Termal Ablasyon Tedavisi
Özet
Kronik Venöz yetmezlik tedavisinde daha az invaziv, daha az komplikasyon oranları, oklüzyon oranlarının daha iyi olması ve postoperatif hızlı iyileşme gibi avantajları son 20 yılda termal ablasyon yöntemleri popülerlik kazanmıştır. Günümüzde endovenöz lazer ablasyon (EVLA) ve radyofrekans ablasyon (RFA) gibi termal ablasyon yöntemleri venöz yetmezlik tedavisi için safenofemoral bileşke reflüsunu engellemek amaçlı yapılan klasik cerrahi olan yüksek ligasyonu ve stripingin yerini alarak birinci basamak tedavi olarak tavsiye edilir. Yapılan randomize kontrollu çalışmarın sayısını artıkça ve teknoloji gelişmeye devam ettiği sürece termal yöntemler kronik venöz yetmezlik tedavisinde vazgeçilmezdir.
Referanslar
Moura RM, Gonçalves GS, Navarro TP, et al. Relationship between quality of life and the CEAP clinical classification in chronic venous disease. Rev Bras Fisioter 2010; 14: 99-105. 2010/05/14.
Jones RH and Carek PJ. Management of varicose veins. American family physician 2008; 78: 1289-1294.
Ravi R, Trayler EA, Barrett DA, et al. Endovenous Thermal Ablation of Superficial Venous Insufficiency of the Lower Extremity: Single-Center Experience with 3000 Limbs Treated in a 7-Year Period. Journal of Endovascular Therapy 2009; 16: 500-505. DOI: 10.1583/09-2750.1.
Navarro L, Min RJ and Boné C. Endovenous laser: a new minimally invasive method of treatment for varicose veins—preliminary observations using an 810 nm diode laser. Dermatologic surgery 2001; 27: 117-122.
Goldman MP and Amiry S. Closure of the Greater Saphenous Vein with Endoluminal Radiofrequency Thermal Heating of the Vein Wall in Combination with Ambulatory Phlebectomy: 50 Patients with More Than 6-Month Follow-up. Dermatologic Surgery 2002; 28: 29-31. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1524-4725.2002.01187.x.
van den Bos R, Arends L, Kockaert M, et al. Endovenous therapies of lower extremity varicosities: A meta-analysis. Journal of Vascular Surgery 2009; 49: 230-239. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2008.06.030.
Cox S, Wellwood J and Martin A. Saphenous nerve injury caused by stripping of the long saphenous vein. Br Med J 1974; 1: 415-417.
Docherty J, Morrice J and Bell G. Saphenous neuritis following varicose vein surgery. Journal of British Surgery 1994; 81: 698-698.
Shepherd AC, Gohel MS, Brown LC, et al. Randomized clinical trial of VNUS® ClosureFAST™ radiofrequency ablation versus laser for varicose veins. British Journal of Surgery 2010; 97: 810-818. DOI: 10.1002/bjs.7091.
Kheirelseid EA, Crowe G, Sehgal R, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials evaluating long-term outcomes of endovenous management of lower extremity varicose veins. Journal of Vascular Surgery: Venous and Lymphatic Disorders 2018; 6: 256-270.
Gao R-D, Qian S-Y, Wang H-H, et al. Strategies and challenges in treatment of varicose veins and venous insufficiency. World J Clin Cases 2022; 10: 5946-5956. DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i18.5946.
Gloviczki P, Comerota AJ, Dalsing MC, et al. The care of patients with varicose veins and associated chronic venous diseases: clinical practice guidelines of the Society for Vascular Surgery and the American Venous Forum. Journal of vascular surgery 2011; 53: 2S-48S.
Kabnick LS, Sadek M, Bjarnason H, et al. Classification and treatment of endothermal heat-induced thrombosis: Recommendations from the American Venous Forum and the Society for Vascular Surgery This Practice Guidelines document has been co-published in Phlebology [DOI: 10.1177/0268355520953759] and Journal of Vascular Surgery: Venous and Lymphatic Disorders [DOI: 10.1016/j. jvsv. 2020.06. 008]. The publications are identical except for minor stylistic and spelling differences in keeping with each journal’s style. The contribution has been published under a Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0),(https://creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Phlebology 2021; 36: 8-25.
Belramman A, Bootun R, Lane TRA, et al. Endovenous Management of Varicose Veins. Angiology 2019; 70: 388-396. DOI: 10.1177/0003319718780049.
Min RJ and Khilnani NM. Endovenous laser treatment of saphenous vein reflux. Techniques in Vascular and Interventional Radiology 2003; 6: 125-131. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1053/S1089-2516(03)00058-1.
Puggioni A, Kalra M, Carmo M, et al. Endovenous laser therapy and radiofrequency ablation of the great saphenous vein: Analysis of early efficacy and complications. Journal of Vascular Surgery 2005; 42: 488-493. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2005.05.014.
Yao P and Mukhdomi T. Varicose Vein Endovenous Laser Therapy. StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing
Copyright © 2022, StatPearls Publishing LLC., 2022.
Mundy L, Merlin TL, Fitridge RA, et al. Systematic review of endovenous laser treatment for varicose veins. Br J Surg 2005; 92: 1189-1194. 2005/09/22. DOI: 10.1002/bjs.5142.
Proebstle TM, Gül D, Lehr HA, et al. Infrequent early recanalization of greater saphenous vein after endovenous laser treatment. J Vasc Surg 2003; 38: 511-516. 2003/08/30. DOI: 10.1016/s0741-5214(03)00420-8.
Disselhoff BC, Rem AI, Verdaasdonk RM, et al. Endovenous laser ablation: an experimental study on the mechanism of action. Phlebology 2008; 23: 69-76. 2008/05/06. DOI: 10.1258/phleb.2007.007038.
Proebstle TM, Lehr HA, Kargl A, et al. Endovenous treatment of the greater saphenous vein with a 940-nm diode laser: thrombotic occlusion after endoluminal thermal damage by laser-generated steam bubbles. J Vasc Surg 2002; 35: 729-736. 2002/04/05. DOI: 10.1067/mva.2002.121132.
Goldman MP, Mauricio M and Rao J. Intravascular 1320-nm laser closure of the great saphenous vein: a 6- to 12-month follow-up study. Dermatol Surg 2004; 30: 1380-1385. 2004/11/04. DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-4725.2004.30431.x.
Oh CK, Jung DS, Jang HS, et al. Endovenous laser surgery of the incompetent greater saphenous vein with a 980-nm diode laser. Dermatol Surg 2003; 29: 1135-1140. 2003/12/04. DOI: 10.1046/j.1524-4725.2003.29353.x.
Maurins U, Rabe E and Pannier F. Does laser power influence the results of endovenous laser ablation (EVLA) of incompetent saphenous veins with the 1 470-nm diode laser? A prospective randomized study comparing 15 and 25 W. Int Angiol 2009; 28: 32-37. 2009/02/05.
Arslan Ü, Çalık E, Tort M, et al. More Successful Results with Less Energy in Endovenous Laser Ablation Treatment: Long-term Comparison of Bare-tip Fiber 980 nm Laser and Radial-tip Fiber 1470 nm Laser Application. Annals of Vascular Surgery 2017; 45: 166-172. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avsg.2017.06.042.
Kabnick LS and Sadek M. Fiber type as compared to wavelength may contribute more to improving postoperative recovery following endovenous laser ablation. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord 2016; 4: 286-292. 2016/06/19. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvsv.2015.12.004.
Mendes-Pinto D, Bastianetto P, Cavalcanti Braga Lyra L, et al. Endovenous laser ablation of the great saphenous vein comparing 1920-nm and 1470-nm diode laser. Int Angiol 2016; 35: 599-604. 2016/10/22.
Malskat WSJ, Engels LK, Hollestein LM, et al. Commonly Used Endovenous Laser Ablation (EVLA) Parameters Do Not Influence Efficacy: Results of a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery 2019; 58: 230-242. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2018.10.036.
Nemoto H, Mo M, Ito T, et al. Venous thromboembolism complications after endovenous laser ablation for varicose veins and role of duplex ultrasound scan. Journal of Vascular Surgery: Venous and Lymphatic Disorders 2019; 7: 817-823.
Ren S, Liu P, Wang W, et al. Retained foreign body after laser ablation. International surgery 2013; 97: 293-295.
Santos FR, Loson V, Coria A, et al. Secondary Ablation of Recanalized Saphenous Vein after Endovenous Thermal Ablation. Annals of Vascular Surgery 2020; 68: 172-178.
Müller L and Alm J. Feasibility and technique of endovenous laser ablation (EVLA) of recurrent varicose veins deriving from the sapheno-femoral junction—A case series of 35 consecutive procedures. Plos one 2020; 15: e0235656.
Wallace T, El-Sheikha J, Nandhra S, et al. Long-term outcomes of endovenous laser ablation and conventional surgery for great saphenous varicose veins. British Journal of Surgery 2018; 105: 1759-1767. DOI: 10.1002/bjs.10961.
Gibson KD, Ferris BL and Pepper D. Endovenous laser treatment of varicose veins. Surgical Clinics of North America 2007; 87: 1253-1265.
Mani BC and Delgado GA. Varicose Veins Radiofrequency Ablation Therapy. StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing, 2021.
Almeida JI, Kaufman J, Göckeritz O, et al. Radiofrequency endovenous ClosureFAST versus laser ablation for the treatment of great saphenous reflux: a multicenter, single-blinded, randomized study (RECOVERY study). J Vasc Interv Radiol 2009; 20: 752-759. 2009/04/28. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2009.03.008.
Shepherd AC, Gohel MS, Brown LC, et al. Randomized clinical trial of VNUS ClosureFAST radiofrequency ablation versus laser for varicose veins. Br J Surg 2010; 97: 810-818. 2010/05/18. DOI: 10.1002/bjs.7091.
Merchant RF and Pichot O. Long-term outcomes of endovenous radiofrequency obliteration of saphenous reflux as a treatment for superficial venous insufficiency. Journal of Vascular Surgery 2005; 42: 502-510. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2005.05.007.
Merchant RF, DePalma RG and Kabnick LS. Endovascular obliteration of saphenous reflux: a multicenter study. J Vasc Surg 2002; 35: 1190-1196. 2002/06/04. DOI: 10.1067/mva.2002.124231.
He G, Zheng C, Yu M-A, et al. Comparison of ultrasound-guided endovenous laser ablation and radiofrequency for the varicose veins treatment: An updated meta-analysis. International journal of surgery 2017; 39: 267-275.
Izzo L, Pugliese F, Pieretti G, et al. High ligation of sapheno-femoral junction and thermal ablation for lower limb. Ann Ital Chir 2020; 91: 61-64.
Almeida JI, Kaufman J, Göckeritz O, et al. Radiofrequency endovenous ClosureFAST versus laser ablation for the treatment of great saphenous reflux: a multicenter, single-blinded, randomized study (RECOVERY study). Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology 2009; 20: 752-759.
Dietzek AM, Ahmad R and Richard MN. Chapter 6 - Radiofrequency Thermal Ablation: Current Data. In: Almeida JI (ed) Atlas of Endovascular Venous Surgery (Second Edition). Philadelphia: Elsevier, 2019, pp.215-231.
Sadek M, Almeida JI and Kabnick LS. Chapter 16 - Endothermal Heat-Induced Thrombosis. In: Almeida JI (ed) Atlas of Endovascular Venous Surgery (Second Edition). Philadelphia: Elsevier, 2019, pp.397-407.
van Rij AM, Jiang P, Solomon C, et al. Recurrence after varicose vein surgery: a prospective long-term clinical study with duplex ultrasound scanning and air plethysmography. J Vasc Surg 2003; 38: 935-943. 2003/11/07. DOI: 10.1016/s0741-5214(03)00601-3.
Rashid HI, Ajeel A and Tyrrell MR. Persistent popliteal fossa reflux following saphenopopliteal disconnection. Br J Surg 2002; 89: 748-751. 2002/05/25. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2168.2002.02125.x.
Sam RC, Silverman SH and Bradbury AW. Nerve injuries and varicose vein surgery. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2004; 27: 113-120. 2004/01/14. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2003.11.007.
Park SJ, Yim SB, Cha DW, et al. Endovenous laser treatment of the small saphenous vein with a 980-nm diode laser: early results. Dermatol Surg 2008; 34: 517-524; discussion 524. 2008/02/06. DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-4725.2007.34097.x.
Inderhaug E, Schelp CH, Glambek I, et al. Cost-effectiveness analysis of five procedures for great saphenous vein reflux in a Norwegian healthcare setting or societal setting. SAGE Open Med 2018; 6: 2050312118801709. 2018/09/29. DOI: 10.1177/2050312118801709.
Milleret R, Huot L, Nicolini P, et al. Great Saphenous Vein Ablation with Steam Injection: Results of a Multicentre Study. European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery 2013; 45: 391-396. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2013.01.027.
van den Bos RR, Malskat WSJ, De Maeseneer MGR, et al. Randomized clinical trial of endovenous laser ablation versus steam ablation (LAST trial) for great saphenous varicose veins. British Journal of Surgery 2014; 101: 1077-1083. DOI: 10.1002/bjs.9580.
Yang L, Wang XP, Su WJ, et al. Randomized Clinical Trial of Endovenous Microwave Ablation Combined with High Ligation Versus Conventional Surgery for Varicose Veins. European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery 2013; 46: 473-479. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2013.07.004.
Referanslar
Moura RM, Gonçalves GS, Navarro TP, et al. Relationship between quality of life and the CEAP clinical classification in chronic venous disease. Rev Bras Fisioter 2010; 14: 99-105. 2010/05/14.
Jones RH and Carek PJ. Management of varicose veins. American family physician 2008; 78: 1289-1294.
Ravi R, Trayler EA, Barrett DA, et al. Endovenous Thermal Ablation of Superficial Venous Insufficiency of the Lower Extremity: Single-Center Experience with 3000 Limbs Treated in a 7-Year Period. Journal of Endovascular Therapy 2009; 16: 500-505. DOI: 10.1583/09-2750.1.
Navarro L, Min RJ and Boné C. Endovenous laser: a new minimally invasive method of treatment for varicose veins—preliminary observations using an 810 nm diode laser. Dermatologic surgery 2001; 27: 117-122.
Goldman MP and Amiry S. Closure of the Greater Saphenous Vein with Endoluminal Radiofrequency Thermal Heating of the Vein Wall in Combination with Ambulatory Phlebectomy: 50 Patients with More Than 6-Month Follow-up. Dermatologic Surgery 2002; 28: 29-31. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1524-4725.2002.01187.x.
van den Bos R, Arends L, Kockaert M, et al. Endovenous therapies of lower extremity varicosities: A meta-analysis. Journal of Vascular Surgery 2009; 49: 230-239. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2008.06.030.
Cox S, Wellwood J and Martin A. Saphenous nerve injury caused by stripping of the long saphenous vein. Br Med J 1974; 1: 415-417.
Docherty J, Morrice J and Bell G. Saphenous neuritis following varicose vein surgery. Journal of British Surgery 1994; 81: 698-698.
Shepherd AC, Gohel MS, Brown LC, et al. Randomized clinical trial of VNUS® ClosureFAST™ radiofrequency ablation versus laser for varicose veins. British Journal of Surgery 2010; 97: 810-818. DOI: 10.1002/bjs.7091.
Kheirelseid EA, Crowe G, Sehgal R, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials evaluating long-term outcomes of endovenous management of lower extremity varicose veins. Journal of Vascular Surgery: Venous and Lymphatic Disorders 2018; 6: 256-270.
Gao R-D, Qian S-Y, Wang H-H, et al. Strategies and challenges in treatment of varicose veins and venous insufficiency. World J Clin Cases 2022; 10: 5946-5956. DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i18.5946.
Gloviczki P, Comerota AJ, Dalsing MC, et al. The care of patients with varicose veins and associated chronic venous diseases: clinical practice guidelines of the Society for Vascular Surgery and the American Venous Forum. Journal of vascular surgery 2011; 53: 2S-48S.
Kabnick LS, Sadek M, Bjarnason H, et al. Classification and treatment of endothermal heat-induced thrombosis: Recommendations from the American Venous Forum and the Society for Vascular Surgery This Practice Guidelines document has been co-published in Phlebology [DOI: 10.1177/0268355520953759] and Journal of Vascular Surgery: Venous and Lymphatic Disorders [DOI: 10.1016/j. jvsv. 2020.06. 008]. The publications are identical except for minor stylistic and spelling differences in keeping with each journal’s style. The contribution has been published under a Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0),(https://creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Phlebology 2021; 36: 8-25.
Belramman A, Bootun R, Lane TRA, et al. Endovenous Management of Varicose Veins. Angiology 2019; 70: 388-396. DOI: 10.1177/0003319718780049.
Min RJ and Khilnani NM. Endovenous laser treatment of saphenous vein reflux. Techniques in Vascular and Interventional Radiology 2003; 6: 125-131. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1053/S1089-2516(03)00058-1.
Puggioni A, Kalra M, Carmo M, et al. Endovenous laser therapy and radiofrequency ablation of the great saphenous vein: Analysis of early efficacy and complications. Journal of Vascular Surgery 2005; 42: 488-493. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2005.05.014.
Yao P and Mukhdomi T. Varicose Vein Endovenous Laser Therapy. StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing
Copyright © 2022, StatPearls Publishing LLC., 2022.
Mundy L, Merlin TL, Fitridge RA, et al. Systematic review of endovenous laser treatment for varicose veins. Br J Surg 2005; 92: 1189-1194. 2005/09/22. DOI: 10.1002/bjs.5142.
Proebstle TM, Gül D, Lehr HA, et al. Infrequent early recanalization of greater saphenous vein after endovenous laser treatment. J Vasc Surg 2003; 38: 511-516. 2003/08/30. DOI: 10.1016/s0741-5214(03)00420-8.
Disselhoff BC, Rem AI, Verdaasdonk RM, et al. Endovenous laser ablation: an experimental study on the mechanism of action. Phlebology 2008; 23: 69-76. 2008/05/06. DOI: 10.1258/phleb.2007.007038.
Proebstle TM, Lehr HA, Kargl A, et al. Endovenous treatment of the greater saphenous vein with a 940-nm diode laser: thrombotic occlusion after endoluminal thermal damage by laser-generated steam bubbles. J Vasc Surg 2002; 35: 729-736. 2002/04/05. DOI: 10.1067/mva.2002.121132.
Goldman MP, Mauricio M and Rao J. Intravascular 1320-nm laser closure of the great saphenous vein: a 6- to 12-month follow-up study. Dermatol Surg 2004; 30: 1380-1385. 2004/11/04. DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-4725.2004.30431.x.
Oh CK, Jung DS, Jang HS, et al. Endovenous laser surgery of the incompetent greater saphenous vein with a 980-nm diode laser. Dermatol Surg 2003; 29: 1135-1140. 2003/12/04. DOI: 10.1046/j.1524-4725.2003.29353.x.
Maurins U, Rabe E and Pannier F. Does laser power influence the results of endovenous laser ablation (EVLA) of incompetent saphenous veins with the 1 470-nm diode laser? A prospective randomized study comparing 15 and 25 W. Int Angiol 2009; 28: 32-37. 2009/02/05.
Arslan Ü, Çalık E, Tort M, et al. More Successful Results with Less Energy in Endovenous Laser Ablation Treatment: Long-term Comparison of Bare-tip Fiber 980 nm Laser and Radial-tip Fiber 1470 nm Laser Application. Annals of Vascular Surgery 2017; 45: 166-172. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avsg.2017.06.042.
Kabnick LS and Sadek M. Fiber type as compared to wavelength may contribute more to improving postoperative recovery following endovenous laser ablation. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord 2016; 4: 286-292. 2016/06/19. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvsv.2015.12.004.
Mendes-Pinto D, Bastianetto P, Cavalcanti Braga Lyra L, et al. Endovenous laser ablation of the great saphenous vein comparing 1920-nm and 1470-nm diode laser. Int Angiol 2016; 35: 599-604. 2016/10/22.
Malskat WSJ, Engels LK, Hollestein LM, et al. Commonly Used Endovenous Laser Ablation (EVLA) Parameters Do Not Influence Efficacy: Results of a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery 2019; 58: 230-242. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2018.10.036.
Nemoto H, Mo M, Ito T, et al. Venous thromboembolism complications after endovenous laser ablation for varicose veins and role of duplex ultrasound scan. Journal of Vascular Surgery: Venous and Lymphatic Disorders 2019; 7: 817-823.
Ren S, Liu P, Wang W, et al. Retained foreign body after laser ablation. International surgery 2013; 97: 293-295.
Santos FR, Loson V, Coria A, et al. Secondary Ablation of Recanalized Saphenous Vein after Endovenous Thermal Ablation. Annals of Vascular Surgery 2020; 68: 172-178.
Müller L and Alm J. Feasibility and technique of endovenous laser ablation (EVLA) of recurrent varicose veins deriving from the sapheno-femoral junction—A case series of 35 consecutive procedures. Plos one 2020; 15: e0235656.
Wallace T, El-Sheikha J, Nandhra S, et al. Long-term outcomes of endovenous laser ablation and conventional surgery for great saphenous varicose veins. British Journal of Surgery 2018; 105: 1759-1767. DOI: 10.1002/bjs.10961.
Gibson KD, Ferris BL and Pepper D. Endovenous laser treatment of varicose veins. Surgical Clinics of North America 2007; 87: 1253-1265.
Mani BC and Delgado GA. Varicose Veins Radiofrequency Ablation Therapy. StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing, 2021.
Almeida JI, Kaufman J, Göckeritz O, et al. Radiofrequency endovenous ClosureFAST versus laser ablation for the treatment of great saphenous reflux: a multicenter, single-blinded, randomized study (RECOVERY study). J Vasc Interv Radiol 2009; 20: 752-759. 2009/04/28. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2009.03.008.
Shepherd AC, Gohel MS, Brown LC, et al. Randomized clinical trial of VNUS ClosureFAST radiofrequency ablation versus laser for varicose veins. Br J Surg 2010; 97: 810-818. 2010/05/18. DOI: 10.1002/bjs.7091.
Merchant RF and Pichot O. Long-term outcomes of endovenous radiofrequency obliteration of saphenous reflux as a treatment for superficial venous insufficiency. Journal of Vascular Surgery 2005; 42: 502-510. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2005.05.007.
Merchant RF, DePalma RG and Kabnick LS. Endovascular obliteration of saphenous reflux: a multicenter study. J Vasc Surg 2002; 35: 1190-1196. 2002/06/04. DOI: 10.1067/mva.2002.124231.
He G, Zheng C, Yu M-A, et al. Comparison of ultrasound-guided endovenous laser ablation and radiofrequency for the varicose veins treatment: An updated meta-analysis. International journal of surgery 2017; 39: 267-275.
Izzo L, Pugliese F, Pieretti G, et al. High ligation of sapheno-femoral junction and thermal ablation for lower limb. Ann Ital Chir 2020; 91: 61-64.
Almeida JI, Kaufman J, Göckeritz O, et al. Radiofrequency endovenous ClosureFAST versus laser ablation for the treatment of great saphenous reflux: a multicenter, single-blinded, randomized study (RECOVERY study). Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology 2009; 20: 752-759.
Dietzek AM, Ahmad R and Richard MN. Chapter 6 - Radiofrequency Thermal Ablation: Current Data. In: Almeida JI (ed) Atlas of Endovascular Venous Surgery (Second Edition). Philadelphia: Elsevier, 2019, pp.215-231.
Sadek M, Almeida JI and Kabnick LS. Chapter 16 - Endothermal Heat-Induced Thrombosis. In: Almeida JI (ed) Atlas of Endovascular Venous Surgery (Second Edition). Philadelphia: Elsevier, 2019, pp.397-407.
van Rij AM, Jiang P, Solomon C, et al. Recurrence after varicose vein surgery: a prospective long-term clinical study with duplex ultrasound scanning and air plethysmography. J Vasc Surg 2003; 38: 935-943. 2003/11/07. DOI: 10.1016/s0741-5214(03)00601-3.
Rashid HI, Ajeel A and Tyrrell MR. Persistent popliteal fossa reflux following saphenopopliteal disconnection. Br J Surg 2002; 89: 748-751. 2002/05/25. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2168.2002.02125.x.
Sam RC, Silverman SH and Bradbury AW. Nerve injuries and varicose vein surgery. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2004; 27: 113-120. 2004/01/14. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2003.11.007.
Park SJ, Yim SB, Cha DW, et al. Endovenous laser treatment of the small saphenous vein with a 980-nm diode laser: early results. Dermatol Surg 2008; 34: 517-524; discussion 524. 2008/02/06. DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-4725.2007.34097.x.
Inderhaug E, Schelp CH, Glambek I, et al. Cost-effectiveness analysis of five procedures for great saphenous vein reflux in a Norwegian healthcare setting or societal setting. SAGE Open Med 2018; 6: 2050312118801709. 2018/09/29. DOI: 10.1177/2050312118801709.
Milleret R, Huot L, Nicolini P, et al. Great Saphenous Vein Ablation with Steam Injection: Results of a Multicentre Study. European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery 2013; 45: 391-396. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2013.01.027.
van den Bos RR, Malskat WSJ, De Maeseneer MGR, et al. Randomized clinical trial of endovenous laser ablation versus steam ablation (LAST trial) for great saphenous varicose veins. British Journal of Surgery 2014; 101: 1077-1083. DOI: 10.1002/bjs.9580.
Yang L, Wang XP, Su WJ, et al. Randomized Clinical Trial of Endovenous Microwave Ablation Combined with High Ligation Versus Conventional Surgery for Varicose Veins. European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery 2013; 46: 473-479. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2013.07.004.
