Acil Serviste Efor Testi Endikasyonları, Yapılışı ve Yorumlanması
Özet
Acil tıbbi hastalıkların tanı ve tedavisinde geleneksel tekniklerin yerini alan POCUS’un doğruluğunu gösteren çok sayıda kanıt vardır ve kullanımı her geçen gün hızla artmaktadır. Fizik muayenenin bir uzantısı olarak tanıyı doğrulamak için bir araç olarak düşünülmelidir. Kardiyak, akciğer ve batın ultrasonu; kritik hastalara bakan doktorların becerilerinin bir parçası olmalıdır. POCUS bulgularının tanı ve tedavi üzerindeki etkisi klinisyenin deneyimine bağlıdır. Bu alandaki gelişmeleri aktif olarak takip etmeli hastalara mümkün olan en iyi bakımı sağlamak için ilgili topluluklar ile eğitim ve öğretim müfredatını geliştirmeye çalışmalıyız.
Referanslar
Navare SM, Mather JF, Shaw LJ, et al. Comparison of risk stratification with pharmacologic and exercise stress myocardial perfusion imaging: a meta-analysis. J Nucl Cardiol 2004; 11:551.
Myers J, Prakash M, Froelicher V, et al. Exercise capacity and mortality among men referred for exercise testing. N Engl J Med 2002; 346:793.
Goraya TY, Jacobsen SJ, Pellikka PA, et al. Prognostic value of treadmill exercise testing in elderly persons. Ann Intern Med 2000; 132:862.
Spin JM, Prakash M, Froelicher VF, et al. The prognostic value of exercise testing in elderly men. Am J Med 2002; 112:453.
Kennedy JW, Cobb LA, Samson WE (10 May 2005). "Robert Arthur Bruce, MD: 1916–2004". Circulation. 111 (18): 2410–2411. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000164274.41137.75. PMID 16389672
Bruce, RA (December 1971). "Exercise testing of patients with coronary heart disease. Principles and normal standards for evaluation". Annals of Clinical Research. 3 (6): 323–32. PMID 5156892
Sheffield, L.Thomas; Roitman, David (July 1976). "Stress testing methodology". Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases. 19 (1): 33–49. doi:10.1016/0033-0620(76)90007-4. PMID 785541
Kelly, Jacob P.; Andonian, Brian J.; Patel, Mahesh J.; Huang, Zhen; Shaw, Linda K.; McGarrah, Robert W.; Borges-Neto, Salvador; Velazquez, Eric J.; Kraus, William E. (April 2019). "Trends in Cardiorespiratory Fitness: The Evolution of Exercise Treadmill Testing at a Single Academic Medical Center from 1970 to 2012". American Heart Journal. 210: 88–97. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2019.01.001. PMC 6441626. PMID 30743212
Mark DB, Hlatky MA, Harrell FE Jr, et al. Exercise treadmill score for predicting prognosis in coronary artery disease. Ann Intern Med 1987; 106:793.
Morrow K, Morris CK, Froelicher VF, et al. Prediction of cardiovascular death in men undergoing noninvasive evaluation for coronary artery disease. Ann Intern Med 1993; 118:689.
Lauer MS, Pothier CE, Magid DJ, et al. An externally validated model for predicting long-term survival after exercise treadmill testing in patients with suspected coronary artery disease and a normal electrocardiogram. Ann Intern Med 2007; 147:821.
Gauri AJ, Raxwal VK, Roux L, et al. Effects of chronotropic incompetence and beta-blocker use on the exercise treadmill test in men. Am Heart J 2001; 142:136.
Gerstenblith G, Lakatta EG, Weisfeldt ML. Age changes in myocardial function and exercise response. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1976; 19:1.
Tanaka H, Monahan KD, Seals DR. Age-predicted maximal heart rate revisited. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001; 37:153.
Hlatky MA, Pryor DB, Harrell FE Jr, et al. Factors affecting sensitivity and specificity of exercise electrocardiography. Multivariable analysis. Am J Med 1984; 77:64.
Bruce RA, Kusumi F, Hosmer D. Maximal oxygen intake and nomographic assessment of functional aerobic impairment in cardiovascular disease. Am Heart J 1973; 85:546.
Naughton, J, Sevellus, et al. Physiologic responses of normal and pathologic subjects to a modified work capacity test. J Sports Med 1963; 31:201.
Skalski J, Allison TG, Miller TD. The safety of cardiopulmonary exercise testing in a population with high-risk cardiovascular diseases. Circulation 2012; 126:2465.
Herbert WG, Dubach P, Lehmann KG, Froelicher VF. Effect of beta-blockade on the interpretation of the exercise ECG: ST level versus delta ST/HR index. Am Heart J 1991; 122:993.
Gauri AJ, Raxwal VK, Roux L, et al. Effects of chronotropic incompetence and beta-blocker use on the exercise treadmill test in men. Am Heart J 2001; 142:136.
Gerstenblith G, Lakatta EG, Weisfeldt ML. Age changes in myocardial function and exercise response. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1976; 19:1.
Frolkis JP, Pothier CE, Blackstone EH, Lauer MS. Frequent ventricular ectopy after exercise as a predictor of death. N Engl J Med 2003; 348:781.
Fletcher GF, Balady GJ, Amsterdam EA, et al. Exercise standards for testing and training: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2001; 104:1694.
Referanslar
Navare SM, Mather JF, Shaw LJ, et al. Comparison of risk stratification with pharmacologic and exercise stress myocardial perfusion imaging: a meta-analysis. J Nucl Cardiol 2004; 11:551.
Myers J, Prakash M, Froelicher V, et al. Exercise capacity and mortality among men referred for exercise testing. N Engl J Med 2002; 346:793.
Goraya TY, Jacobsen SJ, Pellikka PA, et al. Prognostic value of treadmill exercise testing in elderly persons. Ann Intern Med 2000; 132:862.
Spin JM, Prakash M, Froelicher VF, et al. The prognostic value of exercise testing in elderly men. Am J Med 2002; 112:453.
Kennedy JW, Cobb LA, Samson WE (10 May 2005). "Robert Arthur Bruce, MD: 1916–2004". Circulation. 111 (18): 2410–2411. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000164274.41137.75. PMID 16389672
Bruce, RA (December 1971). "Exercise testing of patients with coronary heart disease. Principles and normal standards for evaluation". Annals of Clinical Research. 3 (6): 323–32. PMID 5156892
Sheffield, L.Thomas; Roitman, David (July 1976). "Stress testing methodology". Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases. 19 (1): 33–49. doi:10.1016/0033-0620(76)90007-4. PMID 785541
Kelly, Jacob P.; Andonian, Brian J.; Patel, Mahesh J.; Huang, Zhen; Shaw, Linda K.; McGarrah, Robert W.; Borges-Neto, Salvador; Velazquez, Eric J.; Kraus, William E. (April 2019). "Trends in Cardiorespiratory Fitness: The Evolution of Exercise Treadmill Testing at a Single Academic Medical Center from 1970 to 2012". American Heart Journal. 210: 88–97. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2019.01.001. PMC 6441626. PMID 30743212
Mark DB, Hlatky MA, Harrell FE Jr, et al. Exercise treadmill score for predicting prognosis in coronary artery disease. Ann Intern Med 1987; 106:793.
Morrow K, Morris CK, Froelicher VF, et al. Prediction of cardiovascular death in men undergoing noninvasive evaluation for coronary artery disease. Ann Intern Med 1993; 118:689.
Lauer MS, Pothier CE, Magid DJ, et al. An externally validated model for predicting long-term survival after exercise treadmill testing in patients with suspected coronary artery disease and a normal electrocardiogram. Ann Intern Med 2007; 147:821.
Gauri AJ, Raxwal VK, Roux L, et al. Effects of chronotropic incompetence and beta-blocker use on the exercise treadmill test in men. Am Heart J 2001; 142:136.
Gerstenblith G, Lakatta EG, Weisfeldt ML. Age changes in myocardial function and exercise response. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1976; 19:1.
Tanaka H, Monahan KD, Seals DR. Age-predicted maximal heart rate revisited. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001; 37:153.
Hlatky MA, Pryor DB, Harrell FE Jr, et al. Factors affecting sensitivity and specificity of exercise electrocardiography. Multivariable analysis. Am J Med 1984; 77:64.
Bruce RA, Kusumi F, Hosmer D. Maximal oxygen intake and nomographic assessment of functional aerobic impairment in cardiovascular disease. Am Heart J 1973; 85:546.
Naughton, J, Sevellus, et al. Physiologic responses of normal and pathologic subjects to a modified work capacity test. J Sports Med 1963; 31:201.
Skalski J, Allison TG, Miller TD. The safety of cardiopulmonary exercise testing in a population with high-risk cardiovascular diseases. Circulation 2012; 126:2465.
Herbert WG, Dubach P, Lehmann KG, Froelicher VF. Effect of beta-blockade on the interpretation of the exercise ECG: ST level versus delta ST/HR index. Am Heart J 1991; 122:993.
Gauri AJ, Raxwal VK, Roux L, et al. Effects of chronotropic incompetence and beta-blocker use on the exercise treadmill test in men. Am Heart J 2001; 142:136.
Gerstenblith G, Lakatta EG, Weisfeldt ML. Age changes in myocardial function and exercise response. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1976; 19:1.
Frolkis JP, Pothier CE, Blackstone EH, Lauer MS. Frequent ventricular ectopy after exercise as a predictor of death. N Engl J Med 2003; 348:781.
Fletcher GF, Balady GJ, Amsterdam EA, et al. Exercise standards for testing and training: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2001; 104:1694.
