetarianhealthqanda.aspx,Ac- cessed May 6th,2018.

www.cleanprogram.com/the-program/philosophy Accessed May 6th,2018.

www.juicebaby.co.uk/cleanse/Accessed May 6th, 2018.

rationalwiki.org/wiki/The_dose_makes_the_poisonAccessedMay6th,2018.

Isomura, T., Suzuki, S., Origasa, H., Hosono, A., Suzuki, M., Sawada, T., Terao, S., Muto, Y. and Koga, T., ‘Liver-related safety assessment of green tea extracts in hu- mans: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials.’ European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 70 (2016), 1221–29.

Edenberg, H.J., ‘The genetics of al coholmetabolism: role of alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase variants.’ Alcohol Res Health 30 (2007),5–13.

Diehl, A. M. and Day, C., ‘Cause, Pathogenesis, and Treatment of Nonalcoholic Ste- atohepatitis.’ N Engl J Med 377 (2017), 2063–72,doi:10.1056/NEJMra1503519.

Jensen, T. et al., ‘Fructose and sugar: A major mediator of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.’ J Hepatol (2018), doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2018.01.019.

Young, Robert O. and Young, S.R., Thep H Miracle: Balance your diet, reclaim your health (Warner Books, Paperback edition, 2003)

Davis, W. Wheat Belly (Harper Thorsons, UK paperback edition, 2015), Chapter 8, p.116.

Campbell, C. T. and Campbell, T. M., The China Study Accessed Benbella Books, Paperback Edition, 2006, Chapter 10, p.205.

lady.co.uk/deliciously-healthy-1AccessedMay6th,2018.

Clean Eating: The Dirty Truth BBC Horizon (January 19th, 2017), BBC2, Directed by Tristan Quinn. www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b08bhd29Accessed May 6th, 2018.

www.instagram.com/p/BPdYR6OjdHO/?utm_source=ig_embedAccessed May 6th,2018.

www.amazon.co.uk/Honestly-Healthy-your-body-alkaline/dp/1906417814/ ref=s-r_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1525623537&sr=1-1&keywords=honest- ly+healthy Accessed May 6th,2018.

Corrett, N. and Edgson, V., Honestly Healthy: Eat with your body in mind, the alka- lineway, (Jacqui Small LLP, Hardback edition,2012),p.11.

Manchester, K. L., ‘Antoine Bechamp: pèredelabiologie. Ouiounon?’ Endeavour 25 (2001), 68–73.

www.phmiracleliving.com/t-cancer-intro.aspxAccessed6May2018.

Liberti, M.V. and Locasale, J.W., ‘The Warburg Effect: How Doesit Benefit Cancer Cells’ Trends Biochem Sci 41 (2016), 211–18, doi:10.1016/j.tibs.2015.12.001.

www.telegraph.co.uk/health-fitness/body/clean-eating-became-dirty-word/Ac- cessed 6 May 2018.

www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut-criminal-trial-robert-young-ph-miracle- 2016feb03-story.html Accessed 6 May 2018.

www.sandiegouniontribune.com/communities/north-county/sd-no-phmiracle- sentence-20170628-story.html Accessed 6 May 2018.

Levinovitz, A. The Gluten Lie, and other myths about what you eat (Regan Arts, 2015); and www.elle.com/beauty/health-fitness/advice/a28122/detoxing-myth/(6 May2018).

www.elle.com/uk/life-and-culture/culture/news/a39162/fitness-insta- gram-women-highest-earner-man/ (6 May2018).

blog.influence.co/instagram-influencers/ (6 May2018).

moonjuice.com/pages/our-story (6 May2018).

goop.com/wellness/health/the-mysteries-of-the-thyroid/ Accessed 6 May2018.

www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/04/170421113306.htm Accessed 6 May2018.

www.theguardian.com/society/2018/feb/12/eating-disorders-nhs-re- ports-surge-in-hospital-admissions Accessed 6 May,2018.

www.orthorexia.com/ Accessed 6 May,2018.

McGregor, R. Orthorexia: When healthy eating goes bad (Watkins, 2017), 25–30.

Barnes, M.A. and Caltabiano, M.L., ‘The interrelationship between orthorexia nervosa, perfectionism, body image and attachment style.’ Eat Weight Disord (Mar 2017);22(1):177–84.

www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2015/sep/26/orthorexia-eating-disor- der-clean-eating-dsm-miracle-foods Accessed 6 May2018.

Turner, P.G. and Lefevre, C.E., ‘Instagram use is linked to increased symptoms of orthorexia nervosa.’ Eat Weight Disord (June 2017); 22(2): 277–84.

www.bbc.co.uk/news/blogs-ouch-29324937Accessed6May2018.

natashalipman.com/wellness-desperation-chronic-illness/Accessed6May2018.

www.theguardian.com/society/2015/mar/11/belle-gibson-book-publisher-nev- er-verified-cancer-survivor-health-claims Accessed 6 May2018.

https://www.the-pool.com/food-home/food-honestly/2018/2/angry-chef-on- what-we-can-learn-from-belle-gibson-and-the-wellness-community Accessed 6 May2018.

Murphy, K.G. and Bloom, S.R., ’Gut hormones and the regulation of energy home- ostasis.’ Nature 444 (2006), 854–59,doi:10.1038/nature05484.

Heshka, S. et al., ‘Weight loss with self-help compared with a structured com- mercial program: a randomized trial.’ JAMA 289 (2003), 1792–98, doi:10.1001/

jama.289.14.1792.

Locke, A. E. et al., ‘Genetic studies of body mass index yield new insights for obe- sity biology.’ Nature 518 (2015), 197–206,doi:10.1038/nature14177.

Loos, R. J. and Yeo, G. S., ‘The bigger picture of FTO: the first GWAS-identified obesitygene.’NatRevEndocrinol10(2014),51–61,doi:10.1038/nrendo.2013.227.

Gardner, C. D. et al., ‘Effect of Low-Fat vs Low-Carbohydrate Diet on 12-Month

Weight Loss in Overweight Adults and the Association with Genotype Pattern or Insulin Secretion: The DIETFITS Randomized Clinical Trial.’ JAMA 319 (2018), 667–79, doi:10.1001/jama.2018.0245.

Antoni, R., Johnston, K. L., Collins, A. L. and Robertson, M. D., ‘Intermittent v. continuous energy restriction: differential effects on postprandial glucose and lipid metabolism following matched weight loss in overweight/obese participants.’ Br J Nutr 119 (2018), 507–16, doi:10.1017/S0007114517003890.

Estruch, R. et al., ‘Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterra- nean diet.’ N Engl J Med 368 (2013), 1279–90, doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1200303.

Roth, G. A. et al., ‘Global and regional patterns in cardiovascular mortality from 1990 to 2013.’ Circulation 132 (2015), 1667–78, doi:10.1161/ CIRCULATIONA- HA.114.008720.

Wang, D. D. et al., ‘Association of Specific Dietary Fats with Total and Cause- Specific Mortality.’ JAMA Intern Med 176 (2016), 1134–45, doi:10.1001/ jamaint- ernmed.2016.2417.

Malhotra, A. and O’Neill, D., The Pioppi Diet: A 21-day Lifestyle Plan, (Penguin, 2017).

www.pioppiprotocol.com/book/Accessed 7 May 2018.

doctoraseem.com/ Accessed 7 May 2018; and letfatbethymedicine.com/ Accessed 7 May 2018.

www.penguin.co.uk/articles/find-your-next-read/extracts/2017/jul/the-pioppi-di- et-jerk-chicken-recipe/ Accessed 7 May2018.

www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/dash-eating-planAccessed7May2018.

Juraschek, S.P., Miller, E.R., 3rd, Weaver, C.M. and Appel, L.J., ‘Effects of Sodium Reduction and the DASH Diet in Relation to Baseline Blood Pressure.’ J Am Coll Cardiol 70 (2017), 2841–48, doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2017.10.011.

Rai, S.K. et al., ‘The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet, West- ern diet, and risk of gout in men: prospective cohort study.’ BMJ 357 (2017), j1794, doi:10.1136/bmj.j1794.

Jones, N. R. V., Forouhi, N. G., Khaw, K. T., Wareham, N. J. and Monsivais, P., ‘Ac- cordanceto the Dietary Approachesto Stop Hypertension diet pattern and cardi- ovascular disease in a British, population-based cohort.’ Eur J Epidemiol (2018), doi:10.1007/s10654-017-0354-8.

Thaler, R. and Sunstein, C., Nudge: Improving Decisions about Health, Wealth, and Happiness, (Yale University Press, 2008), p.6.

www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economic-sciences/laureates/2017/press.htm- lAccessed 7 May 2018.

Hollands, G.J. et al., ‘Portion, package or tableware size for changing selection and consumption of food, alcohol and tobacco.’ Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2015), CD011045,doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011045.pub2.

Pechey, R. et al., ‘Does wine glass size influence sales for on-site consumption? A multiple treatment reversal design.’ BMC Public Health 16 (2016), 390, doi: 10.1186/ s12889-016-3068-z.

Swift, D.L., Johannsen, N.M., Lavie, C.J., Earnest, C.P. and Church, T.S., ‘The role of exercise and physical activity in weight loss and maintenance.’ Prog Cardiovasc Dis 56(2014), 441–47, doi:10.1016/j.pcad.2013.09.012.

Finlayson, G., Bryant, E., Blundell, J.E. and King, N.A., ‘Acute compensatory eating following exercise is associated with implicit hedonic wanting for food.’ Physiol Be- hav 97 (2009), 62–67,doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2009.02.002.

www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/2563451/Michael-Phelps-the-extraordi- nary-12000-calorie-diet-that-fuels-greatest-ever-Olympian-Beijing-Olym- pics-2008. html Accessed 7 May2018.

Finlayson, G., Bryant, E., Blundell, J. E. and King, N. A., ‘Acute compensatory eating

Jakicic, J.M., Rogers, R.J., Davis, K.K. and Collins, K.A., ‘Role of Physical Activi- ty and Exercise in Treating Patients with Overweight and Obesity.’ Clin Chem 64 (2018), 99–107, doi:10.1373/clinchem.2017.272443; and Finlayson, G., Bryant, E., Blundell, J. E. and King, N. A., ‘Acute compensatory eating . . .’

King, N. A., Hopkins, M., Caudwell, P., Stubbs, R. J. and Blundell, J. E., ‘Beneficial effects of exercise: shifting the focus from body weight to other markers of health.’ BrJ Sports Med 43 (2009), 924–27, doi: 10.1136/bjsm.2009.065557.

www.dnafit.com/Accessed 7 May 2018; and https://www.nutrigenomix.com/Ac- cessed 7 May2018.

Edenberg, H.J., ‘The genetics of alcohol metabolism: role of alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase variants.’ Alcohol Res Health 30 (2007), 5–13.

Itan, Y., Powell, A., Beaumont, M.A., Burger, J. and Thomas, M.G., ‘The origins of lactase persistence in Europe.’ PLoS Comput Biol 5 (2009), e1000491, doi:10.1371/ journal.pcbi.1000491.

Montague, C.T. et al., ‘Congenital leptin deficiency is associated with severe early nset obesity in humans.’ Nature 387 (1997), 903–08, doi:10.1038/43185.

Locke, A. E. et al., ‘Genetic studies of body mass index yield new insights for obe- sity biology.’ Nature 518 (2015), 197–206, doi:10.1038/nature14177.

Montague, C.T. et al., ‘Congenital leptin deficiency is associated with severe early- onset obesity in humans.’ Nature 387 (1997), 903–08, doi:10.1038/43185.

Practice Committee of American Society for Reproductive Medicine in collabo- ration with Society for Reproductive, E. and Infertility, ‘Optimizing natural fertili- ty: a committee opinion.’ Fertil Steril 100 (2013), 631–37, doi:10.1016/j. fertnstert. 2013.07.011.

vander Klaauw, A.A. et al., ‘Divergent effects of central melanocortin signalling on fat and sucrose preference in humans.’ Nat Commun 7 (2016), 13055, doi:10.1038/ ncomms13055.

Jakicic, J. M. et al., ‘Effect of Wearable Technology Combined With a Lifestyle In- tervention on Long-term Weight Loss: The IDEA Randomized Clinical Trial.’ JAMA 316 (2016), 1161–71,doi:10.1001/jama.2016.12858.

Locke, A. E. et al., ‘Genetic studies of body mass index yield new insights for obe- sitybiology.’ Nature 518 (2015), 197–206, doi:10.1038/nature 14177; and Loos, R.J.

Genetic determinants of common obesity and their value in prediction.’ Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 26 (2012), 211-226, doi:10.1016/j.beem.2011.11.003.

Cong, L. et al., ‘Multiplex genome engineering using CRISPR / Cassystems.’ Science

339 (2013), 819–23, doi:10.1126/science. 1231143; Jinek, M. etal., ‘A programma- ble dual-RNA-guided DNA endonuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity.’ Science 337 (2012), 816–21, doi:10.1126/science.1225829; and Mali, P. et al., ‘RNA-guided human genome engineering via Cas9.’ Science 339 (2013), 823–26, doi:10.1126/ sci- ence.1232033.

Yayınlanan

8 Eylül 2023

Lisans

Lisans

Bu İnternet Sitesi içeriğinde yer alan tüm eserler (yazı, resim, görüntü, fotoğraf, video, müzik vb.) Akademisyen Kitabevine ait olup, 5846 sayılı Fikir ve Sanat Eserleri Kanunu ve 5237 sayılı Türk Ceca Kanunu kapsamında korunmaktadır. Bu hakları ihlal eden kişiler, 5846 sayılı Fikir ve Sanat eserleri Kanunu ve 5237 sayılı Türk Ceza Kanununda yer alan hukuki ve cezai yaptırımlara tabi olurlar. Yayınevi ilgili yasal yollara başvurma hakkına sahiptir.

Mevcut yayın biçimiyle ilgili ayrıntılar: PDF

PDF

ISBN-13 (15)

978-625-399-193-7

Publication date (01)

2023

Fiziksel Boyutlar