Acil Servis Kılavuzları ve Klinik Yönergeleri

Agrawal P, Kosowsky JM. Clinical practice guidelines in the emergency department. Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America 2009; 27: 555–67, vii.

Hacke W, Donnan G, Fieschi C, et al. Association of outcome with early stroke treatment: pooled analysis of ATLANTIS, ECASS, and NINDS rt-PA stroke trials. Lancet 2004; 363: 768–74.

Hacke W, Kaste M, Bluhmki E, et al. Thrombolysis with alteplase 3 to 4.5 hours after acute ischemic stroke. New England Journal of Medicine 2008; 359: 1317–29.

Wahlgren N, Ahmed N, Davalos A, et al. Thrombolysis with alteplase 3–4.5 h after acute ischaemic stroke (SITS-ISTR): an observational study. Lancet 2008; 372: 1303–9.

Pollack CV, Roe MT, Peterson ED. 2002 update to the ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with unstable angina and non-ST- segment elevation myocardial infarction: implications for emergency department practice. Annals of Emergency Medicine 2003; 41: 355–69.

Yusuf S, Zhao F, Mehta SR, et al. Effects of clopidogrel in addition to aspirin in patients with acute coronary syndromes without ST-segment elevation. New England Journal of Medicine 2001; 345: 494–502.

Bohan J. Guidelines in emergency medicine. In J Marx, R Hockberger, R Walls, eds., Rosen’s Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice, 6th edn. Philadelphia, PA: Mosby Elsevier, 2006: 3034–45.

Grimshaw JM, Russell IT. Effect of clinical guidelines on medical practice: a systematic review of rigorous evaluations. Lancet 1993; 342: 1317–22.

Jain S, Elon LK, Johnson BA, Frank G, Deguzman M. Physician practice variation in the pediatric emergency department and its impact on resource use and quality of care. Pediatric Emergency Care 2010; 26: 902–8.

Stiell IG, Clement CM, Brison RJ, et al. Variation in management of recent-onset atrial fibrillation and flutter among academic hospital emergency departments. Annals of Emergency Medicine 2011; 57: 13–21.

Chan EW, Taylor DM, Knott JC, Kong DC. Variation in the management of hypothetical cases of acute agitation in Australasian emergency departments. Emergency Medicine Australasia 2011; 23: 23–32.

Calver LA, Downes MA, Page CB, Bryant JL, Isbister GK. The impact of a standardised intramuscular sedation protocol for acute behavioural disturbance in the emergency department. BMC Emergency Medicine 2010; 10: 14.

Edlow JA, Panagos PD, Godwin SA, Thomas TL, Decker WW. Clinical policy: critical issues in the evaluation and management of adult patients presenting to the emergency department with acute headache. Annals of Emergency Medicine 2008; 52: 407–36.

Morgenstern LB, Luna-Gonzales H, Huber JC, et al. Worst headache and subarachnoid hemorrhage: prospective, modern computed tomography and spinal fluid analysis. Annals of Emergency Medicine 1998; 32: 297–304.

Savitz SI, Levitan EB, Wears R, Edlow JA. Pooled analysis of patients with thunderclap headache evaluated by CT and LP: is angiography necessary in patients with negative evaluations? Journal of the Neurological Sciences 2009; 276: 123–5.

Edlow JA. What are the unintended consequences of

changing the diagnostic paradigm for subarachnoid hemorrhage after brain computed tomography to computed tomographic angiography in place of lumbar puncture? Academic Emergency Medicine 2010; 17: 991–7.

McCormack RF, Hutson A. Can computed tomography angiography of the brain replace lumbar puncture in the evaluation of acute-onset headache after a negative noncontrast cranial computed tomography scan? Academic Emergency Medicine 2010; 17: 444–51.

Ransom SB, Studdert DM, Dombrowski MP, Mello MM, Brennan TA. Reduced medicolegal risk by compliance with obstetric clinical pathways: a case–control study. Obstetrics and Gynecology 2003; 101: 751–5.

Hyams AL, Brandenburg JA, Lipsitz SR, Shapiro DW, Brennan TA. Practice guidelines and malpractice litigation: a two- way street. Annals of Internal Medicine 1995; 122: 450–5.

Nunez TC, Young PP, Holcomb JB, Cotton BA. Creation, implementation, and maturation of a massive transfusion protocol for the exsanguinating trauma patient. Journal of Trauma 2010; 68: 1498–505.

Cavanna L, Civardi G, Vallisa D, et al. Ultrasound-guided central venous catheterization in cancer patients improves the success rate of cannulation and reduces mechanical complications: A prospective observational study of 1,978 consecutive catheterizations. World Journal of Surgical Oncology 2010; 8: 91.

Chang E, Holroyd BR, Kochanski P, et al. Adherence to practice guidelines for transient ischemic attacks in an emergency department. Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences 2002; 29: 358–63.

Hampers LC, Thompson DA, Bajaj L, Tseng BS, Rudolph JR. Febrile seizure: measuring adherence to AAP guidelines among community ED physicians. Pediatric Emergency Care 2006; 22: 465–9.

Norton SP, Pusic MV, Taha F, Heathcote S, Carleton BC. Effect of a clinical pathway on the hospitalisation rates of children with asthma: a prospective study. Archives of Disease in Childhood 2007; 92: 60–6.

Girardis M, Rinaldi L, Donno L, et al. Effects on management and outcome of severe sepsis and septic shock patients admitted to the intensive care unit after implementation of a sepsis program: a pilot study. Critical Care 2009; 13: R143.

Heskestad B, Baardsen R, Helseth E, Ingebrigtsen T. Guideline compliance in management of minimal, mild, and moderate head injury: high frequency of noncompliance among individual physicians despite strong guideline support from clinical leaders. Journal of Trauma 2008; 65: 1309–13.

Kane BG, Degutis LC, Sayward HK, D’Onofrio G. Compliance with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of sexually transmitted diseases. Academic Emergency Medicine 2004; 11: 371–7.

Krym VF, Crawford B, MacDonald RD. Compliance with guidelines for emergency management of asthma in adults: experience at a tertiary care teaching hospital. CJEM 2004; 6: 321–6.

Lougheed MD, Olajos-Clow J, Szpiro K, et al. Multicentre evaluation of an emergency department asthma care pathway for adults. CJEM 2009; 11: 215–29.

Brand C, Landgren F, Hutchinson A, et al. Clinical practice guidelines: barriers to durability after effective early implementation. Internal Medicine Journal 2005; 35: 162–9.

Ratnapalan S, Schneeweiss S. Guidelines to practice: the process of planning and implementing a pediatric sedation program. Pediatric Emergency Care 2007; 23: 262–6.

Melnick ER, Genes NG, Chawla NK, et al. Knowledge translation of the American College of Emergency Physicians’ clinical policy on syncope using computerized clinical decision support. International Journal

of Emergency Medicine 2010; 3: 97–104.

Tierney WM, Overhage JM, Murray MD, et al. Can computer- generated evidence-based care suggestions enhance evidence- based management of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? A randomized, controlled trial. Health Services Research 2005; 40: 477–97.

Schellinger P, Bryan R, Caplan L, et al. Evidence-based guideline: The role of diffusion and perfusion MRI for the diagnosis of acute ischemic stroke: Report of the Therapeutics and Technology Subcomittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 2010; 75: 177–85.

Cotton BA, Au BK, Nunez TC, et al. Predefined massive transfusion protocols are associated with a reduction in organ failure and postinjury complications. Journal of Trauma 2009; 66: 41–9.

Dente CJ, Shaz BH, Nicholas JM, et al. Improvements in early mortality and coagulopathy are sustained better in patients with blunt trauma after institution of a massive transfusion protocol in a civilian level I trauma center.

Journal of Trauma 2009; 66: 1616–24.

Milligan C, Higginson I, Smith JE. Emergency department staff knowledge of massive transfusion for trauma: the need for an evidence based protocol. Emergency Medicine Journal 2011; 28: 870–2.

Schuster KM, Davis KA, Lui FY, Maerz LL, Kaplan LJ. The status of massive transfusion protocols in United States trauma centers: massive transfusion or massive confusion? Transfusion 2010; 50: 1545–51.

American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Sedation and Analgesia by Non-Anesthesiologists. Practice guidelines for sedation and analgesia by non- anesthesiologists. Anesthesiology 2002; 96: 1004–17.

Godwin SA, Caro DA, Wolf SJ, et al. Clinical policy: procedural sedation and analgesia in the emergency department. Annals of Emergency Medicine 2005; 45: 177–96.

Agrawal P, Kosowsky JM. Clinical practice guidelines in the emergency department. Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America 2009; 27: 555–67, vii.

Hacke W, Donnan G, Fieschi C, et al. Association of outcome with early stroke treatment: pooled analysis of ATLANTIS, ECASS, and NINDS rt-PA stroke trials. Lancet 2004; 363: 768–74.

Hacke W, Kaste M, Bluhmki E, et al. Thrombolysis with alteplase 3 to 4.5 hours after acute ischemic stroke. New England Journal of Medicine 2008; 359: 1317–29.

Wahlgren N, Ahmed N, Davalos A, et al. Thrombolysis with alteplase 3–4.5 h after acute ischaemic stroke (SITS-ISTR): an observational study. Lancet 2008; 372: 1303–9.

Pollack CV, Roe MT, Peterson ED. 2002 update to the ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with unstable angina and non-ST- segment elevation myocardial infarction: implications for emergency department practice. Annals of Emergency Medicine 2003; 41: 355–69.

Yusuf S, Zhao F, Mehta SR, et al. Effects of clopidogrel in addition to aspirin in patients with acute coronary syndromes without ST-segment elevation. New England Journal of Medicine 2001; 345: 494–502.

Bohan J. Guidelines in emergency medicine. In J Marx, R Hockberger, R Walls, eds., Rosen’s Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice, 6th edn. Philadelphia, PA: Mosby Elsevier, 2006: 3034–45.

Grimshaw JM, Russell IT. Effect of clinical guidelines on medical practice: a systematic review of rigorous evaluations. Lancet 1993; 342: 1317–22.

Jain S, Elon LK, Johnson BA, Frank G, Deguzman M. Physician practice variation in the pediatric emergency department and its impact on resource use and quality of care. Pediatric Emergency Care 2010; 26: 902–8.

Stiell IG, Clement CM, Brison RJ, et al. Variation in management of recent-onset atrial fibrillation and flutter among academic hospital emergency departments. Annals of Emergency Medicine 2011; 57: 13–21.

Chan EW, Taylor DM, Knott JC, Kong DC. Variation in the management of hypothetical cases of acute agitation in Australasian emergency departments. Emergency Medicine Australasia 2011; 23: 23–32.

Calver LA, Downes MA, Page CB, Bryant JL, Isbister GK. The impact of a standardised intramuscular sedation protocol for acute behavioural disturbance in the emergency department. BMC Emergency Medicine 2010; 10: 14.

Edlow JA, Panagos PD, Godwin SA, Thomas TL, Decker WW. Clinical policy: critical issues in the evaluation and management of adult patients presenting to the emergency department with acute headache. Annals of Emergency Medicine 2008; 52: 407–36.

Morgenstern LB, Luna-Gonzales H, Huber JC, et al. Worst headache and subarachnoid hemorrhage: prospective, modern computed tomography and spinal fluid analysis. Annals of Emergency Medicine 1998; 32: 297–304.

Savitz SI, Levitan EB, Wears R, Edlow JA. Pooled analysis of patients with thunderclap headache evaluated by CT and LP: is angiography necessary in patients with negative evaluations? Journal of the Neurological Sciences 2009; 276: 123–5.

Edlow JA. What are the unintended consequences of

changing the diagnostic paradigm for subarachnoid hemorrhage after brain computed tomography to computed tomographic angiography in place of lumbar puncture? Academic Emergency Medicine 2010; 17: 991–7.

McCormack RF, Hutson A. Can computed tomography angiography of the brain replace lumbar puncture in the evaluation of acute-onset headache after a negative noncontrast cranial computed tomography scan? Academic Emergency Medicine 2010; 17: 444–51.

Ransom SB, Studdert DM, Dombrowski MP, Mello MM, Brennan TA. Reduced medicolegal risk by compliance with obstetric clinical pathways: a case–control study. Obstetrics and Gynecology 2003; 101: 751–5.

Hyams AL, Brandenburg JA, Lipsitz SR, Shapiro DW, Brennan TA. Practice guidelines and malpractice litigation: a two- way street. Annals of Internal Medicine 1995; 122: 450–5.

Nunez TC, Young PP, Holcomb JB, Cotton BA. Creation, implementation, and maturation of a massive transfusion protocol for the exsanguinating trauma patient. Journal of Trauma 2010; 68: 1498–505.

Cavanna L, Civardi G, Vallisa D, et al. Ultrasound-guided central venous catheterization in cancer patients improves the success rate of cannulation and reduces mechanical complications: A prospective observational study of 1,978 consecutive catheterizations. World Journal of Surgical Oncology 2010; 8: 91.

Chang E, Holroyd BR, Kochanski P, et al. Adherence to practice guidelines for transient ischemic attacks in an emergency department. Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences 2002; 29: 358–63.

Hampers LC, Thompson DA, Bajaj L, Tseng BS, Rudolph JR. Febrile seizure: measuring adherence to AAP guidelines among community ED physicians. Pediatric Emergency Care 2006; 22: 465–9.

Norton SP, Pusic MV, Taha F, Heathcote S, Carleton BC. Effect of a clinical pathway on the hospitalisation rates of children with asthma: a prospective study. Archives of Disease in Childhood 2007; 92: 60–6.

Girardis M, Rinaldi L, Donno L, et al. Effects on management and outcome of severe sepsis and septic shock patients admitted to the intensive care unit after implementation of a sepsis program: a pilot study. Critical Care 2009; 13: R143.

Heskestad B, Baardsen R, Helseth E, Ingebrigtsen T. Guideline compliance in management of minimal, mild, and moderate head injury: high frequency of noncompliance among individual physicians despite strong guideline support from clinical leaders. Journal of Trauma 2008; 65: 1309–13.

Kane BG, Degutis LC, Sayward HK, D’Onofrio G. Compliance with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of sexually transmitted diseases. Academic Emergency Medicine 2004; 11: 371–7.

Krym VF, Crawford B, MacDonald RD. Compliance with guidelines for emergency management of asthma in adults: experience at a tertiary care teaching hospital. CJEM 2004; 6: 321–6.

Lougheed MD, Olajos-Clow J, Szpiro K, et al. Multicentre evaluation of an emergency department asthma care pathway for adults. CJEM 2009; 11: 215–29.

Brand C, Landgren F, Hutchinson A, et al. Clinical practice guidelines: barriers to durability after effective early implementation. Internal Medicine Journal 2005; 35: 162–9.

Ratnapalan S, Schneeweiss S. Guidelines to practice: the process of planning and implementing a pediatric sedation program. Pediatric Emergency Care 2007; 23: 262–6.

Melnick ER, Genes NG, Chawla NK, et al. Knowledge translation of the American College of Emergency Physicians’ clinical policy on syncope using computerized clinical decision support. International Journal

of Emergency Medicine 2010; 3: 97–104.

Tierney WM, Overhage JM, Murray MD, et al. Can computer- generated evidence-based care suggestions enhance evidence- based management of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? A randomized, controlled trial. Health Services Research 2005; 40: 477–97.

Schellinger P, Bryan R, Caplan L, et al. Evidence-based guideline: The role of diffusion and perfusion MRI for the diagnosis of acute ischemic stroke: Report of the Therapeutics and Technology Subcomittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 2010; 75: 177–85.

Cotton BA, Au BK, Nunez TC, et al. Predefined massive transfusion protocols are associated with a reduction in organ failure and postinjury complications. Journal of Trauma 2009; 66: 41–9.

Dente CJ, Shaz BH, Nicholas JM, et al. Improvements in early mortality and coagulopathy are sustained better in patients with blunt trauma after institution of a massive transfusion protocol in a civilian level I trauma center.

Journal of Trauma 2009; 66: 1616–24.

Milligan C, Higginson I, Smith JE. Emergency department staff knowledge of massive transfusion for trauma: the need for an evidence based protocol. Emergency Medicine Journal 2011; 28: 870–2.

Schuster KM, Davis KA, Lui FY, Maerz LL, Kaplan LJ. The status of massive transfusion protocols in United States trauma centers: massive transfusion or massive confusion? Transfusion 2010; 50: 1545–51.

American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Sedation and Analgesia by Non-Anesthesiologists. Practice guidelines for sedation and analgesia by non- anesthesiologists. Anesthesiology 2002; 96: 1004–17.

Godwin SA, Caro DA, Wolf SJ, et al. Clinical policy: procedural sedation and analgesia in the emergency department. Annals of Emergency Medicine 2005; 45: 177–96.