Miyopi Gelişiminde Risk Faktörleri ve Önleyici Tedaviler
Özet
Miyopi günümüzde en sık görülen görme bozukluğunun nedenidir. Bununla beraber dünyada prevelansı giderek artmakta ve günümüzde yaklaşık olarak 2 milyar kişide bulunmaktadır. Yapılan çalışmaların sonucunda 2050 yılında bu sayının 4,76 milyara, yüksek miyopinin ise 1 milyara yükseleceği tahmin edilmektedir. Miyopinin ilerlemesiyle gelişen yüksek miyopi, gözde birçok komplikasyona neden olup kalıcı görme kaybı meydana getirebilmektedir. Bundan dolayı miyopi gelişimine ve ilerlemesine neden olabilecek sebeplerin yanında önlemek için neler yapılabileceği birçok araştırmanın konusu olmuştur. Günümüzde miyopi oranlarının artmasında genetik faktörlerin yanında, özellikle çevresel faktörlerin de etkili olduğu düşünülmektedir. Asya popülasyonlarında yaklaşık % 37-60 oranlarında miyopi görülmesi etnik kökenin ve ailede ebeveynlerin miyopiye sahip olmasının miyopi gelişme riskini arttırması, miyopi gelişiminde genetik fakörlerin etkisi olduğunu desteklemektedir. Bunun yanında günümüzde eğitim sürelerinin artmasıyla yakın çalışma süresinin (okuma, bilgisayar, tv izleme) artması ve dış mekanda geçirilen sürelerin azalması miyopiyi arttıran çevresel faktörlerin başında gelmektedir. Miyopi gelişmesi ve ilerlemesini engellemek için kullanılan tedavi yöntemleri, birçok araştırmanın konusu oluşturmuştur. Bu yöntemler, bifokal lensler ve otokeratoloji gibi optik tedavileri, ayrıca atropin ve pirenzepin gibi medikal tedavileri içermektedir. Günümüzde atropin ve otokeratolojinin miyopi gelişim ve ilerlemesinde diğer yöntemlere göre daha fazla etkili olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Atropinin göze olan yan etkilerin azaltılmak için düşük konsantrasyonlarda kullanılması önerilmektedir.
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