Psychological Skill Training in Sports

Abma, C. L., Fry, M. D., Yuhua, L., & Relyea, G. (2002). Differences in imagery content and imagery ability between high and low confident track and field athletes. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 14, 67-75.

Anshel, M.H. (1997). Sport psychology: From theory to practice. Scottsdale, AZ: Gorsuch Scarisbrick.

Arvinen-Barrow, M., Weigand, D.A., Hemmings, B., & Walley, M. (2008). The use of imagery across competitive levels and time of season: a cross-sectional study among synchronized skaters in Finland, European Journal of Sport Science, 8 (3): 135142, May.

Bacon, T. (1989). The planning and integration of mental training programs, Sports: Science Periodical on Research & Technology in Sport: Vol. 10 Issue 1. p. 1-8.

Bahlekeh, T., Tojari, F., Zarei A., Ashraf-Ganjooee, F., Fallah,Z. (2010). The Relationships among Role Ambiguity, Team Cohesion and Athlete Satisfaction of basketball players. Technics technologies education management, vol: 5, num: 4, p: 778-784.

Barling, J., & Abel, M. (1983), Self-efficacy beliefs and tennis performance. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 7, 265-272.

Barr, K. A., and C. R. Hall. (1992). The use of imagery by rowers. International Journal of Sport Psychology 23(3):243-261.

Beswick, B. (2010). Focused for Soccer. 2nd edition, Human Kinetics publishes, Champaign, IL.

Biçer, T. (1998). Kendi Kendine Konuşma Egzersizi, Spor Psikolojisi ders notları, Marmara Üniversitesi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Yüksekokulu, İstanbul.

Bloom, G.A., & Stevens, D.E. (2002). A team building mental skills training program with an intercollegiate equestrian team. Athletic Insight, 4, www.athleticinsight.com/Vol4Iss1/ EquestrianTeamBuilding.htm.

Blumenstein, B., & Bar-Eli, M., (2005). The road to the Olympic Games: A four-year psychological preparation program, Athletic Insight, 9, 15-28.

Brawley, L.R., Carron, A.V., & Widmeyer, W.N. (1993). The influence of the group and its cohesiveness on perceptions of group goal-related variables. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 15, 245–260.

Bray, C. D., & Whaley, D. E. (2001). Team cohesion, effort, and objective individual performance of high school basketball players. The Sport Psychologist, 15, 260 – 275.

Bruner, M. W. & Spink, K. S. (2011). Effects of team building on exercise adherence and group task satisfaction in a youth activity setting, Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, Vol. 15, No. 2, 161–172.

Burton, D. (1989). Winning isn't everything: Examining the impact of performance goals on collegiate swimmers' cognitions and performance. The Sport Psychologist, 2, 105-132.

Burton D., Naylor S., & Holliday B., (2001). Goal settings in sport. In R. N. Singer, H. A. Hausenblas, and C. M. Janelle (Eds) Handbook of sport psychology, (2. ed. Pp. 497-528) New York, John Wiley.

Callow, N., & Hardy, L. (2001). Types of imagery associated with sport confidence in netball players of varying skill levels. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 13, 1-17.

Callow, N., Hardy, L., & Hall, C. (2001). The effects of a motivational general-mastery imagery intervention on the sport confidence of high-level badminton players. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 72, 389-400.

Calmels, C., Arripe-Longueville, F. (d'), Fournier, J. F., & Soulard, A. (2003). Mental skills among elite female gymnasts: An exploration of the relative influence of mental training and natural learning experiences. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 1, 327-352.

Calmels, C., Berthoumieux, C. & D’Arripe-Longueville, F. (2004). Effects of an imagery training program on selective attention of national softball players. The Sport Psychologist, 18, 272-296.

Cara, D. & Short, S. E. (2005). Sources of sport confidence and their relationship with sport confidence in college basketball players, Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, Supp: 31, 157.

Carless, S. A. & DePaola, C. (2000). The measurement of cohesion in work teams. Small Group Research, 31, 71-88.

Carron, AV., (1984) Cohesion in sport teams. In J. M. Silva & R. S. Weinberg (eds). Psychological foundations of sport. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

Carron, A.V., Widmeyer, W.N. and Brawley, L.R. (1985). The development of an instrument to assess cohesion in sport teams: the Group Environment Questionnaire. Journal of Sport Psychology, 7, 244 - 266.

Carron, A. V., Brawley, L. R. & Widmeyer, W. N. (1997). Measurement of cohesion in sport and exercise. In J. L. Duda (Ed.), Advances in sport and exercise psychology measurement, (pp. 213-226). Morgantown, WV: Fitness Information Technology.

Crace, K. R. and Hardy, C. J. (1997). Individual values and the team building process. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, Special issue: Team building, 9, 41-60.

Carron, A.V., Brawley, L.R., & Widmeyer, W.N. (2002). The Group Environment Questionnaire test manual. Morgantown, WV: Fitness Information Technology.

Carron, A. V., Colman, M. M., Wheeler, J., & Stevens, D. (2002). Cohesion and performance in sport: A meta-analysis. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 24, 168-188.

Christensen, L. B. (2001). Experimental methodology (8th ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

Cohn, P. J., Rotella, R. J., & Lloyd, J. W. (1990). Effects of a cognitive-behavioral intervention on the preshot routine and performance in golf. The Sport Psychologist, 4, 33-47.

Cohen, S. G., Ledford, G. E., & Spreitzer, G. M. (1996). A predictive model of self-managing work team effectiveness. Human Relations, 49, 643-676.

Cogan, K. D., & Petrie, T. A. (1995). Sport consultation: An evaluation of a season-long intervention with female collegiate gymnasts. The Sport Psychologist, 9, 282 - 296.

Cox, R. H., (2007), Sport psychology: Concepts and applications, McGraw Hill International edition, Columbia.

Creswell, J. W. (2008). Research design: Qualitative and quantitative approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Crocker, P. R. E., Alderman, R. B., & Smith, F. M. R. (1988). Cognitive affective stress management training with high performance youth volleyball players: Effects on affect, cognition, and performance. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 10, 448- 460.

Cumming, J., Nordin, S. M., Horton, R. & Reynolds, S. (2006) Examining the direction of imagery and self-talk on dart-throwing performance and self efficacy, The Sport Psychologist, 20, 257-274.

Danish, S.J., Petitpas, A., & Hale, B. D. (1995). Psychological interventions: A life development model. In S.M. Murphy (Ed.), Sport psychology interventions (pp. 283-306). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

Davis, A.P. & Sime, W.E. (2005). Toward a psychophysiology of performance: sport psychology principles dealing with anxiety, International Journal of Stress Management, Vol. 12, No. 4, 363–378

Daw, J. & Burton, D. (1994). Evaluation of a comprehensive psychological skills training program for collegiate tennis players. The Sport Psychologist, 8, 37-57.

DeAngelis, T. (1995). Firefighters’ PTSD at dangerous levels. APA Monitor, February, pp. 36-37.

De Witt, D. J. (1980). Cognitive and biofeedback training for stress reduction with university athletes. Journal of Sport Psychology, 2, 288-294.

Deglau, D., Ward, P., O’Sullivan, M., & Bush, K. (2006). Professional dialogue as professional development. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 25, 413-427.

Draper, S.P., Salmela, J.H. & Durand-Bush, N. (1995). The Ottawa Mental Skills Assessment Tool: A confirmatory factor analysis. Paper presented at la Federation Europeene de la Psychologie du sport et de l’activite corporelle, Bruxelles, Belgium.

Durand-Bush, N. (1995). Validity and reliability of the Ottawa Mental Skills Assessment tool (OMSAT-3), Unpublished Master Thesis, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Canada.

Durand-Bush, N., Salmela, J. H., & Green-Demers, I. (2001). The Ottawa Mental Skills Assessment Tool (OMSAT-3*). The Sport Psychologist, 15, 1-19.

Edwards, T. & Hardy, L. (1996). The interactive effects of intensity and direction of cognitive and somatic anxiety and self-confidence upon performance. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 18, 296–312.

Edwards, D.J. & Steyn, B.J.M. (2008). Sport psychological skills training and psychological well-being, South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation, 30 (1): 15-28.

Engur, M., Tok., S., Tatar, A., (2006). Durumluluk ve surekli sportif guven envanterlerinin turkceye uyarlanması (adaptation of state and trait sport confidence scales). 9. Uluslararası Spor Bilimleri Kongresi Bildiri Kitabı, P–331, Muğla, 3–5 Kasım.

Estabrooks, P.A. & Carron, A.V. (1999). Group cohesion in older adult exercisers: prediction and intervention effects, Journal of Behavioral Medicine, Vol. 22, No. 6, 575.

Evans, L., Jones, L., & Mullen, R. (2004). An imagery intervention during the competitive season with an elite rugby union player. The Sport Psychologist, 18, 252-271.

Eys, M.A., Patterson, M.M., Loughead, T.M., & Carron, A.V. (2006). Team building in sport. In J. Duda, D. Hackfort, & R. Lidor (Eds.), Handbook of research in applied sport psychology: International perspectives (pp. 219–231). Morgantown, WV: Fitness Information Technology.

Fenker, R.M., & Lambiotte, J.G. (1987). A performance enhancement program for a college football team: One incredible season, The Sport Psychologist, 1, 224-236

Filby W. C. D., Maynard, I. W., & Graydon, J. K., (1999) The effect of goal strategies on performance outcomes in training and competition, Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 11, 230 – 246.

Fournier, JF., Calmels, C., Durand-Bush, N., & Salmela, JH. (2005). Effects of a season-long PST program on gymnastic performance and on psychological skill development. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 3, 59–77.

Fulgham, A., (2006) Implementing a psychological skills, training program in high school volleyball athletes, Department of Psychology, Sweet Briar College, Ireland.

Gardner, FL., & Moore, ZE. (2004), A Mindfulness-Acceptance-Commitment-Based Approach to Athletic Performance Enhancement: Theoretical Consideration, Behavior Therapy, 35, 707—723.

Garza, D. L., & Feltz, D.L. (1998). Effects of selected mental practice on performance, self-efficacy, and competition confidence of figure skaters. The Sports Psychologist, 12, 1-15.

Gill, D. (2000). Psychological Dynamics of Sport and Exercise, second edition, Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics.

Gipson, M., Mckenzie, T., & Lowe,S. (1989) The sport psychology program of the USA women's national volleyball team. The Sport Psychologist, 3, 330-339

Gelinas, R. & Munroe-Chandler, K. (2006). Psychological skills for successful ice hockey goaltenders, The Online Journal of Sport Psychology, vol:8, issue:2, 64-71.

Glasser, B. & Strauss, A. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. Chicago: Aldine.

Gonzalez, S. P., Metzler, N. J. & Newton, M. (2011). The Influence of a Simulated ‘Pep Talk’ on Athlete Inspiration, Situational Motivation, and Emotion, International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Vol 6, Num: 3, 445 – 454.

Gould, D., & Weinberg, R. (1995) Foundations of Sport and Exercise Psychology. Human Kinetics, p: 247-249.

Gould, D., Guinan, D., Greenleaf, C., Medberry, R., & Peterson, K. (1999). Factors affecting Olympic performance: Perceptions of athletes and coaches from more and less successful teams. The Sport Psychologist, 13, 371-394.

Gould, D. (2001). Goal setting for peak performance. In J. M. Williams (Ed), Applied Sport Psychology: Personal Growth the Peak Performance, Mountain view CA; Mayfield.

Gould, D., Greenleaf, D., Guinan, K., Dieffenbach, K. & McCann, S. (2001). Pursuing performance excellence: Lessons learned from Olympic athletes and coaches. Journal of Excellence- Issue 4.

Grandjean, B.D. & Taylor, P.A. (2002). Confidence, concentration and competitive performance of elite athletes: A natural experiment in Olympic gymnastics. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 24, 320-327.

Green, S. (1992). Effects of mental training techniques on knowledge and performance of volleyball skills. Unpublished master dissertation, University of Ottawa, Canada.

Greenspan, M., & Feltz, D. L. (1989). Psychological interventions with athletes in competitive situations: A review. The Sport Psychologist, 3, 219- 236.

Griciute, A. & Cibulskaite, R. (2010). Peculiarities of state and trait anxiety and social competence among athletes, physically active and non-athletes extramural students. Education Physical Training Sport. P: 45-52

Gucciardi, D.F., Gordon, S., & Dimmock, J.A. (2009). Evaluation of a mental toughness training program for youth-aged Australian footballers: I. A quantitative analysis. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 21, 307–323.

Hall, C. R. (2001). Imagery in Sport and Exercise. In R. N. Singer, H. A. Hausenblas, & C. M. Janelle (Eds.), Handbook of sport psychology (pp. 529-549). New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Hamstra, M. S., Burke, K. L., Joyner, B. A., & Hardy, C. H. (2004). An analysis of mental training programs’ influences on intercollegiate female athletes’ selected psychological skills: a single-subject / qualitative design, Journal of Excellence, 9, 34 -46.

Hanton, S., & Jones, G. (1999). The effects of a multimodal intervention program on performers: II. Training the butterflies to fly in formation. The Sport Psychologist, 13, 22-41.

Hanton, S., Mellalieu, S. D. & Hall, R. (2004). Self-confidence and anxiety interpretation: A qualitative investigation. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 5, 477-495.

Hanrahan, C. & Vergeer, I. (2000). Multiple uses of mental imagery by professional modern dancers. Imagination. Cognition and Personality. 20, 231-255.

Hanton, S., & Jones, G. (1999a). The acquisition and development of cognitive skills and strategies: I. Making the butterflies fly in formation. The Sport Psychologist, 13, 1–21.

Hardy, L., & Parfitt, G. (1991). A catastrophe model of anxiety and performance. British Journal of Psychology, 82, 163–178.

Hardy, L., Parfitt, G., & Pates, J. (1996). Performance catastrophes in sport: A test of the hysteresis hypothesis. Journal of Sports Sciences, 12, 327–334.

Hardy, L., Jones, G. & Gould, D. (1996). Understanding psychological preparation for sport: Theory and practice for elite performers. Chichester, England: John Wiley and Sons.

Hardy, J. (2006). Speaking clearly: a critical review of the self-talk literature. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 7, 81–97.

Hatzigeorgiadis, A., Theodorkis, Y., & Zourbanos, N. (2004). Self-talk in the swimming pool: The effects of self-talk on though content and performance on water-polo tasks. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 16,138–150

Hays, K. F. (1995). Putting sport psychology into (your) practice. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 26, 33-40.

Heuze, J.P., Raimbault, N. & Fontayne, P. (2006) Relationships between cohesion, collective efficacy and performance in professional basketball teams: An examination of mediating effects, Journal of Sports Sciences, 24(1): 59 – 68.

Hodges, J. (2003). Sports Mind. Sports mind institute for human performance research. Flaxton, Australia.

Hoigaard, R., Säfvenbom, R., & Tonnessen, F. E. (2006). The relationship between group cohesion, group norms, and perceived social loafing in soccer teams. Small Group Research, 37, 217-232.

Holm, J. E., Beckwith, B.E., Ehde, D. M., & Tinius, T. P. (1996). Cognitive-behavioral interventions for improving performance in competitive athletes: A controlled treatment outcome study. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 27, 463-475.

Horn, T.S. (2002) Advances in Sports Psychology (pp 459-493). Champaign, Ilinios; Human Kinetics.

Huck, S. W. (2004). Reading statistics and research (4th ed.). Boston: Pearson.

Hughes, S. (1990). Implementing psychological skills training in high school athletes. Journal of Sport Behavior, 13, 15-21.

Hung, T., Lin, T.C., Lee, C.L. & Chen, L.C. (2008). Provision of sport psychology services to Taiwan archery team for the 2004 Athens Olympic Games, International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 6, 308-318.

Humara, M. (2001). The relationship between anxiety and performance: a cognitive-behavioral perspective. http://www.athleticinsight.com/Vol1Iss2/Cognitive_Behavioral_Anxiety.htm.

Janelle, C.M. (2002). Anxiety, arousal and visual attention: a mechanistic account of performance variability. Journal of Sports Sciences, 20, 237–251.

Johnson, J. J. M., Hrycaiko, D. W., Johnson, G. V., & Halas, J. M. (2004). Self-talk and female youth soccer performance. The Sport Psychologist, 18, 44–59.

Jones, G., & Hanton, S. (1996). Interpretation of competitive anxiety symptoms and goal attainment expectancies. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 18, 144-157.

Jones, J. G. & Hardy, L. (1990). Stress and Performance in Sport. Chichester: Wiley.

Jones, G., Hanton, S., & Connaughton, D. (2002). What is this thing called mental toughness? An investigation of elite performers. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 14, 205–218.

Kendall, G., Hrycaiko D., Martin G. L., and Kendall, T. (1990). The effects of imagery rehearsal, relaxation, and self-talk package on basketball game performance. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 12, 157-166.

Krane, V., Joyce, D., & Rafeld, J. (1994). Competitive anxiety, situation criticality and softball performance. The Sport Psychologist, 8, 58–72.

Krane, V., & Williams, J. M. (2006). Psychological characteristics of peak performance. In J. M. Williams (Ed.), Applied sport psychology: Personal growth to peak performance (pp. 207–227). New York: McGraw-Hill.

Kremer, J., &Moran, A. (2008). Pure sport: Practical sport psychology. London:Routledge.

Landin, D., & Hebert, E. P. (1999). The influence of self-talk on the performance of skilled female tennis players. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 11, 263–282.

Levitt, J. (1980). Responses of Plants to Environmental Stresses, 2nd ed. Academic Press, New York.

Lidor, R., & Singer, R.M. (2003). Pre-performance routines in self-paced tasks: Developmental and educational considerations. In R. Lidor & K.P. Henschen (Eds.), The psychology of team sports (pp. 69-98). Morgantown, WV: Fitness Information Technology.

Locke, E., & Latham, G. (1990) The application of goal setting to sports. Journal of Sport Psychology, 7, 205-222.

MacDougall, M., Scott, D., McFarlane, G.; Leblanc, J. & Cormier, T. (2001). Using a single subject multiple baseline design to evaluate the effectiveness of a mental skills package on basketball foul shooting, vol. 4 (105-107). Proceedings of the 10th World Congress of Sport Psychology. May 28 to June 2, Skiathos Greece. Thessaloniki: Christodoulidi.

MacLeod, C. (1990). Mood disorders and cognition. In M. W. Eysenck (Ed.), Cognitive Psychology: An International Review. Wiley, Chichester.

Mahoney, M. J., Gabriel, T. J., & Perkins, T. S. (1987). Psychological skills and exceptional performance. The Sport Psychologist, 1, 181 – 199

Malouff, J. M., J. A. McGee, H. T. Halford, and S. E. Rooke. (2008). Effects of pre-competition positive imagery and self-instructions on accuracy of serving in tennis. Journal of Sport Behavior 31(3):264-275.

Martin, R. and Davids, K. (1995). The effects of group development techniques on a professional athletic team. The Journal of Social Psychology, 135, 533-535.

Martens, R., (1977). Sport Competition Anxiety test; Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Publishers.

Martens, R. (1987). Coaches guide to sport psychology. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

Martin, K.A., Moritz, S.E., & Hall, C.R. (1999) Imagery use in sport: A literature review and applied model. The Sports Psychologist, 13, 245-268.

McCarthy, P. J., Jones, M. V., Harwood, C. G., & Oliver S. (2010). What do young athletes implicitly understand about psychological skills?. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 4,158-172

Melisa, W. & Hall, C. (2008). An imagery intervention with young figure skaters, Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 30(Suppl.), p:212.

Mellalieu, S.D., Neil, R. and Hanton, S. (2006). An investigation of the mediating effects of self-confidence between anxiety intensity and direction. Research Quarterly for Sport and Exercise. 77, 263-270.

Meyers, A. W., Scheleser, R., & Okwumabua, T. M. (1982). A cognitive-behavioral intervention for improving basketball performance. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 53, 344-347.

Meyers, A. W., Whelan, J. P., & Murphy, S. M. (1996). Cognitive behavioral strategies in athletic performance enhancement. In M. Hersen, R. M. Miller, & A. S. Belack (Eds.), Handbook of behavior modification (Vol. 30, pp. 137 – 164). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.

Miller, J.T. & McAuley, E. (1987). Effects of a goal-setting training program on basketball free-throw self-efficacy and performance, The Sport Psychologist, 1(2), 103 - 113.

Miller, P. S. and Kerr, G. A. (2002) Conceptualizing excellence: Past, present, and future, Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 14:3, 140-153

Mills, D.B. (1997). Sport confidence and goal orientation in high school and college track athletes, Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Iowa.

Moran, A. (2003) Improving concentration skills in sport in team-sport performers. Focusing techniques for soccer players, In R. Lidor & K. Henschen (eds) The Psychology of Team Sports (pp 161 - 190) Morgantown, WV.

Morgan, T. K. (2006). A Season-Long Mental Skills Training Program for Collegiate Volleyball Players, Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Tennessee.

Morris, T.M. & Summers, J. (1995). Sport Psychology: Theory, applications and issues. Milton: John Wiley & Sons.

Morris, T, Spittle, M, & Watt, A. (2005) Imagery in sport. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

Mumford, B. & Hall, C. (1985). The effects of internal and external imagery on performing figures in figure skating. Canadian Journal of Applied Sport Sciences, 10, 171-177.

Munroe, K.J., Giacobbi, P., Hall, C.R., & Weinberg, R.S. (2000). The 4 W’s of imagery use: Where, when, why and what. The Sport Psychologist, 14, 119-137.

Murphy, S.M., & Martin, K.A. (2002). The use of imagery in sport. In T. Horn (Ed.), Advances in sport psychology (2nd ed., pp. 405-439). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

Navaneethan B. & Rajan S. (2010). Effect of progressive muscle relaxation training on competitive anxiety of male inter collegiate volleyball players,

Neil, R., Mellalieu, SD., & Hanton, S., (2006) Psychological skills usage and the competitive anxiety response as a function of skill level in rugby union, Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 5, 415-423.

Newin J., Bloom, G. A. & Loughead, T. M. (2008). Youth Ice Hockey Coaches’ Perceptions of a Team-Building Intervention Program, The Sport Psychologist, 22, 54-72

Nideffer, R.M. (1985). Athlete’s guide to mental training. Champaign: Human Kinetics.

Nideffer, R. M., & Sagal, M. (2006). Concentration and attention control training. In J. M. Williams (Ed.), Applied sport psychology: Personal growth to peak performance (pp. 382–403). New York: McGraw-Hill.

Orlick, T. (1992). In pursuit of excellence. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

Orlick T. & Partington J. (1988). Mental skills to excellence. The Sport Psychologist, 2, 105-130.

Orlick T. & McCaffrey, N. (1991). Mental training with children sport life. The Sport Psychologist, 5, 322-334.

Öcel, H. (2002). Takım sporu yapan oyuncuların kollektif yeterlik, öz yeterlik ve sargınlık ile başarı algı ve beklentisi arasındaki ilişkiler. Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi. Hacetepe Üniversitesi. Ankara.

Öner N. & Le Compte, A. (1983). Durumluk-Sürekli Kaygı envanteri, Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Matbaası, İstanbul

Paiva, M. (2006). An examination of the relationship between mental skills training and bowling performance. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Capella.

Parker, AC, (1996). Applied sport psychology consultation and research: Psychological skill training with collegiate swimmers, Unpublished doctoral dissertation, State University of New York.

Patterson, M.M., Carron, A.V. & Loughead, T.M. (2005). The influence of team norms on the cohesion–self-reported performance relationship: a multi-level analysis, Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 6, 479–493.

Perkos, S., Theodorakis, Y., & Chroni, S. (2002). Enhancing performance and skill acquisition in novice basketball players with instructional self-talk. The Sport Psychologist, 16, 368–383.

Pierce, B.E., & Burton, D. (1998). Scoring the perfect 10: Investigation the impact of goal setting styles on a goal setting program for female gymnasts. The Sports Psychologist, 12, 156-168.

Poland, R. J. (2007). The influence of a mental skills training program on competitive anxiety, Unpublished master thesis, Defiance College.

Prapavessis, H, & Carron, AV., (1996) Cohesion and work output. Small Group Research, 28, 294-301.

Ravizza, K. (2001). Increasing awareness for sport performance. J.M. Williams (Ed.), Applied sport psychology: personal growth to peak performance (4th ed.), Mayfield, Mountain View, CA (2001), pp. 179–18

Ritz, N., (2012). The effects of mental preparation for distance runners, Marathon & Beyond, Vol: 2, p: 120-130.

Rodgers, W., Hall, C., & Buckolz, E. (1991). The effect of an imagery program on imagery ability, imagery use, and figure skating performance. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 3, 109-125.

Romero, K., & Silvestri, L. (1990). The rote of mental practice in the acquisition and performance of motor skills. Journal of Instructional Psychology, 17, 218-221.

Rovio, E., Eskola, J., Kozub, Z. A., Duda, J.L. & Lintunen, T. (2009). Can high group cohesion be harmful? A case study of a junior ice-hockey team, Small Group Research, Volume 40 Number 4, 421-435.

Ruder, MK., & Gill, D. L., (1982), Immediate effects of win-loss perceptions of cohesion in intramural and intercollegiate volleyball teams. Journal of Sport Psychology, 4, 227-234.

Ryska, AT., & Cooley, D., (1999) Developing Team Cohesion: A comparison of Cognitive-Bahavioral Strategies of U.S. and Australian Sport Coaches, The Journal of Psychology, 133 (5), 523-539.

Sanchez, X. & Lesyk, J.L. (2001). Mental skills training using the “nine mental skills of successful athletes” model, vol. 4 (85-86). Proceedings of the 10th World Congress of Sport Psychology. May 28 to June 2, Skiathos Greece. Thessaloniki: Christodoulidi.

Sarason, I.G., Sarason, B.R. & Pierce, G.R. (1990). Social support, personality and performance. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology. 2 (2), 117-127.

Savoy, C., & Beitel, P. (1997). The relative effect of a group and group / individualized program on state anxiety and state self-confidence. Journal of Sport Behavior, 20. Retrieved February 26, 2012, from http://search.epnet.com.proxy.ohiolink.edu:9099/login.Aspx?direct=true&db=aph&an =9710272603.

Schultz JH. & Luthe W., (1969), Autogenic Therapy, Vol:1 Autogenic methods,New York: Grune Stratton.

Seabourne, T. G., Weinberg, R. S., Jackson, A., & Suinn, R. M. (1985). Effect of individualized, nonindividualized, and package intervention strategies on karate performance. Journal of Sport Psychology, 7, 40–50.

Segal, Z. V., Williams, J. M. G., & Teasdale, J. D. (2002). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression. New York: The Guilford Press.

Seligman, M. E. P., (2002). Authentic Happiness: Using the New Positive Psychology to Realize your Potential for Lasting Fulfillment, New York, Free Press.

Senécal, J., Loughead, T.M. & Bloom, G. A. (2008). A season-long team-building intervention: examining the effect of team goal setting on cohesion, Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 2008, 30, 186-199.

Shaffer, S. M., Wiese-Bjornstal, D. M. (1991) Psychosocial intervention strategies in sports medicine. In: Ray R, Wiese- Bjornstal DM, eds. Counseling in sports medicine. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 1999: 41–54.

Shaw, D., Gorely, T., & Corban, R. (2005). Sport and exercise psychology. Abingdon: Garland Science/BIOS.

Sheard, M., & Golby, J. (2006). Effect of a psychological skills training program on swimming performance and positive psychological development. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 4, 149–169.

Short, S. E., Bruggeman, J. M., Engel, S. G., Marback, T. L. Wang, L. J., et al. (2002). The effect of imagery function and imagery direction on self-efficacy and performance on a golf-putting task. The Sport Psychologist, 16, 48-67.

Silva, J.M. & Stevens, D.E. (2002). Psychological Foundations of Sport, Allyn & Bacon, Boston; USA.

Singer, R. N., Murphy, M., & Tennant, L. K. (1993). Epilouge. In R. N. Singer, M. Murphy, M., & L. K. Tennant (Eds.) Handbook of research in sport psychology (pp. 933-938). New York: McMillan.

Solin, E. (1991). Mental training in the Swedish school systems. Presented at the First World Congress on Mental Training, University of Orebro, Sweden.

Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L. & Lushene, R. E. (1970). S.T.A.I. Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Palo Alto, CA : Consulting Psychologists’ Press.

Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., Lushene, R., Vagg, P. R., & Jacobs, G. A. (1983). Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.

Stevens, D.E., & Bloom, G.A. (2003). The effect of team building on cohesion. Avante, 9, 43–54.

Sullivan, J., & Hodge, KP., (1991). A survey of coaches and athletes about sport psychology in New Zealand, The Sport Psychologist, 5,140-151.

Suss, K. U. (1999). An evaluation of the influence of psychological skill training on the self-esteem of adolescent female golfers, Unpublished Master Thesis, Masters in Art, Prescott College.

Tenenbaum, G., & Eklund, R. C. (Eds.). (2007). Handbook of sport psychology (3rd ed.). New York: John Wiley.

Thelwell, R.C. & Greenlees, I.A. (2001). The effects of a mental skills training package on gymnasium triathlon performance. The Sports Psychologist, 15, 127-141.

Thelwell, R., Lane, A. M., Weston, N.J.V. and Greenlees, I.A. (2008) Examining relationships between emotional intelligence and coaching efficacy. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 6, 224-235.

Thomas, J. R., & Nelson, J. K. (2001). Research methods in physical activity (4th ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

Tynes, L.L., & McFatter, R.M. (1987). The efficacy of “psyching” strategies on a weightlifting task. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 11, 327-336.

Vallee, C. N., & Bloom, G. A. (2005). Building a successful university program: Key and common elements of expert coaches. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, v:17, p: 179-196.

Vallerand, R. J., & Reid, G. (1988). On the relative effects of positive and negative verbal feedback on males and females’ intrinsic motivation. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 20, 239–250.

Vancampfort, D., De Hert, M., Knapen, J., Maurissen, M., Raepsaet, J., Deckx, S., et al. (2011). Effects of progressive muscle relaxation on state anxiety and subjective well-being in people with schizophrenia: A randomized controlled trial. Clinical Rehabilitation, 25(6), 567–575.

Van Raalte, JL., Brewer, BW., Rivera, PM. & Petitpas, AJ.. (1994). The relationship between observable self-talk and competitive junior tennis players’ match performances. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology 16(4):400-415.

Vazne, Z., (2008). Srtucture of the factors of psychological and physical condition in youth basketball. 2-nd International scientific conference. Current Issues and New Ideas in Sport Science. Abstracts. Lithuania, Kaunas, 149-151.

Vealey, R.S. (1988). Future directions in psychological skills training. The Sport Psychologist, 2, 318-336.

Vealey, R. S. (1994). Current status and prominent issues in sport psychology interventions. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 26, 495-502.

Vealey, R. S., Hayashi, S. W., Garner-Holman, M., & Giacobbi, P. (1998). Sources of sport-confidence: Conceptualization and instrument development. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 20, 54– 80.

Vealey, R. S. 2005. Coaching for the Inner Edge. Morgantown, WV: Fitness Information Technology.

Vealey, R. (2007). Mental skills training in sport. In G. Tenenbaum & R. Eklund (Eds.), Handbook of sport psychology (3rd ed., pp. 287–309). Chichester: John Wiley and Sons.

Voight, M., & Callaghan, J. (2001). A team building intervention program: Application and evaluation with two university soccer teams. Journal of Sport Behavior, 24, 420–431.

Wadey, R. & Hanton, S. (2008). Basic Psychological Skills Usage and Competitive Anxiety Responses: Perceived Underlying Mechanisms, Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, Vol. 79, No. 3, pp. 363–373.

Wann, D. L., (1997). Sport Psychology, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Wann D., Church B., (1998) A Method for enhancing the psychological skills of track and field athletes, Murray State University.

Weinberg, R. S., & Comar, W. (1994). The effectiveness of psychological interventions in competitive sport. Sports Medicine, 18, 406.418.

Weinberg R.S. & Gould, D. (2007). Foundations of sport and exercise psychology. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

Weinberg R. S., Butt, J. & Knight, B. (2001). High schools coaches’ perceptions of the process of goal setting, The Sport Psychologist, 15, 20-47.

Weinberg, R.S., & Williams, J.M. (2001). Integrating and implementing a psychological skills training program. In J. M. Williams (Ed.), Applied sport psychology: Personal growth to peak performance (4th ed., pp.347-377). Mountain View, CA: Mayfield Publishing.

Weinberg, R., Butt, J., Knight, B, & Perritt, N. (2001). Collegiate coaches’ perceptions of their goal-setting practices: A qualitative investigation. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 13, 374-398.

Weiss, R. M. (1991). Psychological skill development in children and adolescents, The Sport Psychologist, 5, 335-354.

Wellins, R. S., Byham, W. C., Dixon, G., (1994). Inside teams: How 20 world-class organizations are winning through teamwork. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

Whelan, J.P., Mahoney, M.J., & Meyers, A.W. (1991). Performance enhancement in sport: A cognitive behavioral domain. Behavior Therapy, 22, 307-327.

Williams, J. M., & Widmeyer, W. N. (1991). The cohesion-performance outcome relationship in a coaching sport. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 13, 364-371.

Wisner, P. S., & Feist, H. A. (2001). Does teaming pay off ? Strategic Finance, 82, 58-64.

Woodman, T., & Hardy, L. (2001). Stress and anxiety. In R. Singer, H. A. Hausenblas, & C. M. Janelle (Eds.), Handbook of research on sport psychology (pp. 290–318). New York: Wiley.

Yan Lan, L. & Gill, D. L. (1984). The relationships among self-efficacy, stress responses and a cognitive feedback manipulation, Journal of Sport Psychology, 6, 227 – 238.

Yukelson, D. (2001). Communicating effectively. In J. M. Williams (Ed.) Applied Sport Psychology: Personal Growth to peak performance (4th ed., pp: 135-149) CA: Mayfield.

Zander, A. (1975). Motivation and performance of sports groups. In D. M. Landers, (Ed.), Psychology of sport and motor behavior II. (pp. 145-159). University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.

Ziegler, S. G., Klinzing, J., & Williamson K. (1982). The effects of two stress management training programs on cardio respiratory efficiency. Journal of Sport Psychology, 4, 280-289.

Zinsser, N., Bunker, L. & Williams, J. M. (1999) Cognitive techniques for building confidence and enhancing performance. In Williams, J. M. (1998) Applied Sport Psychology: Personal growth to peak performance (3rd ed.). Mountain View, CA: Mayfield.