Göçle Gelen Bireylerin Dil Sorunları
Özet
Göçler pek çok nedene bağlı olarak yapılabilmektedir. Savaş, beslenme, barınma, güvenlik, yaşam kalitesini arttırma isteği, ekonomi göçe neden olabilmektedir. Birçok insan başka ülkelere göçmen statüsünde sığınmıştır. Her ne kadar göçmenlerin öncelikli sorunları temel gereksinimleri karşılamak üzerine olsa da sonrasında dil öğrenmek, norm ve değerlere uyum sağlamak da ortaya çıkmaktadır. Aslında dil sorunu çözüldüğünde diğer sorunlar da daha kolay çözülmektedir. Özellikle son yıllarda Türkiye’ye gelen Suriyelilerin dil sorunu Türkiye için önemsenen bir durum olmuştur. Bu nedenle göçmenlere dil öğretimi özel bir önem taşımaktadır.
Referanslar
Akkaya, A, (2013). Suriyeli Mültecilerin Türkçe Algıları. Ekev Akademi Dergisi, 17(56): 179-190.
Akkaya, A. ve Ulum, Ö. G, (2018). Yabancı Dil Olarak Türkçe Öğrenen Suriyeli Sığınmacıların Dil Öğrenmeye İlişkin İnançları. International Journal of Languages’ Education and Teaching, 6(4): 1-11.
Arslan, N. (2022). Uluslararası alan indekslerinde göç yazınına ilişkin bibliyometrik bir analiz. Adıyaman Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, (41), 571-600.
Bleakley, H., & Chin, A. (2004). Language skills and earnings: Evidence from childhood immigrants. Review of Economics and statistics, 86(2), 481-496.
Biçer, N., & Özaltun, H. (2020). Mülteci ortaokul öğrencilerinin Türkçe dil becerilerine ve okula uyum süreçlerine ilişkin Suriyeli ve Türk öğrencilerin görüşleri. Avrasya Uluslararası Araştırmalar Dergisi, 8(23), 348-364.
Bölükbaş, F. (2016). Suriyeli mültecilerin dil ihtiyaçlarının analizi: İstanbul örneği. Journal of international social resear- ch, 9(46), 21-31.
Cahyono, B. Y., & Widiati, U. (2015). The teaching of EFL listening in the Indonesian context: The state of the art. Teflin Jour- nal, 20(2), 194-211.
Carens, J. (2005). The integration of immigrants. Journal of moral philosophy, 2(1), 29-46.
Cebeci, M. (2015). Sosyolojik açıdan göç ve göçmenlerin sosyal kültürel entegrasyonları: Kavramsal bir çalışma. Disiplinler Arası Göç ve Göç Politikaları Sempozyumu, Canatan K. vd.(Ed.), İstanbul: İstanbul Sabahattin Zaim Üniversitesi Yayınları, 135-158.
Cengiz, D. (2015). Zorunlu göçün mekânsal etkileri ve yerel halkın algısı; Kilis örneği. Electronic Turkish Studies, 10(2), 101- 102.
Chiswick, B. R., & Miller, P. W. (1994). Language choice among immigrants in a multi-lingual destination. Journal of popula- tion Economics, 7(2), 119-131.
Chiswick, B. R., & Miller, P. W. (2001). A model of destination-language acquisition: Application to male immigrants in Ca- nada. Demography, 38(3), 391-409.
Chiswick, B. R., & Miller, P. W. (2002). Immigrant earnings: Language skills, linguistic concentrations and the business cyc- le. Journal of population economics, 15(1), 31-57.
Constant, A. F., & Zimmermann, K. F. (2003). Circular movements and time away from the host country. Popul Res Policy Rev, 30, 495–515.
Ekici, S., & Tuncel, G. (2015). Göç ve insan. Birey ve Toplum Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 5(1), 9-22.
Ferris, D. R. (1999). One size does not fit all: Response and revision issues for immigrant student writers. Generation, 1, 153-68. Fox Tree, J. E. (1999). Listening in on monologues and dialogues. Discourse processes, 27(1), 35-53.
Goldenberg, C., Rueda, R. S., & August, D. (2006). Sociocultural Influences on the Literacy Attainment of Language-Minority Children and Youth. In D. August & T. Shanahan (Eds.), Developing literacy in second-language learners: Report of the Na- tional Literacy Panel on Language-Minority Children and Youth (pp. 269–318). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers. Göçmen Büro (2021). Göç Nedir? https://gocmenburo.com/goc-nedir/#:~:text=Ekonomik%20kay%C4%B1plardan%20dolay%C4%B1%20yetersiz%20maddi,dengeyi%20ve%20imk%C3%A2nlar%C4%B1%20yetersiz%20bulunmas%C4%B1 sitesinden 15.12. 2022 tarihinde elde edilmiştir.
Griva, E., & Chostelidou, D. (2013). Writing skills and strategies of bilingual immigrant students learning Greek as a second language and English as a foreign language. Reading & Writing-Journal of the Reading Association of South Africa, 4(1), 1-9.
Hermansen, A. S. (2017). Age at arrival and life chances among childhood immigrants. Demography, 54(1), 201-229. Isphording, I. E. (2015). What drives the language proficiency of immigrants?. IZA World of Labor.
Kara, Ş. (2004). Ana dil edinimi ve erken yaşta yabancı dil öğretimi. Uludağ Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 17(2), 295- 314.
Kerim, Ü. N. A. L., Taşkaya, S. M. ve Ersoy, G. (2018). Suriyeli göçmenlerin yabancı dil olarak Türkçe öğrenirken karşılaştıkları sorunlar ve çözüm önerileri. Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 4(2), 134-149.
Lonigan, C. J., Farver, J. M., Phillips, B. M., & Clancy-Menchetti, J. (2011). Promoting the development of preschool children’s emergent literacy skills: A randomized evaluation of a literacy-focused curriculum and two professional development models. Reading and writing, 24(3), 305-337.
Limbird, C. K. (2007). Phonological processing, verbal abilities, and second language literacy development among bilingual Turkish children in Germany.
Marx, A. E., & Stanat, P. (2012). Reading comprehension of immigrant students in Germany: Research evidence on determi- nants and target points for intervention. Reading and Writing, 25(8), 1929-1945.
Miranda, A., & Zhu, Y. (2013). English deficiency and the native–immigrant wage gap. Economics Letters, 118(1), 38-41.
Napikul, S., Cedar, P., & Roongrattanakool, D. (2018). The effects of film subtitles on English listening comprehension and vocabulary. International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature, 7(6), 104-111.
Nar, B. (2008). Göçün eğitime ve eğitim yönetimine etkileri: Dilovası Örneği (Master›s thesis, Sakarya Üniversitesi).
Ntombela, B., Ngubane, N. I., & Govender, S. (2020). Writing approaches and strategies used by teachers in selected South African English First Additional Language classrooms. Reading & Writing-Journal of the Reading Association of South Africa, 11(1), 1-8.
Olivos, E. M., & Mendoza, M. (2010). Immigration and educational inequality: Examining Latino immigrant parents’ engage- ment in US public schools. Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies, 8(3), 339-357.
Osada, N. (2004). Listening comprehension research: A brief review of the past thirty years. Dialogue, 3(1), 53-66.
PİKTES (2021). PİKTES Projesi. https://piktes.gov.tr/cms/Home/Hakkimizda Sitesinden 28. 12. 2022 tarihinde elde edilmiştir. Rubin, J. (1994). A review of second language listening comprehension research. The modern language journal, 78(2), 199-221. Saed, H. A., Haider, A. S., Al-Salman, S., & Hussein, R. F. (2021). The use of YouTube in developing the speaking skills of Jor-
danian EFL university students. Heliyon, 7(e07543),1-6.
Schwartz, M., Kozminsky, E., & Leikin, M. (2009). Socio-linguistic factors in second language lexical knowledge: The case of second-generation children of Russian-Jewish immigrants in Israel. Language, Culture and Curriculum, 22(1), 15-28.
Stanat, P., & Christensen, G. S. (2006). Where immigrant students succeed: A comparative review of performances and engage- ment in PISA 2003. Paris: OECD.
Stevens, G. (2006). The age‐length‐onset problem in research on second language acquisition among immigrants. Language Learning, 56(4), 671-692.
Turan, M., & Fansa, M. (2021). Göçmen çocukların türkçe öğreniminde yaşadıkları problemler. Milli Eğitim Dergisi, 50(1), 11-26.
Van Tubergen, F., & Wierenga, M. (2011). The language acquisition of male immigrants in a multilingual destination: Turks and Moroccans in Belgium. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 37(7), 1039-1057.
Verhoeven, L. T. (1990). Acquisition of reading in a second language. Reading research quarterly, 25 (2), 90-114.
Whitaker, E. (2010). Language acquisition of the children of immigrants and the role of non-profit organizations. Bachelor of Arts degree in Economics, University of Puget Sound. Retrieved from https://soundideas.pugetsound.edu/cgi/viewcon- tent.cgi?article=1072&context=economics_theses on 25. 12. 2022.
Yao, Y., & van Ours, J. C. (2015). Language skills and labor market performance of immigrants in the Netherlands. Labour Economics, 34, 76-85.
Yaylı, D. ve Y. Bayyurt ( Ed.) (2014). Yabancılara Türkçe öğretimi. Ankara: Pegem Yayıncılık
Yılmaz, A. (2014). Uluslararası Göç: Çeşitleri, Nedenleri ve Etkileri, Turkish Studies, 9 (2), 1685-1704.
Referanslar
Akkaya, A, (2013). Suriyeli Mültecilerin Türkçe Algıları. Ekev Akademi Dergisi, 17(56): 179-190.
Akkaya, A. ve Ulum, Ö. G, (2018). Yabancı Dil Olarak Türkçe Öğrenen Suriyeli Sığınmacıların Dil Öğrenmeye İlişkin İnançları. International Journal of Languages’ Education and Teaching, 6(4): 1-11.
Arslan, N. (2022). Uluslararası alan indekslerinde göç yazınına ilişkin bibliyometrik bir analiz. Adıyaman Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, (41), 571-600.
Bleakley, H., & Chin, A. (2004). Language skills and earnings: Evidence from childhood immigrants. Review of Economics and statistics, 86(2), 481-496.
Biçer, N., & Özaltun, H. (2020). Mülteci ortaokul öğrencilerinin Türkçe dil becerilerine ve okula uyum süreçlerine ilişkin Suriyeli ve Türk öğrencilerin görüşleri. Avrasya Uluslararası Araştırmalar Dergisi, 8(23), 348-364.
Bölükbaş, F. (2016). Suriyeli mültecilerin dil ihtiyaçlarının analizi: İstanbul örneği. Journal of international social resear- ch, 9(46), 21-31.
Cahyono, B. Y., & Widiati, U. (2015). The teaching of EFL listening in the Indonesian context: The state of the art. Teflin Jour- nal, 20(2), 194-211.
Carens, J. (2005). The integration of immigrants. Journal of moral philosophy, 2(1), 29-46.
Cebeci, M. (2015). Sosyolojik açıdan göç ve göçmenlerin sosyal kültürel entegrasyonları: Kavramsal bir çalışma. Disiplinler Arası Göç ve Göç Politikaları Sempozyumu, Canatan K. vd.(Ed.), İstanbul: İstanbul Sabahattin Zaim Üniversitesi Yayınları, 135-158.
Cengiz, D. (2015). Zorunlu göçün mekânsal etkileri ve yerel halkın algısı; Kilis örneği. Electronic Turkish Studies, 10(2), 101- 102.
Chiswick, B. R., & Miller, P. W. (1994). Language choice among immigrants in a multi-lingual destination. Journal of popula- tion Economics, 7(2), 119-131.
Chiswick, B. R., & Miller, P. W. (2001). A model of destination-language acquisition: Application to male immigrants in Ca- nada. Demography, 38(3), 391-409.
Chiswick, B. R., & Miller, P. W. (2002). Immigrant earnings: Language skills, linguistic concentrations and the business cyc- le. Journal of population economics, 15(1), 31-57.
Constant, A. F., & Zimmermann, K. F. (2003). Circular movements and time away from the host country. Popul Res Policy Rev, 30, 495–515.
Ekici, S., & Tuncel, G. (2015). Göç ve insan. Birey ve Toplum Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 5(1), 9-22.
Ferris, D. R. (1999). One size does not fit all: Response and revision issues for immigrant student writers. Generation, 1, 153-68. Fox Tree, J. E. (1999). Listening in on monologues and dialogues. Discourse processes, 27(1), 35-53.
Goldenberg, C., Rueda, R. S., & August, D. (2006). Sociocultural Influences on the Literacy Attainment of Language-Minority Children and Youth. In D. August & T. Shanahan (Eds.), Developing literacy in second-language learners: Report of the Na- tional Literacy Panel on Language-Minority Children and Youth (pp. 269–318). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers. Göçmen Büro (2021). Göç Nedir? https://gocmenburo.com/goc-nedir/#:~:text=Ekonomik%20kay%C4%B1plardan%20dolay%C4%B1%20yetersiz%20maddi,dengeyi%20ve%20imk%C3%A2nlar%C4%B1%20yetersiz%20bulunmas%C4%B1 sitesinden 15.12. 2022 tarihinde elde edilmiştir.
Griva, E., & Chostelidou, D. (2013). Writing skills and strategies of bilingual immigrant students learning Greek as a second language and English as a foreign language. Reading & Writing-Journal of the Reading Association of South Africa, 4(1), 1-9.
Hermansen, A. S. (2017). Age at arrival and life chances among childhood immigrants. Demography, 54(1), 201-229. Isphording, I. E. (2015). What drives the language proficiency of immigrants?. IZA World of Labor.
Kara, Ş. (2004). Ana dil edinimi ve erken yaşta yabancı dil öğretimi. Uludağ Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 17(2), 295- 314.
Kerim, Ü. N. A. L., Taşkaya, S. M. ve Ersoy, G. (2018). Suriyeli göçmenlerin yabancı dil olarak Türkçe öğrenirken karşılaştıkları sorunlar ve çözüm önerileri. Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 4(2), 134-149.
Lonigan, C. J., Farver, J. M., Phillips, B. M., & Clancy-Menchetti, J. (2011). Promoting the development of preschool children’s emergent literacy skills: A randomized evaluation of a literacy-focused curriculum and two professional development models. Reading and writing, 24(3), 305-337.
Limbird, C. K. (2007). Phonological processing, verbal abilities, and second language literacy development among bilingual Turkish children in Germany.
Marx, A. E., & Stanat, P. (2012). Reading comprehension of immigrant students in Germany: Research evidence on determi- nants and target points for intervention. Reading and Writing, 25(8), 1929-1945.
Miranda, A., & Zhu, Y. (2013). English deficiency and the native–immigrant wage gap. Economics Letters, 118(1), 38-41.
Napikul, S., Cedar, P., & Roongrattanakool, D. (2018). The effects of film subtitles on English listening comprehension and vocabulary. International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature, 7(6), 104-111.
Nar, B. (2008). Göçün eğitime ve eğitim yönetimine etkileri: Dilovası Örneği (Master›s thesis, Sakarya Üniversitesi).
Ntombela, B., Ngubane, N. I., & Govender, S. (2020). Writing approaches and strategies used by teachers in selected South African English First Additional Language classrooms. Reading & Writing-Journal of the Reading Association of South Africa, 11(1), 1-8.
Olivos, E. M., & Mendoza, M. (2010). Immigration and educational inequality: Examining Latino immigrant parents’ engage- ment in US public schools. Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies, 8(3), 339-357.
Osada, N. (2004). Listening comprehension research: A brief review of the past thirty years. Dialogue, 3(1), 53-66.
PİKTES (2021). PİKTES Projesi. https://piktes.gov.tr/cms/Home/Hakkimizda Sitesinden 28. 12. 2022 tarihinde elde edilmiştir. Rubin, J. (1994). A review of second language listening comprehension research. The modern language journal, 78(2), 199-221. Saed, H. A., Haider, A. S., Al-Salman, S., & Hussein, R. F. (2021). The use of YouTube in developing the speaking skills of Jor-
danian EFL university students. Heliyon, 7(e07543),1-6.
Schwartz, M., Kozminsky, E., & Leikin, M. (2009). Socio-linguistic factors in second language lexical knowledge: The case of second-generation children of Russian-Jewish immigrants in Israel. Language, Culture and Curriculum, 22(1), 15-28.
Stanat, P., & Christensen, G. S. (2006). Where immigrant students succeed: A comparative review of performances and engage- ment in PISA 2003. Paris: OECD.
Stevens, G. (2006). The age‐length‐onset problem in research on second language acquisition among immigrants. Language Learning, 56(4), 671-692.
Turan, M., & Fansa, M. (2021). Göçmen çocukların türkçe öğreniminde yaşadıkları problemler. Milli Eğitim Dergisi, 50(1), 11-26.
Van Tubergen, F., & Wierenga, M. (2011). The language acquisition of male immigrants in a multilingual destination: Turks and Moroccans in Belgium. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 37(7), 1039-1057.
Verhoeven, L. T. (1990). Acquisition of reading in a second language. Reading research quarterly, 25 (2), 90-114.
Whitaker, E. (2010). Language acquisition of the children of immigrants and the role of non-profit organizations. Bachelor of Arts degree in Economics, University of Puget Sound. Retrieved from https://soundideas.pugetsound.edu/cgi/viewcon- tent.cgi?article=1072&context=economics_theses on 25. 12. 2022.
Yao, Y., & van Ours, J. C. (2015). Language skills and labor market performance of immigrants in the Netherlands. Labour Economics, 34, 76-85.
Yaylı, D. ve Y. Bayyurt ( Ed.) (2014). Yabancılara Türkçe öğretimi. Ankara: Pegem Yayıncılık
Yılmaz, A. (2014). Uluslararası Göç: Çeşitleri, Nedenleri ve Etkileri, Turkish Studies, 9 (2), 1685-1704.
