Kronik Venöz Yetmezlikte Medikal Tedavi ve Kompresyon Tedavisi
Özet
Kronik venöz yetmezlik alt ekstremite venöz sisteminde tıkanıklık ve/veya yetersizliğe bağlı olarak kanın kalbe doğru tek yönde taşınamaması durumudur. Kronik venöz yetmezlik yaygın, karmaşık bir hastalık olup etkilediği hastalarda ciddi morbiditeye yol açmaktadır. Konservatif tedavinin yanında hayat değişikliklerinin, medikal tedavi ve kompresyon tedavilerinin kronik venöz yetmezliğin her aşamasında güvenle kullanılabildiği ve fayda sağladığı bilinmektedir. Kronik venöz yetmezlikte medikal tedavi ve kompresyon tedavisi her aşaması ve ayrıntıları ile bu bölümde tartışılmıştır.
Referanslar
Eberhardt RT, Raffetto JD. Chronic venous insufficiency. Circulation. 2014 Jul 22;130(4):333-46. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.006898. PMID: 25047584.
Rabe E, Guex JJ, Puskas A, et al. Epidemiology of chronic venous disorders in geographically diverse populations: results from the Vein Consult Program. Int Angiol 2012;31:105-15.
Salim S, Machin M, Patterson BO, et al. Global epidemiology of chronic venous disease: a systematic review with pooled prevalence analysis. Ann Surg 2021;274:971e6.
Youn YJ, Lee J. Chronic venous insufficiency and varicose veins of the lower extremities. Korean J Intern Med. 2019 Mar;34(2):269-283. doi: 10.3904/kjim.2018.230. Epub 2018 Oct 26. PMID: 30360023; PMCID: PMC6406103.
Azar J, Rao A, Oropallo A. Chronic venous insufficiency: a comprehensive review of management. J Wound Care. 2022 Jun 2;31(6):510-519. doi: 10.12968/jowc.2022.31.6.510. PMID: 35678787.
Bozkurt K. Kronik Venöz Hastalık. Bozkurt AK. (Ed.) Periferik Arter ve Ven Hastalıkları: Ulusal Tedavi Kılavuzu 2021. içinde (p:251-297), Türk Kalp ve Damar Cerrahisi Derneği, Ulusal Vasküler ve Endovasküler Cerrahi Dereği, Fleboloji Derneği; Bayçınar Yayınevi, 2021; İstanbul, Türkiye
Senra Barros B, Kakkos SK, De Maeseneer M, et al. Chronic venous disease: from symptoms to microcirculation. Int Angiol. 2019 Jun;38(3):211-218. doi: 10.23736/S0392-9590.19.04116-6. Epub 2019 May 16. PMID: 31112025.
De Maeseneer MG, Kakkos SK, Aherne T, et al. Editor's Choice - European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS) 2022 Clinical Practice Guidelines on the Management of Chronic Venous Disease of the Lower Limbs. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2022 Feb;63(2):184-267. doi: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2021.12.024. Epub 2022 Jan 11. Erratum in: Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2022 Aug-Sep;64(2-3):284-285. PMID: 35027279.
de Almeida Cyrino FZG, Balthazar DS, Sicuro FL, et al. Effects of venotonic drugs on the microcirculation: Comparison between Ruscus extract and micronized diosmine1. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc. 2018;68(4):371-382. doi: 10.3233/CH-170281. PMID: 29036797.
Nicolaides AN. Venoactive medications and the place of Daflon 500 mg in recent guidelines on the management of chronic venous disease. Phlebolymphology 2009;16:340.
Word R. Medical and surgical therapy for advanced chronic venous insufficiency. Surg Clin North Am. 2010 Dec;90(6):1195-214. doi: 10.1016/j.suc.2010.08.008. PMID: 21074036.
Ramelet AA, Boisseau MR, Allegra C, et al. Venoactive drugs in the management of chronic venous disease. An international consensus statement: current medical position, prospective views and final resolution. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2005;33:309-19.
Nicolaides AN, Allegra C, Bergan J, et al. Management of chronic venous disorders of the lower limbs: guidelines according to scientific evidence. Int Angiol 2008;27:1-59.
Nicolaides A, Kakkos S, Eklof B, et al. Management of chronic venous disorders of the lower limbs - guidelines according to scientific evidence. Int Angiol 2014;33:87-208.
Nicolaides A, Kakkos S, Baekgaard N, et al. Management of chronic venous disorders of the lower limbs. Guidelines According to Scientific Evidence. Part I. Int Angiol 2018;37:181-254.
Martinez-Zapata MJ, Vernooij RW, Uriona Tuma SM, et al. Phlebotonics for venous insufficiency. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Apr 6;4(4):CD003229. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003229.pub3. Update in: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Nov 3;11:CD003229. PMID: 27048768; PMCID: PMC7173720.
Kakkos SK, Timpilis M, Patrinos P, et al. Acute effects of graduated elastic compression stockings in patients with symptomatic varicose veins: a randomised double blind placebo controlled trial. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2018;55:118e25.
Norman G, Westby MJ, Rithalia AD, et al. Dressings and topical agents for treating venous leg ulcers. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018;6:CD012583.
Alda O, Valero MS, Pereboom D. In vitro effect of calcium dobesilate on oxidative/inflammatory stress in human varicose veins. Phlebology. 2011;26(8):332–7.
Rabe E, Jaeger KA, Bulitta M, et al. Calcium dobesilate in patients suffering from chronic venous insufficiency: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial. Phlebology. 2011;26(4):162–8. 12
Rabe E, Ballarini S, Lehr L. A randomized, doubleblind, placebo-controlled, clinical study on the efficacy and safety of calcium dobesilate in the treatment of chronic venous insufficiency. Phlebology. 2015;31(4):264–74.
Flota-Cervera F, Flota-Ruiz C, Trevino C, et al. Randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial to evaluate the lymphagogue effect and clinical efficacy of calcium dobesilate in chronic venous disease. Angiology. 2008;59(3):352–6.
Ciapponi A, Laffaire E, Roqué M. Calcium dobesilate for chronic venous insufficiency: a systematic review. Angiology. 2004 Mar-Apr;55(2):147-54. doi: 10.1177/000331970405500206. PMID: 15026869.
Martinez-Zapata MJ, et al. A randomized, doubleblind multicentre clinical trial comparing the efficacy of calcium dobesilate with placebo in the treatment of chronic venous disease. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2008;35(3):358–65.
Perrin M, Ramelet AA. Pharmacological treatment of primary chronic venous disease: rationale, results and unanswered questions. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2011 Jan;41(1):117-25. doi: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2010.09.025. Epub 2010 Dec 3. PMID: 21126890.
Ulloa JH. Micronized Purified Flavonoid Fraction (MPFF) for Patients Suffering from Chronic Venous Disease: A Review of New Evidence. Adv Ther. 2019 Mar;36(Suppl 1):20-25. doi: 10.1007/s12325-019-0884-4. Epub 2019 Feb 13. PMID: 30758743; PMCID: PMC6824339.
Carpentier P, van Bellen B, Karetova D, et al. Clinical efficacy and safety of a new 1000-mg suspension versus twice-daily 500-mg tablets of MPFF in patients with symptomatic chronic venous disorders: a randomized controlled trial. Int Angiol. 2017;36(5):402–9.
Ulloa JH, Guerra D, Cadavid LG, et al. Nonoperative approach for symptomatic patients with chronic venous disease: results from the VEIN Act program. Phlebolymphology. 2018;25(2):123.
Smith PC. Daflon 500 mg and venous leg ulcer: new results from a meta-analysis. Angiology. 2005;56(6_suppl):S33–9.
Guilhou J-J, et al. Efficacy of Daflon 500 mg in venous leg ulcer healing: a double-blind, randomized, controlled versus placebo trial in 107 patients. Angiology. 1997;48(1):77–85.
Sintori CR. Aescin: pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and therapeutic profile. Pharm Res. 2001;44(3): 183–93.
Pittler MH, Ernst E. Horse chestnut seed extract for chronic venous insufficiency. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;11:CD003230.
Gallelli L. Escin: a review of its anti-edematous, anti-inflammatory, and venotonic properties. Drug Des Dev Ther. 2019;13:3425–37.
Diehm C, et al. Comparison of leg compression stocking and oral horse-chestnut seed extract therapy in patients with chronic venous insufficiency. Lancet. 1996;347(8997):292–4.
Suter A, Bommer S, Rechner J. Treatment of patients with venous insufficiency with fresh plant horse chestnut seed extract: a review of 5 clinical studies. Adv Ther. 2006;23(1):179–90.
Stücker M, Rabe E, Meyer K, et al. Therapeutic approach to chronic venous insufficiency: clinical benefits of red vine leaf extract AS 195 (Antistax). Pharmazie. 2019;74(4):193–200.
Grau M, Bolck B, Bizjak DA, et al. The red vine leaf extract AS195 increases nitric oxide synthase-dependent nitric oxide generation and decreases oxidative stress in endothelial and red blood cells. Pharmacol Res Perspect. 2016;4(1): e00213.
Schaefer E, Peil H, Ambrosetti L, et al. Oedema protective properties of the red vine leaf extract AS 195 (Folia vitis viniferae) in the treatment of chronic venous insufficiency: a 6-week observational clinical trial. Arzneimittelforschung. 2003;53(4):243–6.
Kiesewetter H, Koscielny J, Kalus U, et al. Efficacy of orally administered extract of red vine leaf AS 195 (folia vitis viniferae) in chronic venous insufficiency (stages I-II): a randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled trial. Arzneimittelforschung. 2000;50(2): 109–17.
Rabe E, Stucker M, Esperester A, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of a red-vine-leaf extract in patients suffering from chronic venous insufficiency–results of a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2011;41: 540e7.
Monsieur R, Van Snick G. Efficacy of the red vine leaf extract AS 195 in chronic venous insufficiency. Praxis (Bern 1994). 2006;95(6):187–90.
Azhdari M, Zilaee M, Karandish M, et al. Red vine leaf extract (AS 195) can improve some signs and symptoms of chronic venous insufficiency, a systematic review. Phytother Res. 2020;34(10): 2577–85.
Parsa H, Zangivand AA, Hajimaghsoudi L. The effect of pentoxifylline on chronic venous ulcers. Wounds. 2012;24(7):190–4.
Nikolovska S, Pavlova L, Petrova N, et al. Pentoxifylline: efficient in the treatment of venous ulcers in the absence of compression? Acta Dermatovenerol Croat. 2002;10(1):9–13.
O'Donnell TF Jr, Rosenthal DA, Callow AD, et al. Effect of elastic compression on venous hemodynamics in postphlebitic limbs. JAMA. 1979 Dec 21;242(25):2766-8. PMID: 501883.
Beidler SK, Douillet CD, Berndt DF, et al. Inflammatory cytokine levels in chronic venous insufficiency ulcer tissue before and after compression therapy. J Vasc Surg. 2009 Apr;49(4):1013-20. doi: 10.1016/j.jvs.2008.11.049. PMID: 19341889; PMCID: PMC4710545.
Konschake, W., Valesky, E., Stege, H. et al. Evidenz der Kompressionstherapie. Hautarzt 68, 625–631 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00105-017-3999-z
Partsch H. Compression for the management of venous leg ulcers: which material do we have? Phlebology. 2014 May;29(1 suppl):140-145. doi: 10.1177/0268355514528129. Epub 2014 May 19. PMID: 24843100.
Partsch H, Clark M, Mosti G, et al. Classification of compression bandages: practical aspects. Dermatol Surg. 2008 May;34(5):600-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1524-4725.2007.34116.x. Epub 2008 Feb 6. PMID: 18261106.
Lim CS, Davies AH. Graduated compression stockings. CMAJ. 2014 Jul 8;186(10):E391-8. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.131281. Epub 2014 Mar 3. PMID: 24591279; PMCID: PMC4081237.
Palfreyman SJ, Michaels JA. A systematic review of compression hosiery for uncomplicated varicose veins. Phlebology. 2009;24 Suppl 1:13-33. doi: 10.1258/phleb.2009.09s003. PMID: 19307438.
Rabe E, Partsch H, Morrison N, et al. Risks and contraindications of medical compression treatment - A critical reappraisal. An international consensus statement. Phlebology. 2020 Aug;35(7):447-460. doi: 10.1177/0268355520909066. Epub 2020 Mar 2. PMID: 32122269; PMCID: PMC7383414.
Referanslar
Eberhardt RT, Raffetto JD. Chronic venous insufficiency. Circulation. 2014 Jul 22;130(4):333-46. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.006898. PMID: 25047584.
Rabe E, Guex JJ, Puskas A, et al. Epidemiology of chronic venous disorders in geographically diverse populations: results from the Vein Consult Program. Int Angiol 2012;31:105-15.
Salim S, Machin M, Patterson BO, et al. Global epidemiology of chronic venous disease: a systematic review with pooled prevalence analysis. Ann Surg 2021;274:971e6.
Youn YJ, Lee J. Chronic venous insufficiency and varicose veins of the lower extremities. Korean J Intern Med. 2019 Mar;34(2):269-283. doi: 10.3904/kjim.2018.230. Epub 2018 Oct 26. PMID: 30360023; PMCID: PMC6406103.
Azar J, Rao A, Oropallo A. Chronic venous insufficiency: a comprehensive review of management. J Wound Care. 2022 Jun 2;31(6):510-519. doi: 10.12968/jowc.2022.31.6.510. PMID: 35678787.
Bozkurt K. Kronik Venöz Hastalık. Bozkurt AK. (Ed.) Periferik Arter ve Ven Hastalıkları: Ulusal Tedavi Kılavuzu 2021. içinde (p:251-297), Türk Kalp ve Damar Cerrahisi Derneği, Ulusal Vasküler ve Endovasküler Cerrahi Dereği, Fleboloji Derneği; Bayçınar Yayınevi, 2021; İstanbul, Türkiye
Senra Barros B, Kakkos SK, De Maeseneer M, et al. Chronic venous disease: from symptoms to microcirculation. Int Angiol. 2019 Jun;38(3):211-218. doi: 10.23736/S0392-9590.19.04116-6. Epub 2019 May 16. PMID: 31112025.
De Maeseneer MG, Kakkos SK, Aherne T, et al. Editor's Choice - European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS) 2022 Clinical Practice Guidelines on the Management of Chronic Venous Disease of the Lower Limbs. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2022 Feb;63(2):184-267. doi: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2021.12.024. Epub 2022 Jan 11. Erratum in: Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2022 Aug-Sep;64(2-3):284-285. PMID: 35027279.
de Almeida Cyrino FZG, Balthazar DS, Sicuro FL, et al. Effects of venotonic drugs on the microcirculation: Comparison between Ruscus extract and micronized diosmine1. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc. 2018;68(4):371-382. doi: 10.3233/CH-170281. PMID: 29036797.
Nicolaides AN. Venoactive medications and the place of Daflon 500 mg in recent guidelines on the management of chronic venous disease. Phlebolymphology 2009;16:340.
Word R. Medical and surgical therapy for advanced chronic venous insufficiency. Surg Clin North Am. 2010 Dec;90(6):1195-214. doi: 10.1016/j.suc.2010.08.008. PMID: 21074036.
Ramelet AA, Boisseau MR, Allegra C, et al. Venoactive drugs in the management of chronic venous disease. An international consensus statement: current medical position, prospective views and final resolution. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2005;33:309-19.
Nicolaides AN, Allegra C, Bergan J, et al. Management of chronic venous disorders of the lower limbs: guidelines according to scientific evidence. Int Angiol 2008;27:1-59.
Nicolaides A, Kakkos S, Eklof B, et al. Management of chronic venous disorders of the lower limbs - guidelines according to scientific evidence. Int Angiol 2014;33:87-208.
Nicolaides A, Kakkos S, Baekgaard N, et al. Management of chronic venous disorders of the lower limbs. Guidelines According to Scientific Evidence. Part I. Int Angiol 2018;37:181-254.
Martinez-Zapata MJ, Vernooij RW, Uriona Tuma SM, et al. Phlebotonics for venous insufficiency. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Apr 6;4(4):CD003229. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003229.pub3. Update in: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Nov 3;11:CD003229. PMID: 27048768; PMCID: PMC7173720.
Kakkos SK, Timpilis M, Patrinos P, et al. Acute effects of graduated elastic compression stockings in patients with symptomatic varicose veins: a randomised double blind placebo controlled trial. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2018;55:118e25.
Norman G, Westby MJ, Rithalia AD, et al. Dressings and topical agents for treating venous leg ulcers. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018;6:CD012583.
Alda O, Valero MS, Pereboom D. In vitro effect of calcium dobesilate on oxidative/inflammatory stress in human varicose veins. Phlebology. 2011;26(8):332–7.
Rabe E, Jaeger KA, Bulitta M, et al. Calcium dobesilate in patients suffering from chronic venous insufficiency: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial. Phlebology. 2011;26(4):162–8. 12
Rabe E, Ballarini S, Lehr L. A randomized, doubleblind, placebo-controlled, clinical study on the efficacy and safety of calcium dobesilate in the treatment of chronic venous insufficiency. Phlebology. 2015;31(4):264–74.
Flota-Cervera F, Flota-Ruiz C, Trevino C, et al. Randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial to evaluate the lymphagogue effect and clinical efficacy of calcium dobesilate in chronic venous disease. Angiology. 2008;59(3):352–6.
Ciapponi A, Laffaire E, Roqué M. Calcium dobesilate for chronic venous insufficiency: a systematic review. Angiology. 2004 Mar-Apr;55(2):147-54. doi: 10.1177/000331970405500206. PMID: 15026869.
Martinez-Zapata MJ, et al. A randomized, doubleblind multicentre clinical trial comparing the efficacy of calcium dobesilate with placebo in the treatment of chronic venous disease. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2008;35(3):358–65.
Perrin M, Ramelet AA. Pharmacological treatment of primary chronic venous disease: rationale, results and unanswered questions. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2011 Jan;41(1):117-25. doi: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2010.09.025. Epub 2010 Dec 3. PMID: 21126890.
Ulloa JH. Micronized Purified Flavonoid Fraction (MPFF) for Patients Suffering from Chronic Venous Disease: A Review of New Evidence. Adv Ther. 2019 Mar;36(Suppl 1):20-25. doi: 10.1007/s12325-019-0884-4. Epub 2019 Feb 13. PMID: 30758743; PMCID: PMC6824339.
Carpentier P, van Bellen B, Karetova D, et al. Clinical efficacy and safety of a new 1000-mg suspension versus twice-daily 500-mg tablets of MPFF in patients with symptomatic chronic venous disorders: a randomized controlled trial. Int Angiol. 2017;36(5):402–9.
Ulloa JH, Guerra D, Cadavid LG, et al. Nonoperative approach for symptomatic patients with chronic venous disease: results from the VEIN Act program. Phlebolymphology. 2018;25(2):123.
Smith PC. Daflon 500 mg and venous leg ulcer: new results from a meta-analysis. Angiology. 2005;56(6_suppl):S33–9.
Guilhou J-J, et al. Efficacy of Daflon 500 mg in venous leg ulcer healing: a double-blind, randomized, controlled versus placebo trial in 107 patients. Angiology. 1997;48(1):77–85.
Sintori CR. Aescin: pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and therapeutic profile. Pharm Res. 2001;44(3): 183–93.
Pittler MH, Ernst E. Horse chestnut seed extract for chronic venous insufficiency. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;11:CD003230.
Gallelli L. Escin: a review of its anti-edematous, anti-inflammatory, and venotonic properties. Drug Des Dev Ther. 2019;13:3425–37.
Diehm C, et al. Comparison of leg compression stocking and oral horse-chestnut seed extract therapy in patients with chronic venous insufficiency. Lancet. 1996;347(8997):292–4.
Suter A, Bommer S, Rechner J. Treatment of patients with venous insufficiency with fresh plant horse chestnut seed extract: a review of 5 clinical studies. Adv Ther. 2006;23(1):179–90.
Stücker M, Rabe E, Meyer K, et al. Therapeutic approach to chronic venous insufficiency: clinical benefits of red vine leaf extract AS 195 (Antistax). Pharmazie. 2019;74(4):193–200.
Grau M, Bolck B, Bizjak DA, et al. The red vine leaf extract AS195 increases nitric oxide synthase-dependent nitric oxide generation and decreases oxidative stress in endothelial and red blood cells. Pharmacol Res Perspect. 2016;4(1): e00213.
Schaefer E, Peil H, Ambrosetti L, et al. Oedema protective properties of the red vine leaf extract AS 195 (Folia vitis viniferae) in the treatment of chronic venous insufficiency: a 6-week observational clinical trial. Arzneimittelforschung. 2003;53(4):243–6.
Kiesewetter H, Koscielny J, Kalus U, et al. Efficacy of orally administered extract of red vine leaf AS 195 (folia vitis viniferae) in chronic venous insufficiency (stages I-II): a randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled trial. Arzneimittelforschung. 2000;50(2): 109–17.
Rabe E, Stucker M, Esperester A, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of a red-vine-leaf extract in patients suffering from chronic venous insufficiency–results of a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2011;41: 540e7.
Monsieur R, Van Snick G. Efficacy of the red vine leaf extract AS 195 in chronic venous insufficiency. Praxis (Bern 1994). 2006;95(6):187–90.
Azhdari M, Zilaee M, Karandish M, et al. Red vine leaf extract (AS 195) can improve some signs and symptoms of chronic venous insufficiency, a systematic review. Phytother Res. 2020;34(10): 2577–85.
Parsa H, Zangivand AA, Hajimaghsoudi L. The effect of pentoxifylline on chronic venous ulcers. Wounds. 2012;24(7):190–4.
Nikolovska S, Pavlova L, Petrova N, et al. Pentoxifylline: efficient in the treatment of venous ulcers in the absence of compression? Acta Dermatovenerol Croat. 2002;10(1):9–13.
O'Donnell TF Jr, Rosenthal DA, Callow AD, et al. Effect of elastic compression on venous hemodynamics in postphlebitic limbs. JAMA. 1979 Dec 21;242(25):2766-8. PMID: 501883.
Beidler SK, Douillet CD, Berndt DF, et al. Inflammatory cytokine levels in chronic venous insufficiency ulcer tissue before and after compression therapy. J Vasc Surg. 2009 Apr;49(4):1013-20. doi: 10.1016/j.jvs.2008.11.049. PMID: 19341889; PMCID: PMC4710545.
Konschake, W., Valesky, E., Stege, H. et al. Evidenz der Kompressionstherapie. Hautarzt 68, 625–631 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00105-017-3999-z
Partsch H. Compression for the management of venous leg ulcers: which material do we have? Phlebology. 2014 May;29(1 suppl):140-145. doi: 10.1177/0268355514528129. Epub 2014 May 19. PMID: 24843100.
Partsch H, Clark M, Mosti G, et al. Classification of compression bandages: practical aspects. Dermatol Surg. 2008 May;34(5):600-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1524-4725.2007.34116.x. Epub 2008 Feb 6. PMID: 18261106.
Lim CS, Davies AH. Graduated compression stockings. CMAJ. 2014 Jul 8;186(10):E391-8. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.131281. Epub 2014 Mar 3. PMID: 24591279; PMCID: PMC4081237.
Palfreyman SJ, Michaels JA. A systematic review of compression hosiery for uncomplicated varicose veins. Phlebology. 2009;24 Suppl 1:13-33. doi: 10.1258/phleb.2009.09s003. PMID: 19307438.
Rabe E, Partsch H, Morrison N, et al. Risks and contraindications of medical compression treatment - A critical reappraisal. An international consensus statement. Phlebology. 2020 Aug;35(7):447-460. doi: 10.1177/0268355520909066. Epub 2020 Mar 2. PMID: 32122269; PMCID: PMC7383414.