Hastalıklarla Mücadele ve Kontrol Stratejileri
Özet
Hayvan sağlığı, hayvansal üretimin tüm aşamalarında (üretim, pazarlama, tüketim, ihracat vb.) önemi ihmal edilemez ve kritik bir konumdadır. Dünya Hayvan Sağlığı Örgütü (OIE), hayvansal üretim kayıplarının %20’sinden fazlasının hayvan hastalıklarıyla bağlantılı olduğunu bildirmektedir. Bu bağ- lamda hayvancılık sektöründe yapılacak büyük ölçekli yatırımlarda (kanatlı sektörü başta olmak üzere) hastalıklardan koruma ve kontrol uygulamaları büyük önem arz etmektedir. Dolayısıyla hayvansal üretim alanında yapıla- cak yatırımların ön koşullarından biri de hayvan hastalıklarının kontrolüdür. Bunun yanı sıra salgın oluşturma kapasitesine sahip hayvan hastalıklarının kontrolü, uluslararası hayvansal ürün ticaretinin de güvenli bir biçimde yü- rütülmesi için ön şart oluşturur. Son yıllarda meydana gelen başlıca salgınlar (kuş gribi (HPAI), Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)), çiftlik hayvan- larının telef olması ve hayvansal üretimin azalması şeklinde doğrudan eko- nomik kayıpların yanında; azalan tüketim, fiyat düşüşleri ve uluslararası tica- retin bozulması gibi önemli dolaylı kayıplara neden olmuştur. Ayrıca zoonoz hastalıklar, hayvan sağlığı açısından bir sorun olmakla kalmayıp halk sağlığı a- çısından da önemli bir sorun teşkil etmektedir. Kuş gribinin neden olduğu son salgınlar, halk sağlığını korumak için en iyi stratejinin, hayvan popülasyonundaki patojenleri kontrol etmek veya eradike etmekten geçtiğini göstermiştir. Her ülke, özel ve/veya kamu veteriner hizmetleri aracılığıyla hayvan hastalıkla- rını önlemek ve kontrol etmek için kendi sistemini geliştirmiştir. Bu önleme ve kontrol sisteminin organizasyonu, ülkedeki hayvansal üretimin yapısına, mevcut ve geçmiş epidemiyolojik duruma ve idari kültüre göre birbirinden ayrışmaktadır. Kontrol sisteminin organizasyonunda birimler arası görev dağılımı ülkelere göre farklılık gösterir. Hayvan sağlığı risk yönetimi, hem üreticilerin hem de hükümet- lerin katılımına ve taraflar arasındaki hayvan sağlığı politikası hedefleri üzerinde fikir birliğine bağlıdır. Başta OIE olmak üzere uluslararası kuruluşlar, hayvanların sağlık raporlarını düzenli olarak yayınlayarak ülkelerin hayvan sağlığı politikası tasarımı ve uygulamasına ilişkin seçimlerini yapmalarına ve bulaşıcı hastalıkların yayılmasıyla mücadele etmelerine önemli katkılar sunmaktadır. Hayvan hastalıkları politikası; hükümet, devlet kurumları, çiftçiler/üreticiler, ve- teriner hekimler, sivil toplum kuruluşları (STK’lar) ve endüstri ortaklarının müş- terek çabasıyla oluşturularak, kamu ve özel sektör aktörleri tarafından yürütülen çok sayıda faaliyeti içerir. Teknik ve kurumsal konuların kapsamı, karmaşıklığı ve mevcut sınırlı kaynaklar göz önüne alındığında, politika stratejileri ve eylemlere ilişkin kararların, riskler dikkate alınarak, alternatif maliyet ve getirilerin mümkün olan en iyi değerlendirmesine göre alınması gerekir.
Referanslar
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Brazier J, Ratcliffe J, Tsuchiya A, Salomon J, 2007. Measuring an Valuing Health Benefits for Eco- nomic Evaluation. Oxford University Press, New York, USA.
Brent RJ, 2003. Cost-Benefit Analysis and Health Care Evaluations. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, UK.
Buchanan JM, 1965. An economic theory of clubs. Economica, 32(125):1-14.
Buchanan JM, 1968. The Demand and Supply of Public Goods, Rand McNally, Chicago.
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Civic Consulting, 2012. Management of risks from epidemic livestock diseases – Overview of key issues and comparison of compensation ⁄ cost-sharing systems in selected countries. Study conducted for the OECD.
COMESA, 2015. Regional Livestock Policy Framework COMESA. Lusaka, Zambia. Erişim: htt- ps://www.comesa.int/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Livestock-Policy-Framework-En.pdf
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Dijkhuizen AA, Morris RS, 1997.Animal Health Economics: Principle and applications. Univer- sity of Sidney, Sidney, Australia.
England Advisory Group on Responsibility and Cost Sharing, 2010. Responsibility and Cost Sha- ring for Animal Health and Welfare. Crown copyright, PB 13450.
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Giangaspero M, Sekiguchi S, 2016. Risk assessment of animal infectious diseases and decision making process. Clin Microbiol 5(242): 1-7. Doi: 10.4172/2327-5073.1000242
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Llado FM, 2006. Compensation mechanisms for livestock producers for the application of sanitary measures. Erişim: https://www.oie.int/app/uploads/2021/03/2006-167-176-muzio-a.pdf MacPhillamy I, Olmo L, Young J, Nampanya S, et al., 2022. Changes in farmer animal health and
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Musgrave R, 1959. The Theory of Public Finance A Study In Public Economy. McGraw Hill Book Company, New York, USA.
OECD, Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2012. Livestock Diseases Pre- vention, Control and Compensation Schemes. OECD Publishing. ISBN 978-92-64-17875-5. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264178762-en
OECD, Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2019. Agricultural Policy Monitoring and Evaluation 2019. Erişim: https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/sites/d974f297-en/ index.html?itemId=/content/component/d974f297-en
OIE, World Organisation for Animal Health, 2011. Terrestrial Animal Health Code. Volume I. General provisions. Twentieth edition, ISBN: 978-92-9044-825-9.
OIE, World Organisation for Animal Health, 2013. Global strategies for animal disease control.
Bulletin Boutique, No:2013-3.
OIE, World Organisation for Animal Health, 2019a. Public-private partnerships and perspectives in the veterinary domain. Bulletin Panorama, No: 2019-3.
OIE, World Organisation for Animal Health, 2019b. Advocating for strengthening veteri- nary services through the OIE pvs pathway. Erişim: https://www.woah.org/app/uploa- ds/2021/03/20190513-pvs-onepage-en-final.pdf
OIE, World Organisation for Animal Health, 2020. Animal Health. A multifaceted challenge. Erişim: https://www.woah.org/fileadmin/Home/eng/Media_Center/docs/pdf/Key_ Docu- ments/ANIMAL-HEALTH-EN-FINAL.pdf
OIE, World Organisation for Animal Health, 2022. News. https://www.woah.org/en/?type=rss&- cHash=ftp%3A%2F%2Fmili
Otte MJ, Nugent R, McLeod A, 2004. Transboundary Animal Diseases: Assesment of socio-eco- nomic impacts and institutional responses. FAO, Livestock Information and Policy Branch, AGAL, February, 2004.
Pontrandolfi A, Nizza G, 2012. Perspectives on risk management as climate change adaptation measure in Italian agriculture. Building resilience for adaptation to climate change in the agriculture sector Proceedings of a Joint FAO/OECD Workshop 23–24 April, Rome.
Pettiti DB, 2000. Meta-Analysis, Decision-Analysis, and Cost-Effectiveness Analysis – Methods for Quantitative Synthesis in Medicine. 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, New York, USA. Phylum, 2010. Listing and Categorisation of Priority Animal Diseases: including those transmis-sible to humans. Report for OIE. Erişim: www.oie.int/en/support-to-oie-members/globalstu- dies/categorisation-of-animal-diseases
Rich KM, Miller GY, Winter-Nelson A, 2005. A review of economic tools for the assessment of animal disease outbreaks. Revue scientifique et technique (International Office of Epizooti- cs), 24(3): 833-845.
Romero J, 2018. Sustainability of veterinary services: Experiences and challenges. 24th Conference of the OIE Regional Commission for the Americas, Punta Cana, Dominican Republic, 19 to 23 November 2018. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.20506/TT.2933
Rose H, 2011. Animal health – Responsibility and Cost Sharing. Research Service, National As- sembly for Wales, Cardiff CF99 1NA. Enquiry no: 11/0671.
Siegel JE, Weinstein MC, Russell LB, Gold MR, 1996. Recommendations for reporting cost-effec- tiveness analyses. JAMA, 276(16): 1339–1341. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1996.03540160061034.
Smith LD, 2001. Reform and Decentralization of Agricultural Services: A Policy Framework. FAO Agricultural Policy and Economic Development Series: 7. FAO, Rome. ISBN: 92-5-104644-1. USDA-CFIA, 2014. Framework for Implementing and Maintaining the Arrangement between the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) for the Recognition of Foreign Animal Disease Control and Eradication Zones. Eri- şim: https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/downloads/sacah/Draft%20Framework%20
for%20APHIS-CFIA%20Zoning%20Arrangement%20(v8).pdf
Wagenberg CV, Baltussen W, Jongeneel R, 2019. Animal Health Policy. In: EU Bioeconomy Eco- nomics and Policies: Volume I. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. P: 151-172.
World Bank, 2018. Operational Framework for Strengthening Human, Animal, and Environmen- tal Public Health Systems at their Interface. World Bank Report Number: 122980-GLB. 1818 H St. NW, Washington, DC, USA.
Referanslar
Akkoyunlu P, 2001. Kamu malı ve hizmeti tanımı. İ.Ü. İktisat Fakültesi, Maliye Araştırma Merkezi Konferansları, 40. Seri.
Anderson I, 2008. Foot and Mouth Disease 2007: A Review and Lessons Learned. Crown Copy- right, Information Policy Division, OPSI, St Clements House, 2-16 Colegate, Norwich, NR3 1BQ, UK.
Anton J, 2012. Responses to risk – the role of policy and compensation schemes. EuroChoices, 11(2): 23-28.
Bennett R, Appleby A, 2010. Animal welfare policy in the European Union. In: Oskam A, Meester G, Silvis H (eds.) EU policy for Agriculture, Food and Rural Areas. Wageningen Academic Publishers, The Netherlands, pp: 243-251.
Bennett R, 2012. Economic rationale for interventions to control livestock disease. EuroChoices 11(2): 5-11.
Bergevoet RH, Schaik G van, Veling J, Backus GB, et al., 2009. Economic and epidemiological evaluation of Salmonella control in Dutch dairy herds. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 89 (1–2): 1–7.
Boardman AE, Greenberg DH, Vining AR, Weimer DL, 2014. Cost-Benefit Analysis: Concepts and Practice. 4th ed. Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, USA.
Brazier J, Ratcliffe J, Tsuchiya A, Salomon J, 2007. Measuring an Valuing Health Benefits for Eco- nomic Evaluation. Oxford University Press, New York, USA.
Brent RJ, 2003. Cost-Benefit Analysis and Health Care Evaluations. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, UK.
Buchanan JM, 1965. An economic theory of clubs. Economica, 32(125):1-14.
Buchanan JM, 1968. The Demand and Supply of Public Goods, Rand McNally, Chicago.
Civic Consulting, 2007. Prevention and control of animal diseases worldwide: Pre-feasibility study – Supporting insurance of disease losses. Part III. Erişim: www.oie.int/fileadmin/Home/eng/
Support_to_OIE_Members/docs/ppt/OIE_Insurance_products Part_III_.pdf
Civic Consulting, 2012. Management of risks from epidemic livestock diseases – Overview of key issues and comparison of compensation ⁄ cost-sharing systems in selected countries. Study conducted for the OECD.
COMESA, 2015. Regional Livestock Policy Framework COMESA. Lusaka, Zambia. Erişim: htt- ps://www.comesa.int/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Livestock-Policy-Framework-En.pdf
Detsky AS, Nagly IG, 1990. A clinician’s guide to cost-effectiveness analysis. Annals of Internal Medicine 113: 147–154.
Dijkhuizen AA, Morris RS, 1997.Animal Health Economics: Principle and applications. Univer- sity of Sidney, Sidney, Australia.
England Advisory Group on Responsibility and Cost Sharing, 2010. Responsibility and Cost Sha- ring for Animal Health and Welfare. Crown copyright, PB 13450.
European Parliament, 2016. Research For Agri Committee - State of Play of Risk Management Tools Implemented by Member States During The Period 2014- 2020: National And Euro- pean Frameworks. European Parliament, B-1047 Brussels. ISBN: 978-92-823-8632-3 doi: 10.2861/305797
FAO, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2016. Economic analysis of ani- mal diseases. FAO Animal Production and Health Guidelines. No. 18. Rome. ISBN: 978-92- 5-109166-1.
FCEC, Food Chain Evaluation Consortium, 2012. Evaluation of the EU rapid response network, crisis management and communication capacity regarding certain transmissible animal dise- ases. Final Report. Framework contract for evaluation and evaluation related services - Lot 3: Food Chain. European Commission, DG SANCO, Rue de la Loi 200, 1049 Brussels.
Giangaspero M, Sekiguchi S, 2016. Risk assessment of animal infectious diseases and decision making process. Clin Microbiol 5(242): 1-7. Doi: 10.4172/2327-5073.1000242
Gramig BM, Horan RD, Wolf CA,2009. Livestock disease indemnity design when moral hazard is followed by adverse selection. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 91(3): 627-641.
Kılıcoğlu M, 2016. Tazminat Hukuku. Bilge Yayınevi, 6. Baskı, Ankara, Türkiye.
Llado FM, 2006. Compensation mechanisms for livestock producers for the application of sanitary measures. Erişim: https://www.oie.int/app/uploads/2021/03/2006-167-176-muzio-a.pdf MacPhillamy I, Olmo L, Young J, Nampanya S, et al., 2022. Changes in farmer animal health and
biosecurity knowledge, attitudes and practices: Insights from Cambodia and Laos. Trans- boundary and Emerging Diseases, 69(4): 517-531. doi: 10.1111/tbed.14328
McEldowney J, Grant W, Medley G,2013. The Regulation of Animal Health and Welfare: Science, law and policy. First edt. Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, USA. ISBN: 978-0-203- 52260-8.
Mahul O, Stutley CJ, 2010. Government Support to Agricultural Insurance: Challenges and opti- ons for developing countries. The World Bank, Washington D.C., USA. ISBN: 978-0-8213- 8217-2 doi: 10.1596/978-0-8213-8217-2.
Martins SB, Rushton J, 2014. Cost-effectiveness analysis: adding value to assessment of animal health, welfare and production. Revue scientifique et technique-Office international des épi- zooties 33 (3): 1–18.
Musgrave R, 1959. The Theory of Public Finance A Study In Public Economy. McGraw Hill Book Company, New York, USA.
OECD, Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2012. Livestock Diseases Pre- vention, Control and Compensation Schemes. OECD Publishing. ISBN 978-92-64-17875-5. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264178762-en
OECD, Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2019. Agricultural Policy Monitoring and Evaluation 2019. Erişim: https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/sites/d974f297-en/ index.html?itemId=/content/component/d974f297-en
OIE, World Organisation for Animal Health, 2011. Terrestrial Animal Health Code. Volume I. General provisions. Twentieth edition, ISBN: 978-92-9044-825-9.
OIE, World Organisation for Animal Health, 2013. Global strategies for animal disease control.
Bulletin Boutique, No:2013-3.
OIE, World Organisation for Animal Health, 2019a. Public-private partnerships and perspectives in the veterinary domain. Bulletin Panorama, No: 2019-3.
OIE, World Organisation for Animal Health, 2019b. Advocating for strengthening veteri- nary services through the OIE pvs pathway. Erişim: https://www.woah.org/app/uploa- ds/2021/03/20190513-pvs-onepage-en-final.pdf
OIE, World Organisation for Animal Health, 2020. Animal Health. A multifaceted challenge. Erişim: https://www.woah.org/fileadmin/Home/eng/Media_Center/docs/pdf/Key_ Docu- ments/ANIMAL-HEALTH-EN-FINAL.pdf
OIE, World Organisation for Animal Health, 2022. News. https://www.woah.org/en/?type=rss&- cHash=ftp%3A%2F%2Fmili
Otte MJ, Nugent R, McLeod A, 2004. Transboundary Animal Diseases: Assesment of socio-eco- nomic impacts and institutional responses. FAO, Livestock Information and Policy Branch, AGAL, February, 2004.
Pontrandolfi A, Nizza G, 2012. Perspectives on risk management as climate change adaptation measure in Italian agriculture. Building resilience for adaptation to climate change in the agriculture sector Proceedings of a Joint FAO/OECD Workshop 23–24 April, Rome.
Pettiti DB, 2000. Meta-Analysis, Decision-Analysis, and Cost-Effectiveness Analysis – Methods for Quantitative Synthesis in Medicine. 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, New York, USA. Phylum, 2010. Listing and Categorisation of Priority Animal Diseases: including those transmis-sible to humans. Report for OIE. Erişim: www.oie.int/en/support-to-oie-members/globalstu- dies/categorisation-of-animal-diseases
Rich KM, Miller GY, Winter-Nelson A, 2005. A review of economic tools for the assessment of animal disease outbreaks. Revue scientifique et technique (International Office of Epizooti- cs), 24(3): 833-845.
Romero J, 2018. Sustainability of veterinary services: Experiences and challenges. 24th Conference of the OIE Regional Commission for the Americas, Punta Cana, Dominican Republic, 19 to 23 November 2018. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.20506/TT.2933
Rose H, 2011. Animal health – Responsibility and Cost Sharing. Research Service, National As- sembly for Wales, Cardiff CF99 1NA. Enquiry no: 11/0671.
Siegel JE, Weinstein MC, Russell LB, Gold MR, 1996. Recommendations for reporting cost-effec- tiveness analyses. JAMA, 276(16): 1339–1341. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1996.03540160061034.
Smith LD, 2001. Reform and Decentralization of Agricultural Services: A Policy Framework. FAO Agricultural Policy and Economic Development Series: 7. FAO, Rome. ISBN: 92-5-104644-1. USDA-CFIA, 2014. Framework for Implementing and Maintaining the Arrangement between the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) for the Recognition of Foreign Animal Disease Control and Eradication Zones. Eri- şim: https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/downloads/sacah/Draft%20Framework%20
for%20APHIS-CFIA%20Zoning%20Arrangement%20(v8).pdf
Wagenberg CV, Baltussen W, Jongeneel R, 2019. Animal Health Policy. In: EU Bioeconomy Eco- nomics and Policies: Volume I. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. P: 151-172.
World Bank, 2018. Operational Framework for Strengthening Human, Animal, and Environmen- tal Public Health Systems at their Interface. World Bank Report Number: 122980-GLB. 1818 H St. NW, Washington, DC, USA.
