Venöz Anatomi ve Sınıflandırma

Carter C J, Anderson F A, Wheeler H B. In: Hull RD, Raskob GE, Pineo GF, editor. Venous Thromboembolism: An Evidence-Based Atlas. Armonk, NY: Futura Publishing Company; 1996. Epidemiology and pathophysiology of venous thromboembolism. pp. 3–20.

Moneta G L, Nehler M R. In: Gloviczki P, Yao JST, editor. Handbook of Venous Disorders: Guidelines of the American Venous Forum. 1st ed. London: Chapman and Hall Medical; 1996. The lower extremity venous system: anatomy and physiology of normal venous function and chronic venous insufficiency. pp. 3–26

Bemmelen P S van, Bedford G, Beach K, Strandness D E. Quantitative segmental evaluation of venous valvular reflux with duplex ultrasound scanning. J Vasc Surg. 1989; 10:425–431

Caggiati A, Bergan J J, Gloviczki P, Jantet G, Wendell-Smith C P, Partsch H. Nomenclature of the veins of the lower limbs: an international interdisciplinary consensus statement. J Vasc Surg. 2002; 36:416–422.

Somjen G M. Anatomy of the superficial venous system. Dermatol Surg. 1995; 21:35–45.

Browse N, Burnand K, Thomas M. Diseases of the Veins: Pathology, Diagnosis, and Treatment. London: Edward Arnold; 1988.

Thomson H. The surgical anatomy of the superficial and perforating veins of the lower limb. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 1979; 61:198–205.

Mozes G, Gloviczki P, Menawat S S, Fisher D R, Carmichael S W, Kadar A. Surgical anatomy for endoscopic subfascial division of perforating veins. J Vasc Surg. 1996; 24:800–808

Leu H J, Vogt M, Pfrunder H. Morphological alterations of non-varicose and varicose veins. (A morphological contribution to the discussion on pathogenesis of varicose veins) Basic Res Cardiol. 1979; 74:435–444

Mozes G, Carmichael S W, Gloviczki P. In: Gloviczki P, Yao JST, editor. Handbook of Venous Disorders: Guidelines of the American Venous Forum. 2nd ed. London: Arnold; 2001. Development and anatomy of the venous system. pp. 11–24

Cotton L T. Varicose veins: gross anatomy and development. Br J Surg. 1961; 48:589–597.

Somjen G M. Anatomy of the superficial venous system. Dermatol Surg. 1995; 21:35–45.

LePage P A, Villavicencio J L, Gomez E R, Sheridan M N, Rich N M. The valvular anatomy of the iliac venous system and its clinical implications. J Vasc Surg. 1991; 14:678–683.

Mathews R, Smith P A, Fishman E K, Marshall F F. Anomalies of the inferior vena cava and renal veins: embryologic and surgical considerations. Urology. 1999; 53:873–880.

Negus D. In: Dodd H, Cockett FB, editor. The Pathology and Surgery of the Veins of the Lower Limb. 2nd ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 1976. The surgical anatomy of the veins of the lower limb. pp. 18–49

Burnand K G. In: Gloviczki P, Yao JST, editor. Handbook of Venous Disorders: Guidelines of the American Venous Forum. 2nd ed. London: Arnold; 2001. The physiology and hemodynamics of chronic venous insufficiency of the lower limb. pp. 49–57

Goldman M P, Fronek A. Anatomy and pathophysiology of varicose veins. J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1989; 15:138–145.

Ludbrook J. The musculovenous pumps of the human lower limb. Am Heart J. 1966; 71:635–641

Ascher E, Jacob T, Hingorani A, Tsemekhin B, Gunduz Y. Expression of molecular mediators of apoptosis and their role in the pathogenesis of lower-extremity varicose veins. J Vasc Surg. 2001; 33:1080–1086

Budd T W, Meenaghan M A, Wirth J, Taheri S A. Histopathology of veins and venous valves of patients with venous insufficiency syndrome: ultrastructure. J Med. 1990; 21:181–199.

Johnson B F, Manzo R A, Bergelin R O, Strandness D E. The site of residual abnormalities in the leg veins in long-term follow-up after deep venous thrombosis and their relationship to the development of the post-thrombotic syndrome. Int Angiol. 1996; 15:14–19

Labropoulos N, Giannoukas A D, Nicolaides A N, Veller M, Leon M, Volteas N. The role of venous reflux and calf muscle pump function in nonthrombotic chronic venous insufficiency: correlation with severity of signs and symptoms. Arch Surg. 1996; 131:403–406.

Hanrahan L M, Araki C T, Rodriguez A A, Kechejian G J, LaMorte W W, Menzoian J O. Distribution of valvular incompetence in patients with venous stasis ulceration. J Vasc Surg. 1991; 13:805–811

Bemmelen P S van, Bedford G, Beach K, Strandness D E., Jr Status of the valves in the superficial and deep venous system in chronic venous disease. Surgery. 1991; 109:730–734.

Porter J, Moneta G. Reporting standards in venous disease: an update. J Vasc Surg. 1995; 21:635–645

Carter C J, Anderson F A, Wheeler H B. In: Hull RD, Raskob GE, Pineo GF, editor. Venous Thromboembolism: An Evidence-Based Atlas. Armonk, NY: Futura Publishing Company; 1996. Epidemiology and pathophysiology of venous thromboembolism. pp. 3–20.

Moneta G L, Nehler M R. In: Gloviczki P, Yao JST, editor. Handbook of Venous Disorders: Guidelines of the American Venous Forum. 1st ed. London: Chapman and Hall Medical; 1996. The lower extremity venous system: anatomy and physiology of normal venous function and chronic venous insufficiency. pp. 3–26

Bemmelen P S van, Bedford G, Beach K, Strandness D E. Quantitative segmental evaluation of venous valvular reflux with duplex ultrasound scanning. J Vasc Surg. 1989; 10:425–431

Caggiati A, Bergan J J, Gloviczki P, Jantet G, Wendell-Smith C P, Partsch H. Nomenclature of the veins of the lower limbs: an international interdisciplinary consensus statement. J Vasc Surg. 2002; 36:416–422.

Somjen G M. Anatomy of the superficial venous system. Dermatol Surg. 1995; 21:35–45.

Browse N, Burnand K, Thomas M. Diseases of the Veins: Pathology, Diagnosis, and Treatment. London: Edward Arnold; 1988.

Thomson H. The surgical anatomy of the superficial and perforating veins of the lower limb. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 1979; 61:198–205.

Mozes G, Gloviczki P, Menawat S S, Fisher D R, Carmichael S W, Kadar A. Surgical anatomy for endoscopic subfascial division of perforating veins. J Vasc Surg. 1996; 24:800–808

Leu H J, Vogt M, Pfrunder H. Morphological alterations of non-varicose and varicose veins. (A morphological contribution to the discussion on pathogenesis of varicose veins) Basic Res Cardiol. 1979; 74:435–444

Mozes G, Carmichael S W, Gloviczki P. In: Gloviczki P, Yao JST, editor. Handbook of Venous Disorders: Guidelines of the American Venous Forum. 2nd ed. London: Arnold; 2001. Development and anatomy of the venous system. pp. 11–24

Cotton L T. Varicose veins: gross anatomy and development. Br J Surg. 1961; 48:589–597.

Somjen G M. Anatomy of the superficial venous system. Dermatol Surg. 1995; 21:35–45.

LePage P A, Villavicencio J L, Gomez E R, Sheridan M N, Rich N M. The valvular anatomy of the iliac venous system and its clinical implications. J Vasc Surg. 1991; 14:678–683.

Mathews R, Smith P A, Fishman E K, Marshall F F. Anomalies of the inferior vena cava and renal veins: embryologic and surgical considerations. Urology. 1999; 53:873–880.

Negus D. In: Dodd H, Cockett FB, editor. The Pathology and Surgery of the Veins of the Lower Limb. 2nd ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 1976. The surgical anatomy of the veins of the lower limb. pp. 18–49

Burnand K G. In: Gloviczki P, Yao JST, editor. Handbook of Venous Disorders: Guidelines of the American Venous Forum. 2nd ed. London: Arnold; 2001. The physiology and hemodynamics of chronic venous insufficiency of the lower limb. pp. 49–57

Goldman M P, Fronek A. Anatomy and pathophysiology of varicose veins. J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1989; 15:138–145.

Ludbrook J. The musculovenous pumps of the human lower limb. Am Heart J. 1966; 71:635–641

Ascher E, Jacob T, Hingorani A, Tsemekhin B, Gunduz Y. Expression of molecular mediators of apoptosis and their role in the pathogenesis of lower-extremity varicose veins. J Vasc Surg. 2001; 33:1080–1086

Budd T W, Meenaghan M A, Wirth J, Taheri S A. Histopathology of veins and venous valves of patients with venous insufficiency syndrome: ultrastructure. J Med. 1990; 21:181–199.

Johnson B F, Manzo R A, Bergelin R O, Strandness D E. The site of residual abnormalities in the leg veins in long-term follow-up after deep venous thrombosis and their relationship to the development of the post-thrombotic syndrome. Int Angiol. 1996; 15:14–19

Labropoulos N, Giannoukas A D, Nicolaides A N, Veller M, Leon M, Volteas N. The role of venous reflux and calf muscle pump function in nonthrombotic chronic venous insufficiency: correlation with severity of signs and symptoms. Arch Surg. 1996; 131:403–406.

Hanrahan L M, Araki C T, Rodriguez A A, Kechejian G J, LaMorte W W, Menzoian J O. Distribution of valvular incompetence in patients with venous stasis ulceration. J Vasc Surg. 1991; 13:805–811

Bemmelen P S van, Bedford G, Beach K, Strandness D E., Jr Status of the valves in the superficial and deep venous system in chronic venous disease. Surgery. 1991; 109:730–734.

Porter J, Moneta G. Reporting standards in venous disease: an update. J Vasc Surg. 1995; 21:635–645