Kalp Yetmezliği ve Akut Akciğer Ödemi
Özet
Kalp yetmezliği kalbin yapısal veya işlevsel bozukluğundan kaynaklanır. En yaygın nedenleri ise; koroner arter hastalığı, hipertansiyon, kapak hastalıkları, aritmiler, kardiyomyopatiler, konjenital kalp hastalıkları, enfeksiyonlar, infiltratif hastalıklar, nöromusküler hastalıklar ve metabolik hastalıklardır. İlk tanı konulduktan sonra ortalama olarak her yıl bir kez hastaneye yatmaktadırlar. Hastaneye yatışların çoğunluğunu kardiyovasküler dışı nedenler oluşturmaktadır. Miyokard enfarktüsü, arteriyel hipertansiyon, koroner arter hastalığı, diabetes mellitus, alkol kötüye kullanımı, kronik böbrek hastalığı, kardiyotoksik kemoterapi öyküsü olan hastalarda ve ailesinde kardiyomyopati veya ani ölüm öyküsü olanlarda kronik kalp yetmezliği tanısı daha olasıdır. Akut pulmoner ödem akciğer tıkanıklığı ile ilgilidir. Eğer endike ise üç tedaviye başlanmalıdır. İlk olarak, sürekli pozitif hava yolu basıncı, non-invaziv pozitif basınçlı ventilasyon veya yüksek akışlı nazal kanül şeklinde oksijen başlanmalıdır. İkinci olarak, IV diüretikler uygulanmalıdır ve üçüncü olarak, sistolik kan basıncı yüksekse, sol ventrikül art yükünü azaltmak için IV vazodilatörler verilebilir.
Referanslar
Theresa A. McDonagh, Marco Metra, Marianna Adamo, et. al. European Heart Journal (2021) 42, 3599-3726
Galderisi M, Cosyns B, Edvardsen T, et. al., EACVI Scientific Documents Committee Standardization of adult transthoracic echocardiography reporting in agreement with recent chamber quantification, diastolic function, and heart valve disease recommendations: an expert consensus document of the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2017;18:1301-1310.
Arrigo M, Huber LC, Winnik S, et. al. Right ventricular failure: pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment Card Fail Rev 2019;5:140-146.
Gorter TM, van Veldhuisen DJ, Bauersachs J, et. al. Right heart dysfunction and failure in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: mechanisms and management. Position statement on behalf of the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur J Heart Fail 2018;20:16-37.
Caraballo C, Desai NR, Mulder H, et. al. Clinical implications of the New York Heart Association classification. J Am Heart Assoc 2019;8:e014240.
Solomon SD, Claggett B, Packer M, et. al. Efficacy of sacubitril/valsartan relative to a prior decompensation: the PARADIGM-HF trial. JACC Heart Fail 2016;4:816-822.
Conrad N, Judge A, Tran J, et. al. Temporal trends and patterns in heart failure incidence: a population-based study of 4 million individuals. Lancet 2018;391:572-580.
Dunlay SM, Roger VL. Understanding the epidemic of heart failure: past, present, and future. Curr Heart Fail Rep 2014;11:404-415.
Roth GA, Forouzanfar MH, Moran AE, et. al. Demographic and epidemiologic drivers of global car- diovascular mortality. N Engl J Med 2015;372:1333-1341.
Savarese G, Lund LH. Global public health burden of heart failure. Card Fail Rev 2017;3:7-11.
Meyer S, Brouwers FP, Voors AA, et. al. Sex differences in new-onset heart failure. Clin Res Cardiol 2015;104:342-350.
Brouwers FP, de Boer RA, van der Harst P, et. al. Incidence and epidemiology of new onset heart failure with preserved vs. reduced ejection fraction in a community-based cohort: 11-year follow-up of PREVEND. Eur Heart J 2013;34:1424-1431
GBD 2017 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a system- atic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet 2018;392:1789-1858.
Roger VL. Epidemiology of heart failure. Circ Res 2013;113:646-659.
Mosterd A, Hoes AW. Clinical epidemiology of heart failure. Heart 2007;93:1137-1146.
Smeets M, Vaes B, Mamouris P, et. al. Burden of heart failure in Flemish general practices: a registry-based study in the Intego database. BMJ Open 2019;9:e022972.
Virani SS, Alonso A, Benjamin EJ, et. al. American Heart Association Council on Epidemiology and Prevention Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Heart disease and stroke statistics—2020 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2020;141:e139-e596.
van Riet EE, Hoes AW, Limburg A, et. al. Prevalence of unrecognized heart failure in older persons with shortness of breath on exertion. Eur J Heart Fail 2014;16:772-777.
van Riet EE, Hoes AW, Wagenaar KP, et. al. Epidemiology of heart failure: the prevalence of heart failure and ventricular dysfunction in older adults over time. A systematic review. Eur J Heart Fail 2016;18:242-252.
Benjamin EJ, Virani SS, Callaway CW, et. al. American Heart Association Council on Epidemiology and Prevention Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2018 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2018;137:e67-e492.
Ceia F, Fonseca C, Mota T, et. al. EPICA Investigators. Prevalence of chronic heart failure in Southwestern Europe: the EPICA study. Eur J Heart Fail 2002;4:531-539.
Bibbins-Domingo K, Pletcher MJ, Lin F, et. al. Racial differences in incident heart failure among young adults. N Engl J Med 2009;360:1179-1190.
Bleumink GS, Knetsch AM, Sturkenboom MC, et. al. Quantifying the heart failure epidemic: prevalence, incidence rate, lifetime risk and prognosis of heart failure The Rotterdam Study. Eur Heart J 2004;25:1614-1619.
Koh AS, Tay WT, Teng THK, et. al. A comprehensive population-based characterization of heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction. Eur J Heart Fail 2017;19:1624-1634
Chioncel O, Lainscak M, Seferovic PM, et. al. Epidemiology and one-year outcomes in patients with chronic heart failure and preserved, mid-range and reduced ejection fraction: an analysis of the ESC Heart Failure Long-Term Registry. Eur J Heart Fail 2017;19:1574-1585
Shah RU, Klein L, Lloyd-Jones DM. Heart failure in women: epidemiology, biology and treatment. Womens Health (Lond) 2009;5:517-527.
Roger VL, Weston SA, Redfield MM, et. al. Trends in heart failure incidence and survival in a community-basedpopulation. JAMA 2004;292:344-350.
Vedin O, Lam CSP, Koh AS, et. al. Significance of ischemic heart disease in patients with heart failure and preserved, midrange, and reduced ejection fraction: a nation-wide cohort study. Circ Heart Fail 2017;10:e003875.
Kapoor JR, Kapoor R, Ju C, et. al. Precipitating clinical factors, heart failure characterization, and outcomes in patients hospitalized with heart failure with reduced, borderline, and preserved ejection fraction. JACC Heart Fail 2016;4:464-472.
Heiat A, Gross CP, Krumholz HM. Representation of the elderly, women, and minorities in heart failure clinical trials. Arch Intern Med 2002;162:1682-1688.
Motiejunaite J, Akiyama E, Cohen-Solal A, et. al. The association of long-term outcome and biological sex in patients with acute heart failure from different geographic regions. Eur Heart J 2020;41:1357-1364.
Dunlay SM, Roger VL, Weston SA, et. al. Longitudinal changes in ejection fraction in heart failure patients with preserved and reduced ejection fraction. Circ Heart Fail 2012;5:720-726.
Clarke CL, Grunwald GK, Allen LA, et. al. Natural history of left ventricular ejection fraction in patients with heart failure. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2013;6:680-686.
Tsuji K, Sakata Y, Nochioka K, et. al. CHART-2 Investigators Characterization of heart failure patients with mid-range left ventricular ejection fractiona report from the CHART-2 Study Eur J Heart Fail 2017;19:1258-1269.
Rastogi A, Novak E, Platts AE, et. al. Epidemiology, pathophysiology and clinical outcomes for heart failure patients with a mid-range ejection fraction. Eur J Heart Fail 2017;19:1597-1605.
Lupon J, Gavidia-Bovadilla G, Ferrer E, et.al. Dynamic trajectories of left ventricular ejection fraction in heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2018;72:591-601.
Barasa A, Schaufelberger M, Lappas G, et. al. Heart failure in young adults: 20-year trends in hospitalization, aetiology, and case fatality in Sweden Eur Heart J 2014;35:25-32.
Gerber Y, Weston SA, Redfield MM, et. al. A contemporary appraisal of the heart failure epidemic in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 2000 to 2010. JAMA Intern Med 2015;175:996-1004.
Lawson CA, Zaccardi F, Squire I, et. al. 20-year trends in cause-specific heart failure outcomes by sex, socioeconomic status, and place of diagnosis: a population-based study. Lancet Public Health 2019;4:e406-e420.
Al-Mohammad A, Mant J, Laramee P, et. al. Chronic Heart Failure Guideline Development Group Diagnosis and management of adults with chronic heart failure: summary of updated NICE guidance. BMJ 2010;341:c4130.
Mant J, Doust J, Roalfe A, et. al. Systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis of diagnosis of heart failure, with modelling of implications of different diagnostic strategies in primary care. Health Technol Assess 2009;13:1-207, iii.
Davie AP, Francis CM, Caruana L, et. al. Assessing diagnosis in heart failure: which features are any use? QJM 1997;90:335-339.
Oudejans I, Mosterd A, Bloemen JA, et. al. Clinical evaluation of geriatric outpatients with suspected heart failure: value of symptoms, signs, and additional tests. Eur J Heart Fail 2011;13:518-527.
Kelder JC, Cramer MJ, van Wijngaarden J, et. al. The diagnostic value of physical examination and additional testing in primary care patients with suspected heart failure. Circulation 2011;124:2865-2873.
Gohar A, Rutten FH, den Ruijter H, et. al. Mid-regional pro-atrial natriuretic peptide for the early detection of non-acute heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 2019;21:1219-1227.
Hildebrandt P, Collinson PO. Amino-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide testing to assist the diagnostic evaluation of heart failure in symptomatic primary care patients. Am J Cardiol 2008;101:25-28.
Maisel A, Mueller C, Adams K, et. al. State of the art: using natriuretic peptide levels in clinical practice. Eur J Heart Fail 2008;10:824-839
Lancellotti P, Galderisi M, Edvardsen T, et. al. Echo-Doppler estimation of left ventricular filling pressure: results of the multi- centre EACVI Euro-Filling study. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2017;18:961-968.
Nieminen MS, Brutsaert D, Dickstein K, et. al. EuroHeart Survey Investigators, Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology. EuroHeart Failure Survey II (EHFS II): a survey on hospi- talized acute heart failure patients: description of population. Eur Heart J 2006;27:2725-2736.
Peacock WF, Hollander JE, Diercks DB, et. al. Morphine and outcomes in acute decompensated heart failure: an ADHERE analysis. Emerg Med J 2008;25:205-209.
Gil V, Dominguez-Rodriguez A, Masip J, et. al. Morphine use in the treatment of acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema and its effects on patient outcome: a systematic review. Curr Heart Fail Rep 2019;16:81-88.
Miro O, Gil V, Martin-Sanchez FJ, et. al. ICA-SEMES Research Group. Morphine use in the ED and outcomes of patients with acute heart failure: a propensity score-matching analysis based on the EAHFE registry. Chest 2017;152:821-832.
Crespo-Leiro MG, et. al. Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology. European Society of Cardiology Heart Failure Long-Term Registry (ESC-HF- LT): 1-year follow-up outcomes and differences across regions. Eur J Heart Fail 2016;18:613-625.
Chioncel O, et. al. ESC Heart Failure Long-Term Registry Investigators. Clinical phenotypes and outcome of patients hospitalized for acute heart failure: the ESC Heart Failure Long-Term Registry. Eur J Heart Fail 2017;19:1242-1254.
Chioncel O, et.al. ESC-EORP-HFA Heart Failure Long-Term Registry Investigators. Acute heart failure congestion and perfusion status – impact of the clinical classification on in-hospital and long-term out- comes: insights from the ESC-EORP-HFA heart failure long-term registry. Eur J Heart Fail 2019;21:1338-1352.
Solomon SD, Dobson J, Pocock S, et al. Candesartan in Heart failure: Assessment of Reduction in Mortality and morbidity (CHARM) Investigators. Influence of nonfatal hospitalization for heart failure on subsequent mortality in patients with chronic heart failure. Circulation 2007;116:1482-1487.
Tomasoni D, Lombardi CM, Sbolli M, et. al. Acute heart failure: more questions than answers. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2020;63:599-606.
Miro O, et. al. ICA-SEMES Research Group. Departments involved during the first episode of acute heart failure and subsequent emer- gency department revisits and rehospitalisations: an outlook through the NOVICA cohort. Eur J Heart Fail 2019;21:1231-1244.
Butt JH, Fosbol EL, Gerds TA, et. al. Readmission and death in patients admitted with new-onset versus worsening of chronic heart failure: insights from a nationwide cohort. Eur J Heart Fail 2020;22:1777-1785.
Javaloyes P, Miro O, Gil V, et. al. ICA-SEMES Research Group. Clinical phenotypes of acute heart failure based on signs and symptoms of perfusion and congestion at emergency department presentation and their relationship with patient management and outcomes. Eur J Heart Fail 2019;21:1353-1365.
Mueller C, McDonald K, de Boer RA, et. al. Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology. Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology practical guidance on the use of natriuretic peptide concentrations. Eur J Heart Fail 2019;21:715-731.
Januzzi JL, van Kimmenade R, Lainchbury J, et. al. NT-proBNP testing for diagnosis and short-term prognosis in acute destabilized heart failure: an international pooled analysis of 1256 patients: the International Collaborative of NT-proBNP Study. Eur Heart J 2006;27:330-337.
Januzzi JL Jr, Chen-Tournoux AA, Christenson RH, et. al. ICON-RELOADED Investigators. N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide in the emergency department: the ICON-RELOADED study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2018;71:1191-1200.
Maisel A, Mueller C, Nowak R, et. al. Mid-region pro-hormone markers for diagnosis and prognosis in acute dyspnea: results from the BACH (Biomarkers in Acute Heart Failure) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;55:2062-2076.
Harjola VP, Parissis J, Bauersachs J, et. al. Acute coronary syndromes and acute heart failure: a diagnostic dilemma and high-risk combination. A statement from the Acute Heart Failure Committee of the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur J Heart Fail 2020;22:1298-1314.
Harjola VP, Mullens W, Banaszewski M, et. al. Organ dysfunction, injury and failure in acute heart failure: from pathophysiology to diagnosis and management. A review on behalf of the Acute Heart Failure Committee of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur J Heart Fail 2017;19:821-836.
Harjola VP, Parissis J, Brunner-La Rocca HP, et. al. Comprehensive in-hospital monitoring in acute heart failure: applications for clinical practice and future directions for research. A statement from the Acute Heart Failure Committee of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur J Heart Fail 2018;20:1081-1099.
Nikolaou M, Parissis J, Yilmaz MB, et. al. Liver function abnormalities, clinical profile, and outcome in acute decompensated heart failure. Eur Heart J 2013;34:742-749.
Mockel M, de Boer RA, Slagman AC, et. al. Improve . Management of acute heart failure with ProcAlCiTonin in EUrope: results of the randomized clinical trial IMPACT EU Biomarkers in Cardiology (BIC) 18. Eur J Heart Fail 2020;22:267-275.
Masip J, De Mendoza D, Planas K, et. al. Peripheral venous blood gases and pulse-oximetry in acute cardiogenic pulmonary oedema. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care 2012;1:275-280.
Masip J, Gaya M, Paez J, et. al. Pulse oximetry in the diagnosis of acute heart failure. Rev Esp Cardiol (Engl Ed) 2012;65:879-884.
Ponikowski P, Voors AA, Anker SD, et. al. ESC Scientific Document Group. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur Heart J 2016;37:2129-2200.
Nieminen MS, Bohm M, Cowie MR, et. al. ESC Committe for Practice Guideline (CPG). Executive summary of the guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of acute heart failure: the Task Force on Acute Heart Failure of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 2005;26:384-416.
Nohria A, Tsang SW, Fang JC, et. al. Clinical assessment identifies hemodynamic profiles that predict outcomes in patients admitted with heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;41:1797-1804.
Gheorghiade M, Follath F, Ponikowski P, et. al. European Society of Cardiology, European Society of Intensive Care Medicine. Assessing and grading congestion in acute heart failure: a scientific statement from the acute heart failure committee of the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology and endorsed by the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine. Eur J Heart Fail 2010;12:423-433.
Masip J, Peacock WF, Price S, et. al. Acute Heart Failure Study Group of the Acute Cardiovascular Care Association and the Committee on Acute Heart Failure of the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology. Indications and practical approach to non-invasive ventilation in acute heart failure. Eur Heart J 2018;39:17-25.
Harjola VP, Mebazaa A, Celutkiene J, et. al. Contemporary management of acute right ventric- ular failure: a statement from the Heart Failure Association and the Working Group on Pulmonary Circulation and Right Ventricular Function of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur J Heart Fail 2016;18:226-241.
Chioncel O, Parissis J, Mebazaa A, et. al. Epidemiology, pathophysiology and contemporary management of cardiogenic shock a position statement from the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur J Heart Fail 2020;22:1315-1341.
Thiele H, Ohman EM, de Waha-Thiele S, et. al. Management of cardiogenic shock complicating myocardial infarction: an update 2019. Eur Heart J 2019;40:2671-2683.
Mebazaa A, Combes A, van Diepen S, et. al. Management of cardiogenic shock complicating myocardial infarction. Intensive Care Med 2018;44:760-773.
Zymlinski R, Biegus J, Sokolski M, et. al. Increased blood lactate is prevalent and identifies poor prognosis in patients with acute heart failure without overt peripheral hypoperfusion. Eur J Heart Fail 2018;20:1011-1018.
Menon V, Slater JN, White HD, et. al. Acute myo- cardial infarction complicated by systemic hypoperfusion without hypotension: report of the SHOCK trial registry. Am J Med 2000;108:374-380.
Mebazaa A, Yilmaz MB, Levy P, et. al. Recommendations on pre-hospital and early hospital management of acute heart failure: a consensus paper from the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology, the European Society of Emergency Medicine and the Society of Academic Emergency Medicine–short version. Eur Heart J. 2015;36:1958-1966.
Harjola P, Miro O, Martin-Sanchez FJ, et. al. EMS-AHF Study Group. Pre-hospital management protocols and perceived difficulty in diagnos- ing acute heart failure. ESC Heart Fail 2020;7:289-296.
Takahashi M, Kohsaka S, Miyata H, et. al. Tokyo CCU Network Council. Association between prehospital time interval and short-term outcome in acute heart failure patients. J Card Fail 2011;17:742-747.
Park JH, Balmain S, Berry C, et. al. Potentially detrimental car- diovascular effects of oxygen in patients with chronic left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Heart 2010;96:533-538.
Gray A, Goodacre S, Newby DE, et. al. 3CPO Trialists Noninvasive ventilation in acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema. N Engl J Med2008;359:142-151.
Weng CL, Zhao YT, Liu QH, et. al. Meta- analysis: noninvasive ventilation in acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema. Ann Intern Med 2010;152:590-600.
Felker GM, Lee KL, Bull DA, et al. Network NHFCR. Diuretic strategies in patients with acute decompensated heart failure. N Engl J Med 2011;364:797-805.
Caspi O, Naami R, Halfin E, et. al. Adverse dose-dependent effects of morphine therapy in acute heart failure. Int J Cardiol 2019;293:131-136.
Brisco MA, Zile MR, Hanberg JS, et. al. Relevance of changes in serum creatinine during a heart failure trial of decongestive strategies: insights from the DOSE trial. J Card Fail 2016;22:753-760.
Damman K, Kjekshus J, Wikstrand J, et. al. Loop diuretics, renal function and clinical outcome in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction. Eur J Heart Fail 2016;18:328-336.
Ter Maaten JM, Martens P, Damman K, et. al. Higher doses of loop diuretics. limit uptitration of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in patients with. heart failure and reduced ejection fraction. Clin Res Cardiol. 2020;109:1048-1059.
Cubbon RM, Woolston A, Adams B, et. al. Prospective development and validation of a model to predict heart failure hospitalisation. Heart 2014;100:923-929.
Kapelios CJ, Laroche C, Crespo-Leiro MG, et. al. Heart Failure Long-Term Registry Investigators Group. Association between loop diuretic dose changes and outcomes in chronic heart failure: observations from the ESC-EORP heart failure long-term registry. Eur J Heart Fail 2020;22:1424-1437.
Mullens W, Damman K, Harjola VP, et. al. The use of diuretics in heart failure with congestion a position statement from the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur J Heart Fail 2019;21:137-155.
Mebazaa A, Yilmaz MB, Levy P, et. al. Recommendations on pre-hospital & early hospital management of acute heart failure: a consensus paper from the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology, the European Society of Emergency Medicine and the Society of Academic Emergency Medicine. Eur J Heart Fail. 2015;17:544-558.
Felker GM, Ellison DH, Mullens W, Cox ZL, Testani JM. Diuretic therapy for patients with heart failure: JACC state-of-the-art review. J Am Coll Cardiol 2020;75:1178-1195.
Damman K, Ter Maaten JM, Coster JE, et. al. Clinical importance of urinary sodium excretion in acute heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 2020;22:1438-1447.
Mullens W, Verbrugge FH, Nijst P, et. al. Filippatos G, Ruschitzka F, Dupont M. Rationale and design of the ADVOR (Acetazolamide in Decompensated Heart Failure with Volume Overload) trial. Eur J Heart Fail 2018;20:1591-1600.
Cox ZL, Hung R, Lenihan DJ, Testani JM. Diuretic strategies for loop diuretic resistance in acute heart failure: the 3T trial. JACC Heart Fail 2020;8:157-168.
Damman K, Testani JM. The kidney in heart failure: an update. Eur Heart J 2015;36:1437-1444.
Ambrosy AP, Pang PS, Khan S, et. al. EVEREST Trial Investigators. Clinical course and predictive value of congestion during hospitalization in patients admitted for worsening signs and symptoms of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: findings from the EVEREST trial. Eur Heart J 2013;34:835-843.
Faselis C, Arundel C, Patel S, et. al. Loop diuretic prescription and 30-day outcomes in older patients with heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2020;76:669-679.
Maack C, Eschenhagen T, Hamdani N, et. al. Treatments targeting inotropy. Eur Heart J 2019;40:3626-3644.
Ahmad T, Miller PE, McCullough M, et. al. Why has positive inotropy failed in chronic heart failure? Lessons from prior inotrope trials. Eur J Heart Fail 2019;21:1064-1078.
Mebazaa A, Motiejunaite J, Gayat E, et. al. ESC Heart Failure Long-Term Registry Investigators. Long-term safety of intravenous cardiovascular agents in acute heart failure: results from the European Society of Cardiology heart failure long-term registry. Eur J Heart Fail 2018;20:332-341.
Mebazaa A, Nieminen MS, Filippatos GS, et. al. Levosimendan vs. dobutamine: outcomes for acute heart failure patients on beta-blockers in SURVIVE. Eur J Heart Fail 2009;11:304-311.
Metra M, Nodari S, D’Aloia A, et. al. Beta-blocker therapy influences the hemodynamic response to inotropic agents in patients with heart failure: a randomized comparison of dobutamine and enoximone before and after chronic treatment with metoprolol or carvedilol. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;40:1248-1258.
Packer M, Colucci W, Fisher L, et. al. REVIVE Heart Failure Study Group. Effect of levosimendan on the short-term clinical course of patients with acutely decompensated heart failure. JACC Heart Fail 2013;1:103-111.
De Backer D, Biston P, Devriendt J, et. al. SOAP II Investigators. Comparison of dopamine and norepinephrine in the treatment of shock. N Engl J Med 2010;362:779-789.
Levy B, Clere-Jehl R, Legras A, et. al. Collaborators. Epinephrine versus norepinephrine for cardiogenic shock after acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2018;72:173-182.
Leopold V, Gayat E, Pirracchio R, et. al. Epinephrine and short-term survival in cardiogenic shock: an individual data meta-analysis of 2583 patients. Intensive Care Med 2018;44:847-856.
Ziff OJ, Lane DA, Samra M, et. al. Safety and efficacy of digoxin: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational and controlled trial data. BMJ 2015;351:h4451.
Sethi NJ, Nielsen EE, Safi S, et. al. Digoxin for atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter: a systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis of randomised clinical trials. PLoS One 2018;13:e0193924
Khand AU, Rankin AC, Martin W, et. al. Carvedilol alone or in combination with digoxin for the management of atrial fibrillation in patients with heart failure? J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;42:1944-1951.
Bavendiek U, Berliner D, Davila LA, et. al. DIGIT-HF Investigators and Committees. Rationale and design of the DIGIT-HF trial (DIGitoxin to Improve ouTcomes in patients with advanced chronic Heart Failure): a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Eur J Heart Fail 2019;21:676-684.
Tebbe U, Schellong SM, Haas S, et. al. Certoparin versus unfractionated heparin to prevent venous thromboembolic events in patients hospitalized because of heart failure: a subgroup analysis of the randomized, controlled CERTIFY study. Am Heart J 2011;161:322-328..
Dentali F, Douketis JD, Gianni M, et. al. Meta-analysis: anticoagulant prophylaxis to prevent symptomatic venous thromboembolism in hospitalized medical patients. Ann Intern Med 2007;146:278-288.
Crespo-Leiro MG, Metra M, Lund LH, et. al. Advanced heart failure: a position statement of the Heart Failure. Association of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur J Heart Fail 2018;20:1505-1535.
Seferovic PM, Piepoli MF, Lopatin Y, et. al. Heart Failure Association Board of the European Society of Cardiology. Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology quality of care centres programme: design and accreditation document. Eur J Heart Fail 2020;22:763-774.
Tehrani BN, Truesdell AG, Sherwood MW, et. al. Standardized team-based care for cardiogenic shock. J Am Coll Cardiol 2019;73:1659-1669.
Basir MB, Kapur NK, Patel K, et. al. National Cardiogenic Shock Initiative Investigators. Improved outcomes associated with the use of shock protocols: updates from the National Cardiogenic Shock Initiative. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2019;93:1173-1183.
Tehrani BN, Truesdell AG, Psotka MA, et. al. A standardized and comprehensive approach to the management of cardiogenic shock. JACC Heart Fail 2020;8:879-891.
Thiele H, Zeymer U, Neumann FJ, et. al. IABP-SHOCK II Trial Investigators. Intraaortic balloon support for myocardial infarction with cardiogenic shock. N Engl J Med 2012;367:1287-1296.
Thiele H, Zeymer U, Neumann FJ, et. al. Intraaortic Balloon Pump in cardiogenic shock II (IABP-SHOCK II) trial investigators. Intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation in acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock (IABP-SHOCK II): final 12 month results of a randomised, open-label trial. Lancet 2013;382:1638-1645.
Thiele H, Zeymer U, Thelemann N, et. al. IABP-SHOCK II Trial Investigators. Intraaortic balloon pump in cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction: long-term 6-year outcome of the randomized IABP-SHOCK II Trial. Circulation 2019;139:395-403.
Ouweneel DM, Schotborgh JV, Limpens J, et. al. Extracorporeal life support during cardiac arrest and cardiogenic shock: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med 2016;42:1922-1934.
Combes A, Price S, Slutsky AS, Brodie D. Temporary circulatory support for cardiogenic shock. Lancet 2020;396:199-212.
Pappalardo F, Schulte C, Pieri M, et. al. Concomitant implantation of Impella((R)) on top of veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation may improve survival of patients with cardiogenic shock. Eur J Heart Fail 2017;19:404-412.
Anderson MB, Goldstein J, Milano C, et. al. Benefits of a novel percutaneous ventricular assist device for right heart fail- ure: the prospective RECOVER RIGHT study of the Impella RP device. J Heart Lung Transplant 2015;34:1549-1560.
Ponikowski P, Kirwan BA, Anker SD, et. al. AFFIRM-AHF Investigators. Ferric carboxymaltose for iron deficiency at discharge after acute heart failure: a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet 2020;396:1895-1904.
Gayat E, Arrigo M, Littnerova S, et. al. Heart failure oral therapies at discharge are associated with better outcome in acute heart failure: a propensity-score matched study. Eur J Heart Fail 2018;20:345-354.
Bhagat AA, Greene SJ, Vaduganathan M, et. al. Initiation, continuation, switching, and withdrawal of heart failure medical therapies during hospitalization. JACC Heart Fail 2019;7:1-12.
Prins KW, Neill JM, Tyler JO, et. al. Effects of beta-blocker with drawal in acute decompensated heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JACC Heart Fail 2015;3:647-653.
Velazquez EJ, Morrow DA, DeVore AD, et. al. PIONEER-HF Investigators. Angiotensin-neprilysin inhibition in acute decompensated heart failure. N Engl J Med 2019;380: 539-548.
Wachter R, Senni M, Belohlavek J, et. al. TRANSITION Investigators. Initiation of sacubitril/valsartan in haemodynami- cally stabilised heart failure patients in hospital or early after discharge: primary results of the randomised TRANSITION study. Eur J Heart Fail 2019;21:998-1007.
Bhatt DL, Szarek M, Steg PG, et. al. SOLOIST-WHF Trial Investigators. Sotagliflozin in patients with diabetes and recent worsening heart failure. N Engl J Med 2021;384:117-128.
Metra M, Gheorghiade M, Bonow RO, et. al. Postdischarge assessment after a heart failure hospitalization: the next step forward. Circulation 2010;122:1782-1785.
Greene SJ, Fonarow GC, Vaduganathan M, et. al. The vulnerable phase after hospitalization for heart failure. Nat Rev Cardiol 2015;12:220-229.
Lee KK, Yang J, Hernandez AF, et. al. Post-discharge Follow-up characteristics associated with 30-day readmission after heart failure hospitaliza- tion. Med Care 2016;54:365-372.
Edmonston DL, Wu J, Matsouaka RA, et. al. Association of post-discharge specialty outpatient visits with readmissions and mortality in high-risk heart failure patients. Am Heart J 2019;212:101-112.
Referanslar
Theresa A. McDonagh, Marco Metra, Marianna Adamo, et. al. European Heart Journal (2021) 42, 3599-3726
Galderisi M, Cosyns B, Edvardsen T, et. al., EACVI Scientific Documents Committee Standardization of adult transthoracic echocardiography reporting in agreement with recent chamber quantification, diastolic function, and heart valve disease recommendations: an expert consensus document of the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2017;18:1301-1310.
Arrigo M, Huber LC, Winnik S, et. al. Right ventricular failure: pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment Card Fail Rev 2019;5:140-146.
Gorter TM, van Veldhuisen DJ, Bauersachs J, et. al. Right heart dysfunction and failure in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: mechanisms and management. Position statement on behalf of the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur J Heart Fail 2018;20:16-37.
Caraballo C, Desai NR, Mulder H, et. al. Clinical implications of the New York Heart Association classification. J Am Heart Assoc 2019;8:e014240.
Solomon SD, Claggett B, Packer M, et. al. Efficacy of sacubitril/valsartan relative to a prior decompensation: the PARADIGM-HF trial. JACC Heart Fail 2016;4:816-822.
Conrad N, Judge A, Tran J, et. al. Temporal trends and patterns in heart failure incidence: a population-based study of 4 million individuals. Lancet 2018;391:572-580.
Dunlay SM, Roger VL. Understanding the epidemic of heart failure: past, present, and future. Curr Heart Fail Rep 2014;11:404-415.
Roth GA, Forouzanfar MH, Moran AE, et. al. Demographic and epidemiologic drivers of global car- diovascular mortality. N Engl J Med 2015;372:1333-1341.
Savarese G, Lund LH. Global public health burden of heart failure. Card Fail Rev 2017;3:7-11.
Meyer S, Brouwers FP, Voors AA, et. al. Sex differences in new-onset heart failure. Clin Res Cardiol 2015;104:342-350.
Brouwers FP, de Boer RA, van der Harst P, et. al. Incidence and epidemiology of new onset heart failure with preserved vs. reduced ejection fraction in a community-based cohort: 11-year follow-up of PREVEND. Eur Heart J 2013;34:1424-1431
GBD 2017 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a system- atic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet 2018;392:1789-1858.
Roger VL. Epidemiology of heart failure. Circ Res 2013;113:646-659.
Mosterd A, Hoes AW. Clinical epidemiology of heart failure. Heart 2007;93:1137-1146.
Smeets M, Vaes B, Mamouris P, et. al. Burden of heart failure in Flemish general practices: a registry-based study in the Intego database. BMJ Open 2019;9:e022972.
Virani SS, Alonso A, Benjamin EJ, et. al. American Heart Association Council on Epidemiology and Prevention Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Heart disease and stroke statistics—2020 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2020;141:e139-e596.
van Riet EE, Hoes AW, Limburg A, et. al. Prevalence of unrecognized heart failure in older persons with shortness of breath on exertion. Eur J Heart Fail 2014;16:772-777.
van Riet EE, Hoes AW, Wagenaar KP, et. al. Epidemiology of heart failure: the prevalence of heart failure and ventricular dysfunction in older adults over time. A systematic review. Eur J Heart Fail 2016;18:242-252.
Benjamin EJ, Virani SS, Callaway CW, et. al. American Heart Association Council on Epidemiology and Prevention Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2018 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2018;137:e67-e492.
Ceia F, Fonseca C, Mota T, et. al. EPICA Investigators. Prevalence of chronic heart failure in Southwestern Europe: the EPICA study. Eur J Heart Fail 2002;4:531-539.
Bibbins-Domingo K, Pletcher MJ, Lin F, et. al. Racial differences in incident heart failure among young adults. N Engl J Med 2009;360:1179-1190.
Bleumink GS, Knetsch AM, Sturkenboom MC, et. al. Quantifying the heart failure epidemic: prevalence, incidence rate, lifetime risk and prognosis of heart failure The Rotterdam Study. Eur Heart J 2004;25:1614-1619.
Koh AS, Tay WT, Teng THK, et. al. A comprehensive population-based characterization of heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction. Eur J Heart Fail 2017;19:1624-1634
Chioncel O, Lainscak M, Seferovic PM, et. al. Epidemiology and one-year outcomes in patients with chronic heart failure and preserved, mid-range and reduced ejection fraction: an analysis of the ESC Heart Failure Long-Term Registry. Eur J Heart Fail 2017;19:1574-1585
Shah RU, Klein L, Lloyd-Jones DM. Heart failure in women: epidemiology, biology and treatment. Womens Health (Lond) 2009;5:517-527.
Roger VL, Weston SA, Redfield MM, et. al. Trends in heart failure incidence and survival in a community-basedpopulation. JAMA 2004;292:344-350.
Vedin O, Lam CSP, Koh AS, et. al. Significance of ischemic heart disease in patients with heart failure and preserved, midrange, and reduced ejection fraction: a nation-wide cohort study. Circ Heart Fail 2017;10:e003875.
Kapoor JR, Kapoor R, Ju C, et. al. Precipitating clinical factors, heart failure characterization, and outcomes in patients hospitalized with heart failure with reduced, borderline, and preserved ejection fraction. JACC Heart Fail 2016;4:464-472.
Heiat A, Gross CP, Krumholz HM. Representation of the elderly, women, and minorities in heart failure clinical trials. Arch Intern Med 2002;162:1682-1688.
Motiejunaite J, Akiyama E, Cohen-Solal A, et. al. The association of long-term outcome and biological sex in patients with acute heart failure from different geographic regions. Eur Heart J 2020;41:1357-1364.
Dunlay SM, Roger VL, Weston SA, et. al. Longitudinal changes in ejection fraction in heart failure patients with preserved and reduced ejection fraction. Circ Heart Fail 2012;5:720-726.
Clarke CL, Grunwald GK, Allen LA, et. al. Natural history of left ventricular ejection fraction in patients with heart failure. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2013;6:680-686.
Tsuji K, Sakata Y, Nochioka K, et. al. CHART-2 Investigators Characterization of heart failure patients with mid-range left ventricular ejection fractiona report from the CHART-2 Study Eur J Heart Fail 2017;19:1258-1269.
Rastogi A, Novak E, Platts AE, et. al. Epidemiology, pathophysiology and clinical outcomes for heart failure patients with a mid-range ejection fraction. Eur J Heart Fail 2017;19:1597-1605.
Lupon J, Gavidia-Bovadilla G, Ferrer E, et.al. Dynamic trajectories of left ventricular ejection fraction in heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2018;72:591-601.
Barasa A, Schaufelberger M, Lappas G, et. al. Heart failure in young adults: 20-year trends in hospitalization, aetiology, and case fatality in Sweden Eur Heart J 2014;35:25-32.
Gerber Y, Weston SA, Redfield MM, et. al. A contemporary appraisal of the heart failure epidemic in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 2000 to 2010. JAMA Intern Med 2015;175:996-1004.
Lawson CA, Zaccardi F, Squire I, et. al. 20-year trends in cause-specific heart failure outcomes by sex, socioeconomic status, and place of diagnosis: a population-based study. Lancet Public Health 2019;4:e406-e420.
Al-Mohammad A, Mant J, Laramee P, et. al. Chronic Heart Failure Guideline Development Group Diagnosis and management of adults with chronic heart failure: summary of updated NICE guidance. BMJ 2010;341:c4130.
Mant J, Doust J, Roalfe A, et. al. Systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis of diagnosis of heart failure, with modelling of implications of different diagnostic strategies in primary care. Health Technol Assess 2009;13:1-207, iii.
Davie AP, Francis CM, Caruana L, et. al. Assessing diagnosis in heart failure: which features are any use? QJM 1997;90:335-339.
Oudejans I, Mosterd A, Bloemen JA, et. al. Clinical evaluation of geriatric outpatients with suspected heart failure: value of symptoms, signs, and additional tests. Eur J Heart Fail 2011;13:518-527.
Kelder JC, Cramer MJ, van Wijngaarden J, et. al. The diagnostic value of physical examination and additional testing in primary care patients with suspected heart failure. Circulation 2011;124:2865-2873.
Gohar A, Rutten FH, den Ruijter H, et. al. Mid-regional pro-atrial natriuretic peptide for the early detection of non-acute heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 2019;21:1219-1227.
Hildebrandt P, Collinson PO. Amino-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide testing to assist the diagnostic evaluation of heart failure in symptomatic primary care patients. Am J Cardiol 2008;101:25-28.
Maisel A, Mueller C, Adams K, et. al. State of the art: using natriuretic peptide levels in clinical practice. Eur J Heart Fail 2008;10:824-839
Lancellotti P, Galderisi M, Edvardsen T, et. al. Echo-Doppler estimation of left ventricular filling pressure: results of the multi- centre EACVI Euro-Filling study. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2017;18:961-968.
Nieminen MS, Brutsaert D, Dickstein K, et. al. EuroHeart Survey Investigators, Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology. EuroHeart Failure Survey II (EHFS II): a survey on hospi- talized acute heart failure patients: description of population. Eur Heart J 2006;27:2725-2736.
Peacock WF, Hollander JE, Diercks DB, et. al. Morphine and outcomes in acute decompensated heart failure: an ADHERE analysis. Emerg Med J 2008;25:205-209.
Gil V, Dominguez-Rodriguez A, Masip J, et. al. Morphine use in the treatment of acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema and its effects on patient outcome: a systematic review. Curr Heart Fail Rep 2019;16:81-88.
Miro O, Gil V, Martin-Sanchez FJ, et. al. ICA-SEMES Research Group. Morphine use in the ED and outcomes of patients with acute heart failure: a propensity score-matching analysis based on the EAHFE registry. Chest 2017;152:821-832.
Crespo-Leiro MG, et. al. Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology. European Society of Cardiology Heart Failure Long-Term Registry (ESC-HF- LT): 1-year follow-up outcomes and differences across regions. Eur J Heart Fail 2016;18:613-625.
Chioncel O, et. al. ESC Heart Failure Long-Term Registry Investigators. Clinical phenotypes and outcome of patients hospitalized for acute heart failure: the ESC Heart Failure Long-Term Registry. Eur J Heart Fail 2017;19:1242-1254.
Chioncel O, et.al. ESC-EORP-HFA Heart Failure Long-Term Registry Investigators. Acute heart failure congestion and perfusion status – impact of the clinical classification on in-hospital and long-term out- comes: insights from the ESC-EORP-HFA heart failure long-term registry. Eur J Heart Fail 2019;21:1338-1352.
Solomon SD, Dobson J, Pocock S, et al. Candesartan in Heart failure: Assessment of Reduction in Mortality and morbidity (CHARM) Investigators. Influence of nonfatal hospitalization for heart failure on subsequent mortality in patients with chronic heart failure. Circulation 2007;116:1482-1487.
Tomasoni D, Lombardi CM, Sbolli M, et. al. Acute heart failure: more questions than answers. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2020;63:599-606.
Miro O, et. al. ICA-SEMES Research Group. Departments involved during the first episode of acute heart failure and subsequent emer- gency department revisits and rehospitalisations: an outlook through the NOVICA cohort. Eur J Heart Fail 2019;21:1231-1244.
Butt JH, Fosbol EL, Gerds TA, et. al. Readmission and death in patients admitted with new-onset versus worsening of chronic heart failure: insights from a nationwide cohort. Eur J Heart Fail 2020;22:1777-1785.
Javaloyes P, Miro O, Gil V, et. al. ICA-SEMES Research Group. Clinical phenotypes of acute heart failure based on signs and symptoms of perfusion and congestion at emergency department presentation and their relationship with patient management and outcomes. Eur J Heart Fail 2019;21:1353-1365.
Mueller C, McDonald K, de Boer RA, et. al. Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology. Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology practical guidance on the use of natriuretic peptide concentrations. Eur J Heart Fail 2019;21:715-731.
Januzzi JL, van Kimmenade R, Lainchbury J, et. al. NT-proBNP testing for diagnosis and short-term prognosis in acute destabilized heart failure: an international pooled analysis of 1256 patients: the International Collaborative of NT-proBNP Study. Eur Heart J 2006;27:330-337.
Januzzi JL Jr, Chen-Tournoux AA, Christenson RH, et. al. ICON-RELOADED Investigators. N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide in the emergency department: the ICON-RELOADED study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2018;71:1191-1200.
Maisel A, Mueller C, Nowak R, et. al. Mid-region pro-hormone markers for diagnosis and prognosis in acute dyspnea: results from the BACH (Biomarkers in Acute Heart Failure) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;55:2062-2076.
Harjola VP, Parissis J, Bauersachs J, et. al. Acute coronary syndromes and acute heart failure: a diagnostic dilemma and high-risk combination. A statement from the Acute Heart Failure Committee of the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur J Heart Fail 2020;22:1298-1314.
Harjola VP, Mullens W, Banaszewski M, et. al. Organ dysfunction, injury and failure in acute heart failure: from pathophysiology to diagnosis and management. A review on behalf of the Acute Heart Failure Committee of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur J Heart Fail 2017;19:821-836.
Harjola VP, Parissis J, Brunner-La Rocca HP, et. al. Comprehensive in-hospital monitoring in acute heart failure: applications for clinical practice and future directions for research. A statement from the Acute Heart Failure Committee of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur J Heart Fail 2018;20:1081-1099.
Nikolaou M, Parissis J, Yilmaz MB, et. al. Liver function abnormalities, clinical profile, and outcome in acute decompensated heart failure. Eur Heart J 2013;34:742-749.
Mockel M, de Boer RA, Slagman AC, et. al. Improve . Management of acute heart failure with ProcAlCiTonin in EUrope: results of the randomized clinical trial IMPACT EU Biomarkers in Cardiology (BIC) 18. Eur J Heart Fail 2020;22:267-275.
Masip J, De Mendoza D, Planas K, et. al. Peripheral venous blood gases and pulse-oximetry in acute cardiogenic pulmonary oedema. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care 2012;1:275-280.
Masip J, Gaya M, Paez J, et. al. Pulse oximetry in the diagnosis of acute heart failure. Rev Esp Cardiol (Engl Ed) 2012;65:879-884.
Ponikowski P, Voors AA, Anker SD, et. al. ESC Scientific Document Group. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur Heart J 2016;37:2129-2200.
Nieminen MS, Bohm M, Cowie MR, et. al. ESC Committe for Practice Guideline (CPG). Executive summary of the guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of acute heart failure: the Task Force on Acute Heart Failure of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 2005;26:384-416.
Nohria A, Tsang SW, Fang JC, et. al. Clinical assessment identifies hemodynamic profiles that predict outcomes in patients admitted with heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;41:1797-1804.
Gheorghiade M, Follath F, Ponikowski P, et. al. European Society of Cardiology, European Society of Intensive Care Medicine. Assessing and grading congestion in acute heart failure: a scientific statement from the acute heart failure committee of the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology and endorsed by the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine. Eur J Heart Fail 2010;12:423-433.
Masip J, Peacock WF, Price S, et. al. Acute Heart Failure Study Group of the Acute Cardiovascular Care Association and the Committee on Acute Heart Failure of the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology. Indications and practical approach to non-invasive ventilation in acute heart failure. Eur Heart J 2018;39:17-25.
Harjola VP, Mebazaa A, Celutkiene J, et. al. Contemporary management of acute right ventric- ular failure: a statement from the Heart Failure Association and the Working Group on Pulmonary Circulation and Right Ventricular Function of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur J Heart Fail 2016;18:226-241.
Chioncel O, Parissis J, Mebazaa A, et. al. Epidemiology, pathophysiology and contemporary management of cardiogenic shock a position statement from the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur J Heart Fail 2020;22:1315-1341.
Thiele H, Ohman EM, de Waha-Thiele S, et. al. Management of cardiogenic shock complicating myocardial infarction: an update 2019. Eur Heart J 2019;40:2671-2683.
Mebazaa A, Combes A, van Diepen S, et. al. Management of cardiogenic shock complicating myocardial infarction. Intensive Care Med 2018;44:760-773.
Zymlinski R, Biegus J, Sokolski M, et. al. Increased blood lactate is prevalent and identifies poor prognosis in patients with acute heart failure without overt peripheral hypoperfusion. Eur J Heart Fail 2018;20:1011-1018.
Menon V, Slater JN, White HD, et. al. Acute myo- cardial infarction complicated by systemic hypoperfusion without hypotension: report of the SHOCK trial registry. Am J Med 2000;108:374-380.
Mebazaa A, Yilmaz MB, Levy P, et. al. Recommendations on pre-hospital and early hospital management of acute heart failure: a consensus paper from the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology, the European Society of Emergency Medicine and the Society of Academic Emergency Medicine–short version. Eur Heart J. 2015;36:1958-1966.
Harjola P, Miro O, Martin-Sanchez FJ, et. al. EMS-AHF Study Group. Pre-hospital management protocols and perceived difficulty in diagnos- ing acute heart failure. ESC Heart Fail 2020;7:289-296.
Takahashi M, Kohsaka S, Miyata H, et. al. Tokyo CCU Network Council. Association between prehospital time interval and short-term outcome in acute heart failure patients. J Card Fail 2011;17:742-747.
Park JH, Balmain S, Berry C, et. al. Potentially detrimental car- diovascular effects of oxygen in patients with chronic left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Heart 2010;96:533-538.
Gray A, Goodacre S, Newby DE, et. al. 3CPO Trialists Noninvasive ventilation in acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema. N Engl J Med2008;359:142-151.
Weng CL, Zhao YT, Liu QH, et. al. Meta- analysis: noninvasive ventilation in acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema. Ann Intern Med 2010;152:590-600.
Felker GM, Lee KL, Bull DA, et al. Network NHFCR. Diuretic strategies in patients with acute decompensated heart failure. N Engl J Med 2011;364:797-805.
Caspi O, Naami R, Halfin E, et. al. Adverse dose-dependent effects of morphine therapy in acute heart failure. Int J Cardiol 2019;293:131-136.
Brisco MA, Zile MR, Hanberg JS, et. al. Relevance of changes in serum creatinine during a heart failure trial of decongestive strategies: insights from the DOSE trial. J Card Fail 2016;22:753-760.
Damman K, Kjekshus J, Wikstrand J, et. al. Loop diuretics, renal function and clinical outcome in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction. Eur J Heart Fail 2016;18:328-336.
Ter Maaten JM, Martens P, Damman K, et. al. Higher doses of loop diuretics. limit uptitration of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in patients with. heart failure and reduced ejection fraction. Clin Res Cardiol. 2020;109:1048-1059.
Cubbon RM, Woolston A, Adams B, et. al. Prospective development and validation of a model to predict heart failure hospitalisation. Heart 2014;100:923-929.
Kapelios CJ, Laroche C, Crespo-Leiro MG, et. al. Heart Failure Long-Term Registry Investigators Group. Association between loop diuretic dose changes and outcomes in chronic heart failure: observations from the ESC-EORP heart failure long-term registry. Eur J Heart Fail 2020;22:1424-1437.
Mullens W, Damman K, Harjola VP, et. al. The use of diuretics in heart failure with congestion a position statement from the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur J Heart Fail 2019;21:137-155.
Mebazaa A, Yilmaz MB, Levy P, et. al. Recommendations on pre-hospital & early hospital management of acute heart failure: a consensus paper from the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology, the European Society of Emergency Medicine and the Society of Academic Emergency Medicine. Eur J Heart Fail. 2015;17:544-558.
Felker GM, Ellison DH, Mullens W, Cox ZL, Testani JM. Diuretic therapy for patients with heart failure: JACC state-of-the-art review. J Am Coll Cardiol 2020;75:1178-1195.
Damman K, Ter Maaten JM, Coster JE, et. al. Clinical importance of urinary sodium excretion in acute heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 2020;22:1438-1447.
Mullens W, Verbrugge FH, Nijst P, et. al. Filippatos G, Ruschitzka F, Dupont M. Rationale and design of the ADVOR (Acetazolamide in Decompensated Heart Failure with Volume Overload) trial. Eur J Heart Fail 2018;20:1591-1600.
Cox ZL, Hung R, Lenihan DJ, Testani JM. Diuretic strategies for loop diuretic resistance in acute heart failure: the 3T trial. JACC Heart Fail 2020;8:157-168.
Damman K, Testani JM. The kidney in heart failure: an update. Eur Heart J 2015;36:1437-1444.
Ambrosy AP, Pang PS, Khan S, et. al. EVEREST Trial Investigators. Clinical course and predictive value of congestion during hospitalization in patients admitted for worsening signs and symptoms of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: findings from the EVEREST trial. Eur Heart J 2013;34:835-843.
Faselis C, Arundel C, Patel S, et. al. Loop diuretic prescription and 30-day outcomes in older patients with heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2020;76:669-679.
Maack C, Eschenhagen T, Hamdani N, et. al. Treatments targeting inotropy. Eur Heart J 2019;40:3626-3644.
Ahmad T, Miller PE, McCullough M, et. al. Why has positive inotropy failed in chronic heart failure? Lessons from prior inotrope trials. Eur J Heart Fail 2019;21:1064-1078.
Mebazaa A, Motiejunaite J, Gayat E, et. al. ESC Heart Failure Long-Term Registry Investigators. Long-term safety of intravenous cardiovascular agents in acute heart failure: results from the European Society of Cardiology heart failure long-term registry. Eur J Heart Fail 2018;20:332-341.
Mebazaa A, Nieminen MS, Filippatos GS, et. al. Levosimendan vs. dobutamine: outcomes for acute heart failure patients on beta-blockers in SURVIVE. Eur J Heart Fail 2009;11:304-311.
Metra M, Nodari S, D’Aloia A, et. al. Beta-blocker therapy influences the hemodynamic response to inotropic agents in patients with heart failure: a randomized comparison of dobutamine and enoximone before and after chronic treatment with metoprolol or carvedilol. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;40:1248-1258.
Packer M, Colucci W, Fisher L, et. al. REVIVE Heart Failure Study Group. Effect of levosimendan on the short-term clinical course of patients with acutely decompensated heart failure. JACC Heart Fail 2013;1:103-111.
De Backer D, Biston P, Devriendt J, et. al. SOAP II Investigators. Comparison of dopamine and norepinephrine in the treatment of shock. N Engl J Med 2010;362:779-789.
Levy B, Clere-Jehl R, Legras A, et. al. Collaborators. Epinephrine versus norepinephrine for cardiogenic shock after acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2018;72:173-182.
Leopold V, Gayat E, Pirracchio R, et. al. Epinephrine and short-term survival in cardiogenic shock: an individual data meta-analysis of 2583 patients. Intensive Care Med 2018;44:847-856.
Ziff OJ, Lane DA, Samra M, et. al. Safety and efficacy of digoxin: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational and controlled trial data. BMJ 2015;351:h4451.
Sethi NJ, Nielsen EE, Safi S, et. al. Digoxin for atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter: a systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis of randomised clinical trials. PLoS One 2018;13:e0193924
Khand AU, Rankin AC, Martin W, et. al. Carvedilol alone or in combination with digoxin for the management of atrial fibrillation in patients with heart failure? J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;42:1944-1951.
Bavendiek U, Berliner D, Davila LA, et. al. DIGIT-HF Investigators and Committees. Rationale and design of the DIGIT-HF trial (DIGitoxin to Improve ouTcomes in patients with advanced chronic Heart Failure): a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Eur J Heart Fail 2019;21:676-684.
Tebbe U, Schellong SM, Haas S, et. al. Certoparin versus unfractionated heparin to prevent venous thromboembolic events in patients hospitalized because of heart failure: a subgroup analysis of the randomized, controlled CERTIFY study. Am Heart J 2011;161:322-328..
Dentali F, Douketis JD, Gianni M, et. al. Meta-analysis: anticoagulant prophylaxis to prevent symptomatic venous thromboembolism in hospitalized medical patients. Ann Intern Med 2007;146:278-288.
Crespo-Leiro MG, Metra M, Lund LH, et. al. Advanced heart failure: a position statement of the Heart Failure. Association of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur J Heart Fail 2018;20:1505-1535.
Seferovic PM, Piepoli MF, Lopatin Y, et. al. Heart Failure Association Board of the European Society of Cardiology. Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology quality of care centres programme: design and accreditation document. Eur J Heart Fail 2020;22:763-774.
Tehrani BN, Truesdell AG, Sherwood MW, et. al. Standardized team-based care for cardiogenic shock. J Am Coll Cardiol 2019;73:1659-1669.
Basir MB, Kapur NK, Patel K, et. al. National Cardiogenic Shock Initiative Investigators. Improved outcomes associated with the use of shock protocols: updates from the National Cardiogenic Shock Initiative. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2019;93:1173-1183.
Tehrani BN, Truesdell AG, Psotka MA, et. al. A standardized and comprehensive approach to the management of cardiogenic shock. JACC Heart Fail 2020;8:879-891.
Thiele H, Zeymer U, Neumann FJ, et. al. IABP-SHOCK II Trial Investigators. Intraaortic balloon support for myocardial infarction with cardiogenic shock. N Engl J Med 2012;367:1287-1296.
Thiele H, Zeymer U, Neumann FJ, et. al. Intraaortic Balloon Pump in cardiogenic shock II (IABP-SHOCK II) trial investigators. Intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation in acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock (IABP-SHOCK II): final 12 month results of a randomised, open-label trial. Lancet 2013;382:1638-1645.
Thiele H, Zeymer U, Thelemann N, et. al. IABP-SHOCK II Trial Investigators. Intraaortic balloon pump in cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction: long-term 6-year outcome of the randomized IABP-SHOCK II Trial. Circulation 2019;139:395-403.
Ouweneel DM, Schotborgh JV, Limpens J, et. al. Extracorporeal life support during cardiac arrest and cardiogenic shock: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med 2016;42:1922-1934.
Combes A, Price S, Slutsky AS, Brodie D. Temporary circulatory support for cardiogenic shock. Lancet 2020;396:199-212.
Pappalardo F, Schulte C, Pieri M, et. al. Concomitant implantation of Impella((R)) on top of veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation may improve survival of patients with cardiogenic shock. Eur J Heart Fail 2017;19:404-412.
Anderson MB, Goldstein J, Milano C, et. al. Benefits of a novel percutaneous ventricular assist device for right heart fail- ure: the prospective RECOVER RIGHT study of the Impella RP device. J Heart Lung Transplant 2015;34:1549-1560.
Ponikowski P, Kirwan BA, Anker SD, et. al. AFFIRM-AHF Investigators. Ferric carboxymaltose for iron deficiency at discharge after acute heart failure: a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet 2020;396:1895-1904.
Gayat E, Arrigo M, Littnerova S, et. al. Heart failure oral therapies at discharge are associated with better outcome in acute heart failure: a propensity-score matched study. Eur J Heart Fail 2018;20:345-354.
Bhagat AA, Greene SJ, Vaduganathan M, et. al. Initiation, continuation, switching, and withdrawal of heart failure medical therapies during hospitalization. JACC Heart Fail 2019;7:1-12.
Prins KW, Neill JM, Tyler JO, et. al. Effects of beta-blocker with drawal in acute decompensated heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JACC Heart Fail 2015;3:647-653.
Velazquez EJ, Morrow DA, DeVore AD, et. al. PIONEER-HF Investigators. Angiotensin-neprilysin inhibition in acute decompensated heart failure. N Engl J Med 2019;380: 539-548.
Wachter R, Senni M, Belohlavek J, et. al. TRANSITION Investigators. Initiation of sacubitril/valsartan in haemodynami- cally stabilised heart failure patients in hospital or early after discharge: primary results of the randomised TRANSITION study. Eur J Heart Fail 2019;21:998-1007.
Bhatt DL, Szarek M, Steg PG, et. al. SOLOIST-WHF Trial Investigators. Sotagliflozin in patients with diabetes and recent worsening heart failure. N Engl J Med 2021;384:117-128.
Metra M, Gheorghiade M, Bonow RO, et. al. Postdischarge assessment after a heart failure hospitalization: the next step forward. Circulation 2010;122:1782-1785.
Greene SJ, Fonarow GC, Vaduganathan M, et. al. The vulnerable phase after hospitalization for heart failure. Nat Rev Cardiol 2015;12:220-229.
Lee KK, Yang J, Hernandez AF, et. al. Post-discharge Follow-up characteristics associated with 30-day readmission after heart failure hospitaliza- tion. Med Care 2016;54:365-372.
Edmonston DL, Wu J, Matsouaka RA, et. al. Association of post-discharge specialty outpatient visits with readmissions and mortality in high-risk heart failure patients. Am Heart J 2019;212:101-112.
